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Yoda H, Abe K, Takeo H, Takamura-Enya T, Koike-Takeshita A. Application of image-recognition techniques to automated micronucleus detection in the in vitro micronucleus assay. Genes Environ 2024; 46:11. [PMID: 38659010 PMCID: PMC11040892 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-024-00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in vitro micronucleus assay is a standard genotoxicity test. Although the technique and interpretation of the results are simple, manual counting of the total and micronucleus-containing cells in a microscopic field is tedious. To address this issue, several systems have been developed for quick and efficient micronucleus counting, including flow cytometry and automated detection based on specialized software and detection systems that analyze images. RESULTS Here, we present a simple and effective method for automated micronucleus counting using image recognition technology. Our process involves separating the RGB channels in a color micrograph of cells stained with acridine orange. The cell nuclei and micronuclei were detected by scaling the G image, whereas the cytoplasm was recognized from a composite image of the R and G images. Finally, we identified cells with overlapping cytoplasm and micronuclei as micronucleated cells, and the application displayed the number of micronucleated cells and the total number of cells. Our method yielded results that were comparable to manually measured values. CONCLUSIONS Our micronucleus detection (MN/cell detection software) system can accurately detect the total number of cells and micronucleus-forming cells in microscopic images with the same level of precision as achieved through manual counting. The accuracy of micronucleus numbers depends on the cell staining conditions; however, the software has options by which users can easily manually optimize parameters such as threshold, denoise, and binary to achieve the best results. The optimization process is easy to handle and requires less effort, making it an efficient way to obtain accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yoda
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Abe
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Hideya Takeo
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enya
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Koike-Takeshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
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Roberge CL, Miceli RT, Murphy LR, Kingsley DM, Gross RA, Corr DT. Sophorolipid Candidates Demonstrate Cytotoxic Efficacy against 2D and 3D Breast Cancer Models. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1159-1170. [PMID: 37104545 PMCID: PMC10760934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are biosurfactants derived from the nonpathogenic yeasts such as Starmerella bombicola with potential efficacy in anticancer applications. Simple and cost-effective synthesis of these drugs makes them a promising alternative to traditional chemotherapeutics, pending their success in preliminary drug-screening. Drug-screening typically utilizes 2D cell monolayers due to their simplicity and ease of high-throughput assessment. However, 2D assays fail to capture the complexity and 3D context of the tumor microenvironment and have consequently been implicated in the high percentage of drugs investigated in vitro that later fail in clinical trials. Herein, we screened two sophorolipid candidates and a clinically-used chemotherapeutic, doxorubicin, on in vitro breast cancer models ranging from 2D monolayers to 3D spheroids, employing optical coherence tomography to confirm these morphologies. We calculated corresponding IC50 values for these drugs and found one of the sophorolipids to have comparable toxicities to the chemotherapeutic control. Our findings show increased drug resistance associated with model dimensionality, such that all drugs tested showed that 3D spheroids exhibited higher IC50 values than their 2D counterparts. These findings demonstrate promising preliminary data to support the use of sophorolipids as a more affordable alternative to traditional clinical interventions and demonstrate the importance of 3D tumor models in assessing drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Roberge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Rebecca T Miceli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Lillian R Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Richard A Gross
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Sutou S, Koeda A, Komatsu K, Shiragiku T, Seki H, Kudo T. Collaborative Study of Thresholds for Mutagens: Hormetic Responses in Cell Proliferation Tests Using Human and Murine Lymphoid Cells. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211028473. [PMID: 34262412 PMCID: PMC8246511 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211028473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously showed that hormetic responses can be established in cell activity tests using human and murine adherent cells. This time, we examined whether hormetic responses can be established in cell proliferation tests using suspended human and murine lymphoid cells. Methods: Human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6) and mouse lymphoma cells (L5178Y) were cultured in multi-well culture plates and treated with mitomycin C, ethyl methansulfonate, hygromycin B, aclarubicin or colchicine at various dose levels and the number of cells was measured at varied times using a flow cytometer. Results: When the ratio of the number of cells treated with a test chemical to those in the negative control was plotted, the dose-response relationship typically showed a reverse U-shaped curve, indicating the occurrence of hormesis and existence of thresholds in cell toxicity. The hormetic responses depended largely on the test chemical, dose level and exposure time. When examining responses over the course of time, a J-shaped or fallen S-shaped curve was also observed. Conclusions: The dose-response relationship showed a reverse U-shaped curve, a hallmark of hormesis, at least some time points for all chemicals tested here, indicating that chemical hormesis can be established in in vitro cell proliferation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuyo Sutou
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Naka-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Akiko Koeda
- Ina Research Inc., Ina-shi, Nagano-ken, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Shiragiku
- Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima-ken, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seki
- Safety Studies Section, BML Inc, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Naka-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
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Kino K. The prospective mathematical idea satisfying both radiation hormesis under low radiation doses and linear non-threshold theory under high radiation doses. Genes Environ 2020; 42:4. [PMID: 32042364 PMCID: PMC6998080 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has yet to be determined whether or not the probability of developing cancer due to radiation exposure levels of low doses is proportional to the dose. Herein, for radiation hormesis occurring at low doses, mathematical models using functions that take a mountain-like shape having two inflection points are considered. The following perspectives were obtained: (i) When the probability of developing cancer decreases at radiation levels above the natural background dose, the radiation hormesis effect occurs up to ~ 12.4 mSv. (ii) When there is a proportional relationship at ≥750 mSv, the radiation hormesis effect occurs up to ~ 225 mSv. Thus, by performing studies at the molecular and cellular levels for radiation doses at ≤16.8 or 307 mSv, it is possible to investigate carcinogenesis resulting from low radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Kino
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
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