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Osborne D, Steele A, Evans M, Ellis H, Pancholi R, Harding T, Dee J, Leary R, Bradshaw J, O'Flynn E, Self JE. Children's visual acuity tests without professional supervision: a prospective repeated measures study. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3762-3767. [PMID: 37328509 PMCID: PMC10697985 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home visual acuity tests could ease pressure on ophthalmic services by facilitating remote review of patients. Home tests may have further utility in giving service users frequent updates of vision outcomes during therapy, identifying vision problems in an asymptomatic population, and engaging stakeholders in therapy. METHODS Children attending outpatient clinics had visual acuity measured 3 times at the same appointment: Once by a registered orthoptist per clinical protocols, once by an orthoptist using a tablet-based visual acuity test (iSight Test Pro, Kay Pictures), and once by an unsupervised parent/carer using the tablet-based test. RESULTS In total, 42 children were recruited to the study. The mean age was 5.6 years (range 3.3 to 9.3 years). Median and interquartile ranges (IQR) for clinical standard, orthoptic-led and parent/carer-led iSight Test Pro visual acuity measurements were 0.155 (0.18 IQR), 0.180 (0.26 IQR), and 0.300 (0.33 IQR) logMAR respectively. The iSight Test Pro in the hands of parents/carers was significantly different from the standard of care measurements (P = 0.008). In the hands of orthoptists. There was no significant difference between orthoptists using the iSight Test Pro and standard of care (P = 0.289), nor between orthoptist iSight Test Pro and parents/carer iSight Test Pro measurements (P = 0.108). CONCLUSION This technique of unsupervised visual acuity measures for children is not comparable to clinical measures and is unlikely to be valuable to clinical decision making. Future work should focus on improving the accuracy of the test through better training, equipment/software or supervision/support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Osborne
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK.
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - Aimee Steele
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Megan Evans
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen Ellis
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Roshni Pancholi
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Tomos Harding
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Jessica Dee
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Leary
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy Bradshaw
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth O'Flynn
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
| | - Jay E Self
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Ophthalmology, Southampton, UK
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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2
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Gomes DF, Curado DDSP, Gomes RM, Leite BF, Ramos MC, da Silva EN. Clinical effectiveness of screening for age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294398. [PMID: 37971992 PMCID: PMC10653496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that occurs in patients over 50 years old. Early diagnosis enables timely treatment to stabilize disease progression. However, the fact that the disease is asymptomatic in its early stages can delay treatment until it progresses. As such, screening in specific contexts can be an early detection tool to reduce the clinical and social impact of the disease. OBJECTIVE Assess the effectiveness of screening methods for early detection of AMD in adults aged 50 years or older. METHODS A systematic review of comparative observational studies on AMD screening methods in those aged 50 years or older, compared with no screening or any other strategy. A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library and Lilacs database. RESULTS A total of 5,290 studies were identified, three of which met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the systematic review. A total of 8,733 individuals (16,780 eyes) were included in the analysis. The screening methods assessed were based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) compared with color fundus photography, and OCT and telemedicine testing compared to a standard eye exam. CONCLUSION The systematized data are limited and only suggest satisfactory performance in early screening of the population at risk of developing AMD. OCT and the telemedicine technique showed promising results in AMD screening. However, methodological problems were identified in the studies selected and the level of evidence was considered low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Fernandes Gomes
- Graduate Program in Collective Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Daniel da Silva Pereira Curado
- Department of Management and Incorporation of Health Technologies, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Maria Gomes
- Department of Social Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Betânia Ferreira Leite
- Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maíra Catharina Ramos
- Graduate Program in Collective Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Everton Nunes da Silva
- Graduate Program in Collective Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
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3
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Balaskas K, Drawnel F, Khanani AM, Knox PC, Mavromaras G, Wang YZ. Home vision monitoring in patients with maculopathy: current and future options for digital technologies. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3108-3120. [PMID: 36973405 PMCID: PMC10042418 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with macular pathology, including that caused by age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular oedema, must attend frequent in-clinic monitoring appointments to detect onset of disease activity requiring treatment and to monitor progression of existing disease. In-person clinical monitoring places a significant burden on patients, caregivers and healthcare systems and is limited in that it only provides clinicians with a snapshot of the patient's disease status. The advent of remote monitoring technologies offers the potential for patients to test their own retinal health at home in collaboration with clinicians, reducing the need for in-clinic appointments. In this review we discuss visual function tests, both existing and novel, that have the potential for remote use and consider their suitability for discriminating the presence of disease and progression of disease. We then review the clinical evidence supporting the use of mobile applications for monitoring of visual function from clinical development through to validation studies and real-world implementation. This review identified seven app-based visual function tests: four that have already received some form of regulatory clearance and three under development. The evidence included in this review shows that remote monitoring offers great potential for patients with macular pathology to monitor their condition from home, reducing the need for burdensome clinic visits and expanding clinicians' understanding of patients' retinal health beyond traditional clinical monitoring. In order to instil confidence in the use of remote monitoring in both patients and clinicians further longitudinal real-world studies are now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Balaskas
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Arshad M Khanani
- The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
- Sierra Eye Associates, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Paul C Knox
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Yi-Zhong Wang
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Choi SW, Hong HK, Jeon J, Choi JY, Kim M, Kim P, Lee BC, Woo SJ. FITC-Labeled RGD Peptides as Novel Contrast Agents for Functional Fluorescent Angiographic Detection of Retinal and Choroidal Neovascularization. Cells 2023; 12:1902. [PMID: 37508566 PMCID: PMC10377818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a crucial factor in the pathophysiology and prognosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, the detection of CNV is essential for establishing an appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan. Current ophthalmic imaging techniques, such as fundus fluorescent angiography and optical coherence tomography, have limitations in accurately visualizing CNV lesions and expressing CNV activity, owing to issues such as excessive dye leakage with pooling and the inability to provide functional information. Here, using the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide's affinity for integrin αvβ3, which is expressed in the neovascular endothelial cells in ocular tissues, we propose the use of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled RGD peptide as a novel dye for effective molecular imaging of CNV. FITC-labeled RGD peptides (FITC-RGD2), prepared by bioconjugation of one FITC molecule with two RGD peptides, demonstrated better visualization and precise localization of CNV lesions than conventional fluorescein dyes in laser-induced CNV rodent models, as assessed using various imaging techniques, including a commercially available clinical fundus camera (Optos). These results suggest that FITC-RGD2 can serve as an effective novel dye for the diagnosis of neovascular retinal diseases, including AMD, by enabling early detection and treatment of disease occurrence and recurrence after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehwi Jeon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Wills E, Chu-Tan JA, Sekar R, Natoli R. Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage triggers molecular signals indicative of early retinal degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1088654. [PMID: 37180103 PMCID: PMC10174249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1088654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, currently affecting over 350 billion people globally. For the most prevalent late-stage form of this disease, atrophic AMD, there are no available prevention strategies or treatments, in part due to inherent difficulties in early-stage diagnosis. Photo-oxidative damage is a well-established model for studying inflammatory and cell death features that occur in late-stage atrophic AMD, however to date has not been investigated as a potential model for studying early features of disease onset. Therefore, in this study we aimed to determine if short exposure to photo-oxidative damage could be used to induce early retinal molecular changes and advance this as a potential model for studying early-stage AMD. Methods C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24h photo-oxidative damage (PD) using 100k lux bright white light. Mice were compared to dim-reared (DR) healthy controls as well as mice which had undergone long periods of photo-oxidative damage (3d and 5d-PD) as known timepoints for inducing late-stage retinal degeneration pathologies. Cell death and retinal inflammation were measured using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. To identify retinal molecular changes, retinal lysates were sent for RNA sequencing, following which bioinformatics analyses including differential expression and pathway analyses were performed. Finally, to investigate modulations in gene regulation as a consequence of degeneration, microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns were quantified using qRT-PCR and visualized using in situ hybridization. Results Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage (1-24h-PD) induced early molecular changes in the retina, with progressive downregulation of homeostatic pathways including metabolism, transport and phototransduction observed across this time-course. Inflammatory pathway upregulation was observed from 3h-PD, preceding observable levels of microglia/macrophage activation which was noted from 6h-PD, as well as significant photoreceptor row loss from 24h-PD. Further rapid and dynamic movement of inflammatory regulator miRNA, miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p, was visualized in the retina in response to degeneration. Conclusion These results support the use of short exposure to photo-oxidative damage as a model of early AMD and suggest that early inflammatory changes in the retina may contribute to pathological features of AMD progression including immune cell activation and photoreceptor cell death. We suggest that early intervention of these inflammatory pathways by targeting miRNA such as miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p or their target genes may prevent progression into late-stage pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Elly Wills
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Rakshanya Sekar
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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6
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Jern I, Forsell S, Norberg H. Eligibility for faricimab in a real-world neovascular age-related macular degeneration population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065001. [PMID: 36096541 PMCID: PMC9472139 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the eligibility of a real-world neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) population for the TENAYA and LUCERNE trials (testing faricimab), and to compare the eligible real-world patients to trial participants. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we used data from the Swedish Macula Registry (SMR) between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2020. Persons were eligible if they fulfilled the main inclusion criteria in TENAYA and LUCERNE: (1) nAMD diagnosis, (2) treatment naïve, (3) ≥50 years and (4) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 78-24 letters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Characteristics at the original visit of the eligible SMR population and baseline data from the clinical trials were compared. RESULTS In total, 27 962 individuals with nAMD were registered in SMR. A total of 15 399 (55%) individuals were treatment naïve; of these, 15 368 (55%) were ≥50 years and 13 265 (47%) also had BCVA of 78-24 letters and fulfilled eligibility. Among treatment-naïve individuals, 86% were eligible and the BCVA criterion was the most common reason for non-eligibility. The eligible SMR population was significantly older than either TENAYA or LUCERNE. SMR included more women and patients with worse visual acuity than TENAYA, while SMR patients were diagnosed more quickly than LUCERNE. CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the real-world nAMD population in SMR fulfilled the main inclusion criteria of the TENAYA and LUCERNE trials. Among treatment-naïve individuals, 86% were eligible. Marginally differences were shown between the eligible SMR population and the trial populations. The SMR population were older and more similar to the population in LUCERNE than TENAYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iréne Jern
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Forsell
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Helena Norberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Ong J, Tavakkoli A, Zaman N, Kamran SA, Waisberg E, Gautam N, Lee AG. Terrestrial health applications of visual assessment technology and machine learning in spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:37. [PMID: 36008494 PMCID: PMC9411571 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuro-ocular effects of long-duration spaceflight have been termed Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS) and are a potential challenge for future, human space exploration. The underlying pathogenesis of SANS remains ill-defined, but several emerging translational applications of terrestrial head-mounted, visual assessment technology and machine learning frameworks are being studied for potential use in SANS. To develop such technology requires close consideration of the spaceflight environment which is limited in medical resources and imaging modalities. This austere environment necessitates the utilization of low mass, low footprint technology to build a visual assessment system that is comprehensive, accessible, and efficient. In this paper, we discuss the unique considerations for developing this technology for SANS and translational applications on Earth. Several key limitations observed in the austere spaceflight environment share similarities to barriers to care for underserved areas on Earth. We discuss common terrestrial ophthalmic diseases and how machine learning and visual assessment technology for SANS can help increase screening for early intervention. The foundational developments with this novel system may help protect the visual health of both astronauts and individuals on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ong
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ethan Waisberg
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nikhil Gautam
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. .,The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. .,Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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8
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The Role of Medical Image Modalities and AI in the Early Detection, Diagnosis and Grading of Retinal Diseases: A Survey. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080366. [PMID: 36004891 PMCID: PMC9405367 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional dilated ophthalmoscopy can reveal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal tear, epiretinal membrane, macular hole, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and retinal artery occlusion (RAO). Among these diseases, AMD and DR are the major causes of progressive vision loss, while the latter is recognized as a world-wide epidemic. Advances in retinal imaging have improved the diagnosis and management of DR and AMD. In this review article, we focus on the variable imaging modalities for accurate diagnosis, early detection, and staging of both AMD and DR. In addition, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in providing automated detection, diagnosis, and staging of these diseases will be surveyed. Furthermore, current works are summarized and discussed. Finally, projected future trends are outlined. The work done on this survey indicates the effective role of AI in the early detection, diagnosis, and staging of DR and/or AMD. In the future, more AI solutions will be presented that hold promise for clinical applications.
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9
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Hu ML, Ayton LN, Jolly JK. The Clinical Use of Vernier Acuity: Resolution of the Visual Cortex Is More Than Meets the Eye. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:714843. [PMID: 34675763 PMCID: PMC8523788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.714843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vernier acuity measures the ability to detect a misalignment or positional offset between visual stimuli, for example between two vertical lines when reading a vernier scale. It is considered a form of visual hyperacuity due to its detectable thresholds being considerably smaller than the diameter of a foveal cone receptor, which limits the spatial resolution of classical visual acuity. Vernier acuity relies heavily on cortical processing and is minimally affected by optical media factors, making it a useful indicator of cortical visual function. Vernier acuity can be measured, usually in seconds of arc, by freely available automated online tools as well as via analysis of steady state visual-evoked potentials, which allows measurement in non- or pre-verbal subjects such as infants. Although not routinely measured in clinical practice, vernier acuity is known to be reduced in amblyopia, glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa, and has been explored as a measure of retinal or neural visual function in the presence of optical media opacities. Current clinical utility includes a home-based vernier acuity tool, preferential hyperacuity perimetry, which is used for screening for choroidal neovascularisation in age-related macular degeneration. This review will discuss the measurement of vernier acuity, provide a current understanding of its neuro-ophthalmic mechanisms, and finally explore its utility through a clinical lens, along with our recommendations for best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Hu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren N Ayton
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jasleen K Jolly
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Ryu G, Noh D, Moon G, Sagong M. Real-World Outcomes of Intravitreal Aflibercept for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Large-Scale Postmarketing Surveillance in Korea. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:3601-3611. [PMID: 34471345 PMCID: PMC8405230 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s324600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) in Asian patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a real-world clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this analysis of a prospective, regulatory, postmarketing surveillance study for IVT-AFL, 3115 patients with nAMD were included and followed for 8 months. The mean changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were analyzed using last observation carried forward method. A post hoc subgroup analysis and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were also performed to assess factors related to treatment outcomes. RESULTS Mean BCVA improved from 0.62 to 0.51 logarithm of minimum angle resolution and mean CRT decreased from 383.3 to 289.7 μm, with a mean of 3.4 injections during the 8-month follow-up. In the subgroup analysis, patients who had received 3 initial monthly doses had significantly better anatomical improvements than those treated as needed. Patients with confirmed polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) had significantly better anatomical improvements and better visual recovery than those with other types of nAMD. The multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that age, injection number, PCV, and baseline BCVA were significantly associated with higher odds of gaining 3 lines at 8 months, and sex, injection number, PCV, and baseline CRT were associated with CRT ≤250 µm at 8 months. No new safety findings were identified. CONCLUSION IVT-AFL was effective and well tolerated in a real-world setting with a large number of Asian patients with nAMD. Number of injections and PCV were important determinants for improved treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahyung Ryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Yeungnam Eye Center, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyoun Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Yeungnam Eye Center, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Sagong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Yeungnam Eye Center, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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11
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Blitzer AL, Ham SA, Skondra D. Methodological Considerations for the Case-Control Study of Metformin and Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Reply. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:919-920. [PMID: 34236419 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Blitzer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Current status of home monitoring technology for age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2021; 32:240-246. [PMID: 33710010 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence suggests that patients present with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a delayed fashion. Increased lesion size associated with this delay directly impacts visual acuity. Upon treatment initiation, patients are monitored largely with optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology to determine the need for treatment. Home-monitoring systems using preferential hyperacuity perimetry (PHP) and OCT may optimize management. RECENT FINDINGS Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatment Trials study and American Academy of Ophthalmology's Intelligent Research in Sight registry data suggest smaller lesion size and better visual acuity upon choroidal neovascularization (CNV) capture are associated with better final visual acuity with therapy. The HOME study and recent PHP-based ForeseeHome data indicate that this modality leads to earlier detection of CNV. Results of a real-world data analysis demonstrate 82% retention of ≥20/40 vision with median visual acuity of 20/40 at time of CNV detection using PHP home-monitoring. Home OCT data suggests excellent patient useability, with >90% of patients obtaining analyzable images. The Notal OCT Analyzer demonstrates superiority over human interpreters regarding the ability to detect intraretinal and subretinal fluid (82% vs. 47% sensitivity). SUMMARY PHP may improve treatment outcomes for exudative AMD by allowing for earlier detection of lesions. Home OCT platforms could allow for more convenient monitoring of patients undergoing treatment for exudative AMD and better enable true PRN models.
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Wong TY, Lanzetta P, Bandello F, Eldem B, Navarro R, Lövestam-Adrian M, Loewenstein A. CURRENT CONCEPTS AND MODALITIES FOR MONITORING THE FELLOW EYE IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: An Expert Panel Consensus. Retina 2021; 40:599-611. [PMID: 32032258 PMCID: PMC7099845 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration in one eye is a major risk factor for developing neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the fellow eye; effective monitoring is therefore critical. This review summarizes existing and developing methods to monitor the fellow eye of patients with unilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration and provides guidance for patients and clinicians. The presence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in one eye is a major risk factor for the development of disease in the fellow eye. Several methods exist to help physicians monitor the fellow eye, with new technologies becoming increasingly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paolo Lanzetta
- Department of Medicine-Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Bora Eldem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rafael Navarro
- Retina and Vitreous Department, Institute of Ocular Microsurgery, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anat Loewenstein
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Li X, Zhu Q, Egger A, Chang L, Wolf S, Song Y, Zhang J, Dong F, Xu X, Weisberger A. Two different treatment regimens of ranibizumab 0.5 mg for neovascular age-related macular degeneration with or without polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients: results from the Phase IV, randomized, DRAGON study. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e336-e345. [PMID: 33377611 PMCID: PMC8247421 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of monthly and pro re nata (PRN, guided by visual acuity stabilization and disease activity criteria) ranibizumab regimens in Chinese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). METHODS This double-masked study randomized nAMD patients (1:1) to ranibizumab monthly from baseline to Month (M) 11 to a PRN regimen from M12 to M23 (monthly group, n = 167) versus ranibizumab three monthly doses followed by a PRN regimen up to M23 (PRN group, n = 166). Subgroups were assessed based on the presence/absence of PCV (indicated by indocyanine green angiography). RESULTS Of 334 randomized patients, 41.7% had PCV at baseline. Mean average best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change from M3 to M4 through M12 was 3.3 letters with monthly and 1.7 letters with PRN (mean difference: 1.6; 95% CI: -2.95, -0.20, primary end-point). Mean change in BCVA from baseline (monthly/PRN, 53.8/53.7) to M12 and M24 was 12.3 and 11.3 letters in monthly and 9.6 and 9.3 letters in PRN group. Corresponding values for patients with PCV/without PCV were 12.7/12.1 letters (M12) and 12.3/10.6 letters (M24) in monthly and 9.4/9.4 letters (M12) and 9.7/8.7 letters (M24) in PRN groups. The mean number of injections was 11.4 (monthly) and 8.2 (PRN) from Day 1 to M11 and 4.8 (monthly) and 5.0 (PRN) from M12 to M23. No new safety findings were reported. CONCLUSIONS The study results support the use of either ranibizumab monthly or PRN regimens in Chinese patients with nAMD, regardless of presence of PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Li
- Peking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qi Zhu
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | | | - Liu Chang
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department Ophthalmology, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Yanping Song
- Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military CommandWuhanChina
| | - Junjun Zhang
- West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | | | - Xun Xu
- Shanghai First People's HospitalShanghaiChina
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DeBuc DC, Rege A, Smiddy WE. Use of XyCAM RI for Noninvasive Visualization and Analysis of Retinal Blood Flow Dynamics During Clinical Investigations. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:225-237. [PMID: 33635742 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1892486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular blood flow plays a critical role in eye health by nourishing the retinal and ocular tissues with oxygen and nutrients and removal of ocular metabolic waste. Imaging of retinal and optic blood flow may provide insights for early and more specific diagnoses of ocular vascular disorder and facilitate eye-based biomarkers applicable to neurological health assessment and research. AREAS COVERED The ability of the XyCAM RI (Vasoptic Medical Inc., MD, USA) to visualize and to analyze ocular blood flow dynamics XyCAM RI using laser speckle contrast imaging is reviewed and compared with concurrent clinical ophthalmic imaging technologies like optical coherence tomography - angiography (OCT-A), fundus imaging, fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). EXPERT OPINION XyCAM RI, with its unprecedented imaging capabilities to assess blood flow dynamics provides a powerful tool to ophthalmic researchers and doctors to obtain greater clinical insights into the physiological status of the posterior segment and treatment approaches for various diseases in a very patient-friendly, noninvasive manner, unlike dye-based angiographic techniques such as FA or ICG. XyCAM RI is well suited as a modality that could close the gap between current screening and comprehensive eye exams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - William E Smiddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Identifying early symptoms of choroidal neovascularisation in second eyes of patients with unilateral wet age related macular degeneration using a telephone evaluation method. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:3028-3034. [PMID: 33414532 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Patients undergoing intravitreal injections for nAMD are often anxious about early detection of nAMD in their fellow eyes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a home-based telephone method for helping patients to monitor for symptoms of second eye involvement. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using a five-staged evaluation tool, telephone-assisted evaluations were repeatedly performed on the patients' fellow eyes every 4 weeks for 1 year. A decision on presence or absence of nAMD was made after each telephone evaluation. Slitlamp examination and OCT scan were performed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months or whenever nAMD was suspected from the telephone evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity values were calculated from the true and false positive and negative rates of each of the five composite stages. RESULTS In total, 514 telephone episodes comprising 2570 evaluations were conducted on fellow eyes of 50 patients over one year. Three patients (6%) developed nAMD in fellow eyes. The sensitivity of all of the stages was low (33.3%). The specificity of the five stages ranged from 91.3% to 98.6%. The highest specificity was achieved by the near acuity component of the tool. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to demonstrate a high sensitivity for the five-staged tool but the near acuity component of this tool had a very high specificity. This could have potential for "ruling out" nAMD and reducing the burden of false positive episodes for a large group of patients who are at risk of developing nAMD in their second eyes.
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False alarms and the positive predictive value of smartphone-based hyperacuity home monitoring for the progression of macular disease: a prospective cohort study. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:3035-3040. [PMID: 33414531 PMCID: PMC7790308 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Home monitoring of hyperacuity allows early detection of progression in exudative neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) and diabetic macular oedema (DMO). However, false alarms may pose a significant burden to both patients and healthcare professionals alike. Purpose To assess the false alarm rate and positive predictive value of smartphone-based home monitoring of nvAMD and DMO. Methods Patients treated with anti-angiogenic therapy in a pro re nata scheme for nvAMD or DMO at the Medical Retina service (Lucerne, Switzerland) between March and June 2016 were included in this prospective cohort study. The home monitoring test Alleye (Oculocare Ltd, Switzerland) provided a session score from 0–100 in addition to a traffic-light system feedback via the smartphone application. Three consecutive “red” scores were considered as a positive test or alarm signal. Specificity, 1-specificity (false alarm rate) and the predictive value for optical coherence tomography-based disease progression were analysed. Results 73 eyes of 56 patients performed 2258 tests in 222 “follow-up periods”. Progression was observed in 141 periods (63.5%). The specificity of the test was 93.8% (95% CI: 86.2–98.0%), the false alarm rate 6.1% (95% CI: 2.0–13.8%), and the positive predictive value 80.0% (95% CI: 59.3–93.2%) for the detection of progression. Conclusion False alarm rates for the detection of progression in macular disease via home monitoring is low. These findings suggest that home monitoring may be a useful adjunct for remote management of nvAMD and DMO.
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Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics for age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2021; 329:1262-1282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Weaver C, Cyr B, de Rivero Vaccari JC, de Rivero Vaccari JP. Inflammasome Proteins as Inflammatory Biomarkers of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:27. [PMID: 33364081 PMCID: PMC7746957 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can result in severe vision loss and blurriness in the older population. The early and intermediate stages of AMD typically start without noticeable symptoms and can only be detected with a comprehensive eye exam. Because of the quiet onset of the disease, it is necessary to identify potential biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis, staging, and association with disease onset. Inflammasome signaling proteins are prominent biomarkers in the central nervous system, and the inflammasome has been shown to play a role in the innate inflammatory response in aging and AMD. Methods Serum from healthy controls and AMD patients were analyzed for the protein levels of Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), interleukin (IL)-18 and C-reactive protein (CRP) to determine cutoff points, positive and negative predictive values, and receiver operator characteristic curves, as well as univariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression models. Results ASC, IL-18, and CRP were elevated in the serum of AMD patients when compared to healthy controls. The area under the curve (AUC) for ASC was 0.98 with a cutoff point of 365.6 pg/mL, whereas IL-18 had an AUC of 0.73 and a cutoff point of 242.4 pg/mL, and the AUC for CRP was 0.67 with a cutoff point of 8,684,152 pg/mL. Levels of IL-18 had a statistically significant linear correlation with that of ASC with an adjusted R2 of 0.1906, indicating that 19% of IL-18 could be explained by ASC protein levels in serum. Moreover, a logistic regression model for the diagnosis of AMD consists of ASC and having a diagnosis of hypertension, indicating that these two factors (elevated levels of ASC and a diagnosis of hypertension [HTN]) are associated with the diagnosis of AMD. Conclusions ASC, IL-18, and CRP are elevated in patients with AMD, and the protein levels of IL-18 are partially the result of ASC protein expression. Moreover, elevated protein levels of ASC in serum and a diagnosis of HTN increase the odds of patients having a diagnosis of AMD. Translational Relevance Biomarkers of AMD may be used to monitor disease risk, response to treatment and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailey Weaver
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brianna Cyr
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,InflamaCORE, LLC. Miami, FL, USA
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20
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Faes L, Rosenblatt A, Schwartz R, Touhami S, Ventura CV, Chatziralli IP, Ruiz-Medrano J, Vogt D, Savastano A, Ruiz-Garcia H, Pohlmann D, Loewenstein A. Overcoming barriers of retinal care delivery during a pandemic—attitudes and drivers for the implementation of digital health: a global expert survey. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1738-1743. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background/AimsThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has imposed barriers to retinal care delivery worldwide. In this context, retinal services are exploring novel ways to ensure access to healthcare.MethodsWe conducted a worldwide survey among retinal specialists between March 31, 2020 and April 12, 2020. The expert survey was developed on the basis of focus group discussions involving retinal specialists and literature searches. It included 44 questions on alternative ways of care provision including digital health domains such as teleophthalmology, home monitoring or decentralised patient care.Results214 retinal experts participated in the survey, of which 120 (56.1%) had more than 15 years of experience in ophthalmology. Most participants were clinicians (n=158, 73.9%) practising in Western Europe (n=159, 74%). In the majority of institutions, teleophthalmology, home monitoring and decentralised patient care have not been implemented before the pandemic (n=46, 21.8.1%; n=64, 29.9%; n=38, 19.1%). During the pandemic, the use of teleophthalmology and home monitoring increased significantly (n=105, p<0.001; n=90, p<0.001). In the subgroup of institutions reporting no teleophthalmology service before and implementing a service during the pandemic (34/70, 48.6%), reimbursement was the sole significant parameter (OR 9.62 (95% CI 2.42 to 38.16); p<0.001).ConclusionDigital health is taking the centre stage tackling unpreceded challenges of retinal care delivery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and may sustainably change the way we practice ophthalmology.
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Morgan-Warren PJ, Morarji JB. Trends in licence approvals for ophthalmic medicines in the United Kingdom. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:1856-1865. [PMID: 31900439 PMCID: PMC7608198 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Hart KM, Abbott C, Ly A, Kalff S, Lek JJ, Milston R, Page G, Robertson B, Ayton L. Optometry Australia's chairside reference for the diagnosis and management of age-related macular degeneration. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 103:254-264. [PMID: 31566818 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in people over the age of 50 years in Australia. Optometry Australia has developed this AMD chairside reference in consultation with a member-based working group comprised of experienced practitioners. It provides an evidence-based approach to current best practice in the diagnosis and management of AMD. Optometrists should be competent in assessing patients with or at risk of developing AMD, so that they are able to provide evidence-based management including appropriate communication, diagnosis and referral when indicated. This AMD chairside reference covers risk factors for the development of AMD or progression to late-stage AMD; the current clinical classification of AMD; common signs and symptoms; optometric assessment including ocular imaging and biomarkers; differential diagnoses; and management of early, intermediate and late AMD. Optometry Australia's chairside reference is intended as a general guide for optometrists, and is not a formal management protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn M Hart
- Member Support and Optometry Advancement, Optometry Australia, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Medicine (Optometry), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Carla Abbott
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angelica Ly
- Centre for Eye Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jia Jia Lek
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca Milston
- Centre for Eye Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary Page
- Private Practitioner, Townsville, Australia
| | | | - Lauren Ayton
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Schmid MK, Thiel MA, Lienhard K, Schlingemann RO, Faes L, Bachmann LM. Reliability and diagnostic performance of a novel mobile app for hyperacuity self-monitoring in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:1584-1589. [PMID: 31043690 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reliability and the diagnostic performance of a novel CE (European Conformity)-marked and FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-cleared dot patient self-monitoring test (Alleye, Oculocare medical Inc.) for the detection and characterization of metamorphopsia in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Three consecutive tests were performed in 63 wet AMD, 26 dry AMD, and 19 age-matched healthy eyes. In addition, the test was performed in 34 young healthy eyes. The mean Alleye score and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated for each eye and group. We compared and tested healthy with dry and wet AMD eyes and assessed the extent to which the test discriminated between healthy subjects and patients with dry and wet AMD using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS The mean (SD) Alleye score was 49.5 (16.1) in wet AMD eyes, 62.1 (22.5) in dry AMD eyes, 69.8 (10.2) in age-matched healthy eyes, and 85.3 (10.0) in young healthy subjects. Compared to age-matched healthy subjects, the AUC (95% confidence interval) to detect wet AMD was 0.845 (0.759-0.932), and 0.660 (0.520-0.799) to discriminate between dry and wet AMD. Compared to young healthy subjects, the AUC to detect dry AMD was 0.799 (0.675-0.923), and 0.969 (0.940-0.997) to detect wet AMD. CONCLUSIONS This is the first assessment of Alleye in clinical practice. The test is highly accurate to detect wet AMD and reasonably accurate to classify dry vs. wet AMD. Data from longitudinal monitoring and its role in the therapeutic management of AMD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Schmid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Thiel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Livia Faes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.,Medical Retina Department, Moorfield's Eye hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucas M Bachmann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Oculocare Medical AG, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Thurman SM, Maniglia M, Davey PG, Biles MK, Visscher KM, Seitz AR. Multi-line Adaptive Perimetry (MAP): A New Procedure for Quantifying Visual Field Integrity for Rapid Assessment of Macular Diseases. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:28. [PMID: 30356944 PMCID: PMC6192464 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In order to monitor visual defects associated with macular degeneration (MD), we present a new psychophysical assessment called multiline adaptive perimetry (MAP) that measures visual field integrity by simultaneously estimating regions associated with perceptual distortions (metamorphopsia) and visual sensitivity loss (scotoma). Methods We first ran simulations of MAP with a computerized model of a human observer to determine optimal test design characteristics. In experiment 1, predictions of the model were assessed by simulating metamorphopsia with an eye-tracking device with 20 healthy vision participants. In experiment 2, eight patients (16 eyes) with macular disease completed two MAP assessments separated by about 12 weeks, while a subset (10 eyes) also completed repeated Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA) microperimetry and Amsler grid exams. Results Results revealed strong repeatability of MAP and high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (0.89, 0.81, and 0.90, respectively) in classifying patient eyes with severe visual impairment. We also found a significant relationship in terms of the spatial patterns of performance across visual field loci derived from MAP and MAIA microperimetry. However, there was a lack of correspondence between MAP and subjective Amsler grid reports in isolating perceptually distorted regions. Conclusions These results highlight the validity and efficacy of MAP in producing quantitative maps of visual field disturbances, including simultaneous mapping of metamorphopsia and sensitivity impairment. Translational Relevance Future work will be needed to assess applicability of this examination for potential early detection of MD symptoms and/or portable assessment on a home device or computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Thurman
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Marcello Maniglia
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Mandy K Biles
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristina M Visscher
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aaron R Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Moving From Clinic to Home: What the Future Holds for Ophthalmic Telemedicine. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 187:xxviii-xxxv. [PMID: 29137959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the expanding role of telemedicine in healthcare, the key criteria required for a successful device and program implementation, and the current and future role of home monitoring in ophthalmology. DESIGN Expert perspective. METHODS Analysis with real-world interpretation of home monitoring technologies, including current adoption barriers and expanded future demands based on demographic and market forces. RESULTS Remote patient monitoring represents a paradigm shift in the way physicians care for patients. Success depends on meeting several criteria, among which are a recognized value proposition to the physician, robust device performance validation, ease of use for the patient, reliability of connectivity, safe and secure data transmission, and economic feasibility. Ophthalmic diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, are ideal candidates for home monitoring practice integration. Established home monitoring technology is already facilitating early detection and improved visual outcomes for patients with age-related macular degeneration. Future innovation currently underway or on the horizon will continue to evolve and expand the footprint of telemedicine within ophthalmology. CONCLUSION Home monitoring has the potential to enhance the patient-physician relationship and to positively impact visual acuity outcomes in ophthalmic diseases. Advances in technology, demographic shifts, market changes, and patient demand for personalized medicine will require physicians to embrace technology in new and diverse ways, perhaps facilitating widespread adoption of home monitoring technology platforms.
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Wykoff CC, Clark WL, Nielsen JS, Brill JV, Greene LS, Heggen CL. Optimizing Anti-VEGF Treatment Outcomes for Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2018; 24:S3-S15. [PMID: 29383980 PMCID: PMC10408401 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2018.24.2-a.s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs to ophthalmology has revolutionized the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Despite this significant progress, gaps and challenges persist in the diagnosis of nAMD, initiation of treatment, and management of frequent intravitreal injections. Thus, nAMD remains a leading cause of blindness in the United States. OBJECTIVE To present current knowledge, evidence, and expert perspectives on anti-VEGF therapies in nAMD to support managed care professionals and providers in decision making and collaborative strategies to overcome barriers to optimize anti-VEGF treatment outcomes among nAMD patients. SUMMARY Three anti-VEGF therapies currently form the mainstay of treatment for nAMD, including 2 therapies approved by the FDA for treatment of nAMD (aflibercept and ranibizumab) and 1 therapy approved by the FDA for oncology indications and used off-label for treatment of nAMD (bevacizumab). In clinical trials, each of the 3 agents maintained visual acuity (VA) in approximately 90% or more of nAMD patients over 2 years. However, in long-term and real-world settings, significant gaps and challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and management pose barriers to achieving optimal outcomes for patients with nAMD. Many considerations, including individual patient characteristics, on-label versus off-label treatment, repackaging, and financial considerations, add to the complexity of nAMD decision making and management. Many factors may contribute to additional challenges leading to suboptimal long-term outcomes among nAMD patients, such as delays in diagnosis and/or treatment approval and initiation, individual patient response to different anti-VEGF therapies, lapses in physician regimentation of anti-VEGF injection and monitoring, and inadequate patient adherence to treatment and monitoring. These latter factors highlight the considerable logistical, emotional, and financial burdens of long-term, frequent intravitreal injections and the vital importance of personalized approaches to anti-VEGF treatment decision making and management for patients with nAMD. To address these challenges and reduce the number of yearly injections, studies have examined alternative dosing regimens, including extended fixed intervals, as needed, and treat-and-extend strategies in specific nAMD patient populations. New clinical evidence and insights into expert clinical practice discussed in this article can support managed care professionals in the key role they play in addressing challenges in nAMD treatment and management and optimizing patient outcomes through appropriate management of anti-VEGF treatment. DISCLOSURES PRIME Education is an independent medical education company and has been an accredited provider of continuing education for 23 years. There is no fee for this activity as it is sponsored by PRIME through an educational grant from Regeneron. All authors contributed to the writing and reviewing of the article. Wykoff reports consultancies/research grants from Alcon Laboratories, Genentech/Roche, Clearside, and Iconic Therapeutics; consultancies/honoraria, research grants, and speaker fees from Allergan and Regeneron; research grants from Allegro, Apellis, Aura, NEI, NIH, Novartis, OHR Pharmaceuticals, Ophthotech, pSivida, Roche, Santen, SciFluor, Tyrogenex; and consultancies for Alimera Sciences, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, DORC, ONL Therapeutics, Thrombogenics, and Valeant. Clark reports advisory board work, consultancies, research grants, and speaker fees from Genentech/Roche and Regeneron and consultancy for Bayer. Brill reports consultancies for Aries Pharma, Avella, BaroNova, Braeburn Pharmaceuticals, Cardinal Health, Endogastric Solutions, GeneNews, Halt Medical, Lumendi, Medtronic, Monteris Medical, Natera, Phosphorus, Rebiotix, Seno Medical, UCB, Vermillion, Echosens, and HAP Innovations. Brill is a shareholder in EndoChoice, GeneNews, SonarMD, and SynerZ and reports advisory board work with Nestle Health Sciences, Indivior Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Blue Earth Diagnostics, Bayer, and AstraZeneca. Nielson reports advisory board work/consultancy and research grants for Genentech/Roche; advisory board work and research grants from Regeneron; and research grants from Alcon and Ophthotech.
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Oswald J, Baranov P. Regenerative medicine in the retina: from stem cells to cell replacement therapy. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2018; 10:2515841418774433. [PMID: 29998222 PMCID: PMC6016968 DOI: 10.1177/2515841418774433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the fast pace of the growing field of stem cell research, retinal cell replacement is finally emerging as a feasible mean to be explored for clinical application. Although neuroprotective treatments are able to slow the progression of retinal degeneration caused by diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, they are insufficient to fully halt disease progression and unable to recover previously lost vision. Comprehensive, technological and intellectual advances over the past years, including the in vitro differentiation of retinal cells at manufacturing scale from embryonic stem (ES) cell and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell cultures, progress within the area of retinal disease modeling, and the first clinical trials have started to shape the way towards addressing this treatment gap and translating retinal cell replacement to the clinic. Here, summarize the most recent advances within retinal cell replacement from both a scientific and clinical perspective, and discuss the remaining challenges towards the delivery of the first retinal cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oswald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
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Sim PY, Gajree S, Dhillon B, Borooah S. Investigation of time to first presentation and extrahospital factors in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017771. [PMID: 29229653 PMCID: PMC5778287 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the time from symptom onset to treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) and to measure the awareness of AMD in Southeast Scotland. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING Secondary care, Southeast of Scotland. METHODS Patients treated with intravitreal therapy (IVT) for nvAMD in Southeast Scotland between 2013 and 2015 were identified using a treatment register. Notes were retrospectively reviewed. We measured time from: (A) symptom onset to first presentation at primary care, (B) referral to ophthalmic clinic appointment and (C) ophthalmic clinic appointment to first IVT treatment. To investigate AMD awareness, we performed a cluster random sample survey of patients visiting non-AMD ophthalmic clinics using a previously validated 12-item questionnaire. RESULTS 195 patients (mean age 78 years) were included in the study. The mean delays between the different stages-A, B and C-were 54.2 (95% CI ±13), 28.2 (95% CI ±4.0) and 31.5 (95% CI ±3.6) days, respectively. There was an additional mean delay of 7.5 (95% CI ±1.6) days when patients were indirectly referred by optometrists via general practitioners (P<0.05). 140 patients (mean age 78) participated in the awareness survey; 62.1% reported being 'aware' of AMD but only 37.3% described AMD symptoms correctly. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant delay at every step of the nvAMD care pathway. The causes for this were multifactorial and included delays in first presentation to a healthcare provider, referral from primary care and initiation of secondary care treatment. Our data are likely to underestimate prehospital delays as a large number of cases are likely to have undefined symptoms and onset. We also identified suboptimal awareness of AMD which could account for a substantial delay in presentation from symptom onset. These findings highlight the need to address AMD awareness and the need for urgent treatment to prevent avoidable vision loss resulting from nvAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yong Sim
- College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonul Gajree
- Ophthalmology Department, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Baljean Dhillon
- College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Real-world visual acuity outcomes between ranibizumab and aflibercept in treatment of neovascular AMD in a large US data set. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:1697-1706. [PMID: 28731052 PMCID: PMC5733295 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine 12-month real-world visual acuity outcomes and treatment patterns in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) eyes, including those with pigment epithelial detachment (PED), receiving ranibizumab or aflibercept. Patients and methods Electronic medical records were used to identify ranibizumab or aflibercept-treated nAMD eyes with 12 months follow-up from first prescription. The primary objective was to compare mean change in visual acuity (VA) between index and month 12, in eyes treated with ranibizumab and aflibercept to assess the non-inferiority of ranibizumab vs aflibercept using a −5 letter non-inferiority margin. The number of injections and non-injection visits during follow-up were key secondary objectives. Results A total of 3350 ranibizumab and 4300 aflibercept treatment-naive eyes were included. At month 12, mean change from index in VA letter score was −0.30 for ranibizumab and −0.19 for aflibercept (P=0.81). The adjusted difference of mean change was −0.14 (−0.79 to 0.51) (P=0.67) (generalized estimating equations method) confirming the non-inferiority of ranibizumab. Eyes received a similar number of injections during follow-up. The mean (±SD) number of ranibizumab and aflibercept injections were 6.70 (±2.54) and 7.00 (±2.40), respectively (P<0.0001). In PED eyes, the mean (±SD) change between baseline to month 12 was 1.25 (±11.3) for ranibizumab and −0.39 (±13.3) for aflibercept (adjusted between-group difference 1.80 (−0.71 to 4.30; P=0.16)) achieved with a mean (±SD) 7.85 (±2.68) ranibizumab and 7.47 (±2.45) aflibercept injections, (P=0.11). Conclusions Ranibizumab and aflibercept treatment yielded comparable VA outcomes in nAMD eyes, including those with PED, with similar treatment patterns over 12 months in real-world clinical practice.
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Shi P, Edgar TYS, Yeong WY, Laude A. Hybrid three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of retina equivalent for ocular research. Int J Bioprint 2017; 3:008. [PMID: 33094192 PMCID: PMC7575635 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, a hybrid retina construct was created via three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology. The construct was composed of a PCL ultrathin membrane, ARPE-19 cell monolayer and Y79 cell-laden alginate/pluronic bioink. 3D bioprinting technology was applied herein to deliver the ARPE-19 cells and Y79 cell-laden bioink to ensure homogeneous ARPE-19 cell seeding; subsequently, two distinctive Y79 cell-seeding patterns were bioprinted on top of the ARPE-19 cell monolayer. The bioprinted ARPE-19 cells were evaluated by prestoblue assay, F-actin, and hematoxylin/eosin (HE) staining, and then the cells were observed under laser scanning and invert microscopy for 14 days. The Y79 cells in alginate/pluronic bioink after bioprinting had been closely monitored for 7 days. Live/dead assay and scanning electrical microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate Y79 cell viability and morphology. Both the ARPE-19 and Y79 cells were in excellent condition, and the successfully bioprinted retina model could be utilized in drug delivery, disease mechanism and treatment method discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujiang Shi
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798
| | - Tan Yong Sheng Edgar
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798
| | - Augustinus Laude
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433
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