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Sutou S, Koeda A, Komatsu K, Shiragiku T, Seki H, Kudo T. Collaborative Study of Thresholds for Mutagens: Hormetic Responses in Cell Proliferation Tests Using Human and Murine Lymphoid Cells. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211028473. [PMID: 34262412 PMCID: PMC8246511 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211028473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously showed that hormetic responses can be established in cell activity tests using human and murine adherent cells. This time, we examined whether hormetic responses can be established in cell proliferation tests using suspended human and murine lymphoid cells. Methods: Human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6) and mouse lymphoma cells (L5178Y) were cultured in multi-well culture plates and treated with mitomycin C, ethyl methansulfonate, hygromycin B, aclarubicin or colchicine at various dose levels and the number of cells was measured at varied times using a flow cytometer. Results: When the ratio of the number of cells treated with a test chemical to those in the negative control was plotted, the dose-response relationship typically showed a reverse U-shaped curve, indicating the occurrence of hormesis and existence of thresholds in cell toxicity. The hormetic responses depended largely on the test chemical, dose level and exposure time. When examining responses over the course of time, a J-shaped or fallen S-shaped curve was also observed. Conclusions: The dose-response relationship showed a reverse U-shaped curve, a hallmark of hormesis, at least some time points for all chemicals tested here, indicating that chemical hormesis can be established in in vitro cell proliferation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuyo Sutou
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Naka-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
| | - Akiko Koeda
- Ina Research Inc., Ina-shi, Nagano-ken, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Shiragiku
- Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima-ken, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seki
- Safety Studies Section, BML Inc, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Naka-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan
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Koeda A, Iwao T, Nakanishi A, Mizuno S, Yamashita M, Sakai Y, Nakamura K, Matsunaga T. Comparison of the inducibility of CYP mRNA exposed to typical inducers in fresh and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:304-312. [PMID: 32303457 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we evaluated CYPs and their nuclear receptor mRNA induction by exposure to typical inducers, omeprazole, rifampicin, and phenobarbital in cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes. Six freshly-isolated hepatocytes and 6 cryopreserved hepatocytes from cynomolgus monkey liver were prepared for a 14-day monolayer culture, 28-day co-culture with feeder cells, and 28-day 3D spheroid culture with feeder cells. Omeprazole and rifampicin respectively induced CYP1A1 and CYP3A8 mRNAs, while phenobarbital induced CYP2C43, CYP2C75, and CYP3A8, and slightly induced CYP2B6. The nuclear receptors AHR, PXR, and CAR mRNA levels, which were activated by omeprazole, rifampicin, and phenobarbital, respectively, tended to decrease via exposure to inducers despite the increase in CYP mRNA levels. These trends were similar for all three culture methods. No evident difference was observed in CYP mRNA induction between fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes. Based on mRNA levels, the co-culture and 3D spheroid culture methods are more reasonable than monolayer culture for CYP evaluation, because the use of feeder cells can reduce the number of hepatocytes, improve the cell adhesion, and maintain the mRNA expression levels. In addition, co-culture method is more cost-effective, as common culture plates can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Koeda
- Ina Research Inc., Ina, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Anna Nakanishi
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shota Mizuno
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Misaki Yamashita
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yoko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Koeda A, Iwao T, Nakanishi A, Mizuno S, Yamashita M, Sakai Y, Nakamura K, Matsunaga T. Comparison of mRNA expression profiles of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in fresh and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:253-263. [PMID: 31174977 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, freshly isolated and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes were seeded on Cell-able® plates with feeder cells to form spheroids and were cultured for 28 days. As a control, hepatocytes were also cultured with or without feeder cells on collagen-coated plates. We verified the mRNA expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzyme-related genes and the leakage of enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, and γ-GTP) as indicators of cell survival. As a result, the patterns of target mRNA expression in fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes were very similar during the culture period between culture methods. mRNA expression levels were highly maintained at day 28 using the 3D spheroid and co-culture methods, demonstrating that these methods are useful for maintenance of liver function. Leakage of AST and ALT was higher at day 3 but decreased at day 14. LDH was not detected, suggesting that the cell viability was also maintained during the culture period. Furthermore, the functional differences between fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes were not clearly detected. The co-culture method was useful for long-term culture not requiring 3D structure, and the 3D spheroid culture method was effective as well. With these techniques, cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes are expected to exhibit smaller individual differences and high reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Koeda
- Ina Research Inc., Ina, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Anna Nakanishi
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shota Mizuno
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Misaki Yamashita
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yoko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Sutou S, Koeda A, Komatsu K, Shiragiku T, Seki H, Yamakage K, Niitsuma T, Kudo T, Wakata A. Collaborative study of thresholds for mutagens: proposal of a typical protocol for detection of hormetic responses in cytotoxicity tests. Genes Environ 2018; 40:20. [PMID: 30338768 PMCID: PMC6174566 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the linear no-threshold model (LNT), even the smallest amount of radiation is hazardous. Although the LNT is not based on solid data, this hypothesis has been applied to mutagens and carcinogens. As a result, it has been postulated that there are no thresholds for these chemicals. To demonstrate negativity by experiments is practically impossible, because negative data may leave behind the possibility that additional data might make the resolution power high enough to change negativity to positivity. Furthermore, additional data collection may be endless and we may be trapped in agnosticism. When hormesis is established, in which biological responses are higher at low-doses and lower at high-doses than the control, thresholds could be established between the low- and high-doses. Before examination of thresholds in chemical mutagenesis, hormetic responses in cytotoxicity were tested using cultured mammalian cells. METHOD Human cells (HeLa S3 and TK6) or Chinese hamster cells (CHL/IU) were cultured in 96-well plates and treated with mitomycin C (MMC) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) at various dose levels and optical density was measured after addition of a reagent to detect cellular activity. In hormetic responses, data might fluctuate to and fro; therefore, experimental conditions were examined from various aspects to eliminate confounding factors including cell numbers, detection time, the edge effect of 96-well plates, and measurement time after addition of the reagent for detection. RESULTS The dose response relationship was never linear. Cellular activities after treatment with MMC or EMS were generally higher at lower doses levels and lower at higher doses than the control, showing hormesis and allowing the establishment of thresholds. Dose response curves sometimes showed two or three peaks, probably reflecting different cellular responses. CONCLUSION Hormetic responses in cytotoxicity tests were observed and thresholds could be established. Based on the results of this investigation, we put forward a tentative protocol to detect chemical hormesis in cytotoxicity tests, i.e., inoculate 2000 cells per well, add various doses of a test chemical 48 h after inoculation, add a detection dye 10 h after treatment, and measure optical density 2 h after addition of the reagent for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuyo Sutou
- 0000 0004 0617 524Xgrid.412589.3School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama-shi, 703-8516 Japan
| | - Akiko Koeda
- Ina Research Inc., 2148-188 Nishiminowa, Ina-shi, Nagano-ken, 399-4501 Japan
| | - Kana Komatsu
- Ina Research Inc., 2148-188 Nishiminowa, Ina-shi, Nagano-ken, 399-4501 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shiragiku
- grid.419953.3Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima-ken 771-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seki
- grid.410848.1Safety Studies Section, BML Inc., 1361-1 Matoba, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-1101 Japan
| | - Kohji Yamakage
- grid.417898.bHatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano-shi, Kanagawa-ken 257-8523 Japan
| | - Takeru Niitsuma
- grid.417898.bHatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano-shi, Kanagawa-ken 257-8523 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- 0000 0004 0617 524Xgrid.412589.3School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama-shi, 703-8516 Japan
| | - Akihiro Wakata
- Tsukuba Research Center, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0841 Japan
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Onozato D, Yamashita M, Fukuyama R, Akagawa T, Kida Y, Koeda A, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Efficient Generation of Cynomolgus Monkey Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids with Pharmacokinetic Functions. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1033-1045. [PMID: 29742964 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical studies, the cynomolgus monkey (CM) model is frequently used to predict the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the human small intestine, because of its evolutionary closeness to humans. Intestinal organoids that mimic the intestinal tissue have attracted attention in regenerative medicine and drug development. In this study, we generated intestinal organoids from CM induced pluripotent stem (CMiPS) cells and analyzed their pharmacokinetic functions. CMiPS cells were induced into the hindgut; then, the cells were seeded on microfabricated culture vessel plates to form spheroids. The resulting floating spheroids were differentiated into intestinal organoids in a medium containing small-molecule compounds. The mRNA expression of intestinal markers and pharmacokinetic-related genes was markedly increased in the presence of small-molecule compounds. The organoids possessed a polarized epithelium and contained various cells constituting small intestinal tissues. The intestinal organoids formed functional tight junctions and expressed drug transporter proteins. In addition, in the organoids generated, cytochrome P450 3A8 (CYP3A8) activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor ketoconazole and was induced by rifampicin. Therefore, in the present work, we successfully generated intestinal organoids, with pharmacokinetic functions, from CMiPS cells using small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Onozato
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misaki Yamashita
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fukuyama
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takumi Akagawa
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kida
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Koeda
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan .,2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan .,2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan .,2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
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Imamura T, Koeda A, Morimoto K, Hatakeyama H, Suzuki H, Wako Y, Kawasako K, Otabe K, Sato SI. Evaluation of a repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay with 2,6-dinitrotoluene using young adult rats. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2015; 780-781:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ohkura T, Ohta K, Nagao T, Kusumoto K, Koeda A, Ueda T, Jomura T, Ikeya T, Ozeki E, Wada K, Naitoh K, Inoue Y, Takahashi N, Iwai H, Arakawa H, Ogihara T. Evaluation of human hepatocytes cultured by three-dimensional spheroid systems for drug metabolism. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:373-8. [PMID: 24695277 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the utility of three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of human hepatocytes in discovering drug metabolites. Metabolites of acetaminophen, diclofenac, lamotrigine, midazolam, propranolol and salbutamol were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to measure enzyme activities in this system cultured for 2 and 7 days. Sequential metabolic reactions by Phase I and then Phase II enzymes were found in diclofenac [CYP2C9 and UDP-glucuronyltransferases (UGTs)], midazolam (CYP3A4 and UGTs) and propranolol (CYP1A2/2D6 and UGTs). Moreover, lamotrigine and salbutamol were metabolized to lamotrigine-N-glucuronide and salbutamol 4-O-sulfate, respectively. These metabolites, which are human specific, could be observed in clinical studies, but not in conventional hepatic culture systems as in previous reports. Acetaminophen was metabolized to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, and N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinoneimine (NAPQI) and its metabolites were not observed. In addition, mRNA of drug-metabolism enzymes [CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT2B7, sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) and glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1)], which were measured by qRT-PCR, were expressed in the human hepatocyte spheroids. In conclusion, these results suggest that human hepatocyte spheroids are useful in discovering drug metabolites.
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Mayumi K, Hanioka N, Masuda K, Koeda A, Naito S, Miyata A, Narimatsu S. Characterization of marmoset CYP2B6: cDNA cloning, protein expression and enzymatic functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1182-94. [PMID: 23395694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset is a promising species for evaluating the safety of drug candidates. To further understand the capacity for drug metabolism in marmosets, a cDNA encoding a CYP2B enzyme was cloned from the total RNA fraction of marmoset liver by 3'- and 5'-RACE methods. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed 90.8 and 86.2% identity, respectively, with human CYP2B6. The marmoset CYP2B6 (marCYP2B6) protein was expressed in insect cells, and its enzymatic properties were compared with those of human (humCYP2B6) and cynomolgus monkey (cynCYP2B6) orthologs in liver and insect cell microsomes. Enzymatic functions were examined for the oxidation of 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-ETC), bupropion (BUP) and efavirenz (EFV). The kinetic profiles for the oxidation of the three substrates by liver microsomal fractions were similar between humans and cynomolgus monkeys (biphasic for 7-ETC and monophasic for BUP and EFV), but that of marmosets was unique (monophasic for 7-ETC and biphasic for BUP and EFV). Recombinant enzymes, humCYP2B6 and cynCYP2B6, also yielded similar kinetic profiles for the oxidation of the three substrates, whereas marCYP2B6 showed activity only for 7-ETC hydroxylation. In silico docking simulations suggested that two amino acid residues, Val-114 and Leu-367, affect the activity of marCYP2B6. In fact, a marCYP2B6 mutant with substitutions V114I and L367V exhibited BUP hydroxylase activity that was 4-fold higher than that of humCYP2B6, while its EFV 8-hydroxylase activity was only 10% that of the human enzyme. These results indicate that the amino acids at positions 114 and 367 affect the enzymatic capacity of marmoset CYP2B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mayumi
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Watanabe T, Suzuki T, Natsume M, Nakajima M, Narumi K, Hamada S, Sakuma T, Koeda A, Oshida K, Miyamoto Y, Maeda A, Hirayama M, Sanada H, Honda H, Ohyama W, Okada E, Fujiishi Y, Sutou S, Tadakuma A, Ishikawa Y, Kido M, Minamiguchi R, Hanahara I, Furihata C. Discrimination of genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens by statistical analysis based on gene expression profiling in the mouse liver as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Mutat Res 2012; 747:164-75. [PMID: 22634710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The general aim of the present study is to discriminate between mouse genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens via selected gene expression patterns in the liver as analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and statistical analysis. qPCR was conducted on liver samples from groups of 5 male, 9-week-old B6C3F(1) mice, at 4 and 48h following a single intraperitoneal administration of chemicals. We quantified 35 genes selected from our previous DNA microarray studies using 12 different chemicals: 8 genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (2-acetylaminofluorene, 2,4-diaminotoluene, diisopropanolnitrosamine, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N-nitrosomorpholine, quinoline and urethane) and 4 non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and furan). A considerable number of genes exhibited significant changes in their gene expression ratios (experimental group/control group) analyzed statistically by the Dunnett's test and Welch's t-test. Finally, we distinguished between the genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens by statistical analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) of the gene expression profiles for 7 genes (Btg2, Ccnf, Ccng1, Lpr1, Mbd1, Phlda3 and Tubb2c) at 4h and for 12 genes (Aen, Bax, Btg2, Ccnf, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Gdf15, Lrp1, Mbd1, Phlda3, Plk2 and Tubb2c) at 48h. Seven major biological processes were extracted from the gene ontology analysis: apoptosis, the cell cycle, cell proliferation, DNA damage, DNA repair, oncogenes and tumor suppression. The major, biologically relevant gene pathway suggested was the DNA damage response pathway, resulting from signal transduction by a p53-class mediator leading to the induction of apoptosis. Eight genes (Aen, Bax, Btg2, Ccng1, Cdkn1a, Gdf15, Phlda3 and Plk2) that are directly associated with Trp53 contributed to the PCA. The current findings demonstrate a successful discrimination between genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens, using qPCR and PCA, on 12 genes associated with a Trp53-mediated signaling pathway for DNA damage response at 4 and 48 h after a single administration of chemicals.
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Suzuki H, Imamura T, Koeda A, Morimoto K, Wakasa Y, Takei Y, Amemiya R, Hatakeyama H, Satoh H, Sato SI. Genotoxicity studies of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT). J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:499-505. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Narimatsu S, Nakata T, Shimizudani T, Nagaoka K, Nakura H, Masuda K, Katsu T, Koeda A, Naito S, Yamano S, Miyata A, Hanioka N. Regio- and stereoselective oxidation of propranolol enantiomers by human CYP2D6, cynomolgus monkey CYP2D17 and marmoset CYP2D19. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 189:146-52. [PMID: 21184751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxic and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug candidates are evaluated in vivo often using monkeys as experimental animals, and the data obtained are extrapolated to humans. Well understanding physiological properties, including drug-metabolizing enzymes, of monkeys should increase the accuracy of the extrapolation. The present study was performed to compare regio- and stereoselectivity in the oxidation of propranolol (PL), a chiral substrate, by cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) enzymes among humans, cynomolgus monkeys and marmosets. Complimentary DNAs encoding human CYP2D6, cynomolgus monkey CYP2D17 and marmoset CYP2D19 were cloned, and their proteins expressed in a yeast cell expression system. The regio- and stereoselective oxidation of PL enantiomers by yeast cell microsomal fractions were compared. In terms of efficiency of expression in the system, the holo-proteins ranked CYP2D6=CYP2D17>>CYP2D19. This may be caused by the bulky side chain of the amino acid residue at position 119 (leucine for CYP2D19 vs. valine for CYP2D6 and CYP2D17), which can disturb the incorporation of the heme moiety into the active-site cavity. PL enantiomers were oxidized by all of the enzymes mainly into 4-hydroxyproranolol (4-OH-PL), followed by 5-OH-PL and N-desisopropylpropranolol (NDP). In the kinetic analysis, apparent K(m) values were commonly in the μM range and substrate enantioselectivity of R-PL<S-PL was observed in both K(m) and V(max) values for the formation of the three metabolites from PL enantiomers. The activity to produce NDP tended to be higher for the monkey enzymes, particularly CYP2D17, than for the human enzyme. These results indicate that in the oxidation of PL enantiomers by CYP2D enzymes, stereoselectivity is similar but regioselectivity is different between humans and monkeys.
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Hanioka N, Tanabe N, Jinno H, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Nagaoka K, Naito S, Koeda A, Narimatsu S. Functional characterization of human and cynomolgus monkey UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 enzymes. Life Sci 2010; 87:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Morikawa H, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Tissue-Specific mRNA Expression Profiles of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in the Cynomolgus Monkey. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:139-44. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Morikawa H, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Comparison of Inducibility of Multidrug Resistance (MDR)1, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein (MRP)1, and MRP2 mRNAs by Prototypical Microsomal Enzyme Inducers in Primary Cultures of Human and Cynomolgus Monkey Hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:2068-72. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tetsuo Satoh
- Ina Research Inc
- Non-Profit Organization Human & Animal Bridging Research Institute, Ichikawa General Hospital
| | - Shizuo Narimatsu
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shinsaku Naito
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc
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15
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Hanioka N, Hayashi K, Shimizudani T, Nagaoka K, Koeda A, Naito S, Narimatsu S. Stereoselective Glucuronidation of Propranolol in Human and Cynomolgus Monkey Liver Microsomes: Role of Human Hepatic UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Isoforms, UGT1A9, UGT2B4 and UGT2B7. Pharmacology 2008; 82:293-303. [DOI: 10.1159/000165100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Shimizu T, Nakayama M, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Comparison of Inducibility of Sulfotransferase and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase mRNAs by Prototypical Microsomal Enzyme Inducers in Primary Cultures of Human and Cynomolgus Monkey Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 23:45-53. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.23.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Suganuma Y, Suzuki E, Shimizu T, Nakayama M, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Comparison of inducibility of CYP1A and CYP3A mRNAs by prototypical inducers in primary cultures of human, cynomolgus monkey, and rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 22:178-86. [PMID: 17603218 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.22.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of treatment with the prototypical inducers rifampicin (Rif), dexamethasone (Dex), and omeprazole (Ome) on the mRNA levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in primary cultures of cryopreserved human, cynomolgus monkey, and rat hepatocytes. Analysis was performed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR using primers and TaqMan probes. Treatment with Ome substantially increased the mRNA levels of both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in human hepatocytes, but increased only the mRNA level of CYP1A1 in monkey hepatocytes, whereas it had no marked effect on the mRNA levels of CYP1A1 or CYP1A2 in rat hepatocytes. Treatment with Rif or Dex did not markedly affect the mRNA level of CYP1A in any of the hepatocyte cultures under the conditions used. All three inducers increased the mRNA level of CYP3A8 in monkey hepatocytes (in the order Rif>Dex>or=Ome), and a similar profile was observed for the mRNA level of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes, but the potency of induction was markedly attenuated. In contrast, only Dex substantially increased the mRNA level of CYP3A1 in rat hepatocytes, with Rif and Ome showing no effects. These results indicate that the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of CYP1A2 genes differ between humans and cynomolgus monkeys, although the regulatory mechanisms for CYP1A1 and CYP3A genes are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuhiro Nishimura
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Division of Pharmacology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Suzuki E, Kawano Y, Nakayama M, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Regulation of mRNA expression of MDR1, MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3 by prototypical microsomal enzyme inducers in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 21:297-307. [PMID: 16946557 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA induction of various transporters by rifampicin (Rif), dexamethasone (Dex) and omeprazole (Ome) was investigated in primary cultures of cryopreserved human and rat hepatocytes. Analysis was performed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR using primers and TaqMan probes. In primary cultures of human hepatocytes, mRNA levels of MDR and MRP1 were increased by about 1.5 fold and 1.3 fold, respectively, by exposure to Rif at 2 to 50 microM as compared with 0.1% DMSO-treated controls. MRP2 mRNA levels in the same human hepatocytes were significantly increased by 1.2 to 1.8 fold by exposure to Rif at 50 microM as compared with controls. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Mdr1a and Mdr1b mRNA levels were not increased or only slightly increased at 24 hr by exposure to any of the inducers at 2, 10 or 50 microM. Mrp2 mRNA levels in the same rat hepatocytes were significantly increased by 7 to 45 fold by exposure to Dex at 2 microM as compared with controls. Based on the species differences observed in the present study, primary cultures of cryopreserved hepatocytes from both the human and rat should be useful in preclinical drug development for evaluating candidate drugs for transporter induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuhiro Nishimura
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Division of Pharmacology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, Japan.
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Hanioka N, Takeda Y, Jinno H, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Naito S, Koeda A, Shimizu T, Nomura M, Narimatsu S. Functional characterization of human and cynomolgus monkey UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 164:136-45. [PMID: 17027947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) is a major isoform in the human liver that glucuronidates numerous drugs, environmental chemicals and endogenous substrates. In this study, human and cynomolgus monkey UGT1A6 cDNAs (humUGT1A6 and monUGT1A6, respectively) were cloned, and the corresponding proteins were heterologously expressed in yeast cells to identify the functions of primate UGT1A6s. The enzymatic properties of UGT1A6 proteins were characterized by the kinetic analysis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation. humUGT1A6 and monUGT1A6 showed 96% identity in their nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Immunoblotting analysis using an antibody raised against human UGT1A6 showed that protein staining intensities were different between human and cynomolgus monkey UGT1A6 enzymes in microsomal fractions from livers and yeast cells, although both enzymes were detectable. The apparent K(m) value (15 mM) for 5-HT glucuronidation of cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes was significantly higher than that (8.6mM) of human liver microsomes, whereas V(max) values were lower in cynomolgus monkeys (2.8 nmol/min/mg protein) than in humans (8.6 nmol/min/mg protein). No significant species difference was observed in K(m) (approximately 90 microM) or V(max) (approximately 25 nmol/min/mg protein) values for liver microsomal 4-MU glucuronidation. In yeast cell microsomes, K(m) values (approximately 6mM) for 5-HT glucuronidation by recombinant UGT1A6s were similar, while a V(max) value (0.1nmol/min/mg protein) of monUGT1A6 was significantly lower than that (0.7 nmol/min/mg protein) of humUGT1A6. In 4-MU glucuronidation, both K(m) (210 microM) and V(max) (3.5 nmol/min/mg protein) values of monUGT1A6 were significantly higher than those of humUGT1A6 (K(m), 110 microM; V(max), 1.5nmol/min/mg protein). These findings suggest that the enzymatic properties of UGT1A6 were extensively different between humans and cynomolgus monkeys, although humUGT1A6 and monUGT1A6 showed high homology at the amino acid level. The information gained in this study should help with in vivo extrapolation and to assess the toxicity of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumitsu Hanioka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Nishimura M, Koeda A, Suzuki E, Shimizu T, Kawano Y, Nakayama M, Satoh T, Narimatsu S, Naito S. Effects of prototypical drug-metabolizing enzyme inducers on mRNA expression of housekeeping genes in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:1033-9. [PMID: 16777070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to investigate the effects of prototypical drug-metabolizing enzyme inducers rifampicin (Rif), dexamethasone (Dex), and omeprazole (Ome) on mRNA expression levels of the housekeeping genes beta-actin (ACTB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-glucuronidase (GUSB), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), peptidylprolylisomerase A (PPIA), TATA box binding protein (TBP), and transferrin receptor (TFRC) in primary cultures of cryopreserved human and rat hepatocytes. The mRNA levels of ACTB, GAPDH, GUSB, PPIA, TBP, and TFRC relative to HPRT1 in human hepatocytes were constant at all concentrations of inducers. However, the mRNA level of GAPDH relative to HPRT1 in rat hepatocytes was markedly increased by Rif. The mRNA levels of GAPDH, GUSB, PPIA, TBP, and TFRC relative to HPRT1 in rat hepatocytes were significantly increased by Dex. ACTB and HPRT1 are suitable internal controls for evaluating mRNA expression levels in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes after Rif, Dex, or Ome exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuhiro Nishimura
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Division of Pharmacology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima 772-8601, Japan.
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Shinozuka O, Sueda S, Miki K, Yoko M, Koeda A, Inada M, Yamazaki T, Ohyama T. Eight-year trend of new patients at Clinic for Disabled Patients, University Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University. J Med Dent Sci 1999; 46:41-4. [PMID: 12160212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The trend of new patients was investigated at the Clinic for Disabled Patients, University Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University for eight years from 1989 to 1996. The purpose of this study was to explore the future role of this specialized clinic. The study revealed the following information: 1. A total of 1,388 new patients, corresponding to 173.5 new patients per year on average, visited the clinic. 2. The percentage of patients aged 30 or more increased. As a result, the mean patient age rose from 40.4 in 1989 to 47.6 in 1996. 3. Referrals accounted for more than 80% of new patients. Medical doctors referred more patients to our clinic than dentists did. 4. While the percentage of disabled patients tended to decrease, the percentage of medically compromised patients increased. 5. The predominant complaint was dental caries. Patients with cardiovascular diseases also complained of gingival bleeding and ill-fitting dentures. The growing percentage of medically compromised patients and the increasing mean age of patients over the eight-year period seems to reflect advances in medical science and the aging society. These tendencies could be more remarkable in the future. Therefore, much closer cooperation between dentists and medical doctors will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shinozuka
- Clinic for Disabled Patients, University Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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