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Li P, Zhang T, Wu R, Zhang JY, Zhuo Y, Li SG, Wang JJ, Guo WT, Wang ZB, Chen YC. Loss of SHROOM3 affects neuroepithelial cell shape through regulating cytoskeleton proteins in cynomolgus monkey organoids. Zool Res 2024; 45:233-241. [PMID: 38287904 PMCID: PMC11017078 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital neurodevelopmental disorders arising from incomplete neural tube closure. Although folate supplementation has been shown to mitigate the incidence of NTDs, some cases, often attributable to genetic factors, remain unpreventable. The SHROOM3 gene has been implicated in NTD cases that are unresponsive to folate supplementation; at present, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Neural tube morphogenesis is a complex process involving the folding of the planar epithelium of the neural plate. To determine the role of SHROOM3 in early developmental morphogenesis, we established a neuroepithelial organoid culture system derived from cynomolgus monkeys to closely mimic the in vivo neural plate phase. Loss of SHROOM3 resulted in shorter neuroepithelial cells and smaller nuclei. These morphological changes were attributed to the insufficient recruitment of cytoskeletal proteins, namely fibrous actin (F-actin), myosin II, and phospho-myosin light chain (PMLC), to the apical side of the neuroepithelial cells. Notably, these defects were not rescued by folate supplementation. RNA sequencing revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes associated with cellular and organ morphogenesis. In summary, we established an authentic in vitro system to study NTDs and identified a novel mechanism for NTDs that are unresponsive to folate supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ruo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yan Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shan-Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jiao-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wen-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail:
| | - Zheng-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail:
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail:
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Yao S, Zhang W, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Wang L, Ai H, Wu X, Chen A, Zhuang X. Simultaneous determination of HD56, a novel prodrug, and its active metabolite in cynomolgus monkey plasma using LC-MS/MS for elucidating its pharmacokinetic profile. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1235:124045. [PMID: 38367406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the carboxylic acid ester precursor HD56 and the active product HD561 in cynomolgus monkey plasma. Then, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of both compounds following single and multiple i.g. administrations in cynomolgus monkeys were elucidated. In the method, chromatographic separation was achieved with a C18 reversed-phase column and the target quantification was carried out by an electrospray ionization (ESI) source coupled with triple quadrupole mess detector in positive ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) approach. Using the quantification method, the in vitro stability of HD56 in plasma and HD56 pharmacokinetic behavior after i.g. administration in cynomolgus monkey were investigated. It was approved that HD56 did convert into HD561 post-administration. The overall systemic exposure of HD561 post-conversion from HD56 accounted for only about 17% of HD56. After repeated administration at the same dose, there was no significant difference in exposure levels of both HD56 and HD561. However, after multiple dosing, the exposure of HD56 tended to decrease while that of HD561 tended to increase, resulting in a 30% in the exposure ratio. Remarkably, with a carboxylesterase (CES) activity profile akin to humans, the observed in vivo pharmacokinetic profile in cynomolgus monkeys holds promise for predicting HD56/HD561 PK profiles in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yao
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Junhai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hengxiao Ai
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Aibing Chen
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China.
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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Bertani S, Donadi A, Franchi J, Vinco F, Cardin R, Federico D, Tagliavini A, Zannoni S, Pergher M, Pecoraro M, Breda M. Blood microsampling in cynomolgus monkey and evaluation of plasma PK parameters in comparison to conventional sampling. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 123:107298. [PMID: 37480964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Microsampling, a reduced volume sampling method, has successfully gained attention at the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) level and established benefits support its use in Toxicokinetic (TK) studies. These improved sampling techniques are less invasive and in large animal species improve animal welfare (refinement). To evaluate if the plasma concentrations of drugs were influenced by the blood sampling method, the traditional method from femoral vein and microsampling from tail vein in Cynomolgus monkeys were compared. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax and AUC) of four drugs (selected based on acid-base and volume of distribution properties) in non-human primate were correlated. The plasma samples were quantified using standard LC-MS/MS methods, qualified to evaluate the precision and accuracy before the analysis of real samples. The results reported in this work demonstrated the suitability of microsampling in supporting PK/TK studies in non-human primates. The data show that the exposure of drugs tested after blood collection using standard procedure from femoral vein and microsampling from tail vein is correlated and is not influenced by acid-base characteristics and volume of distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bertani
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Donadi
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Jessica Franchi
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Vinco
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Rossella Cardin
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Denise Federico
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Tagliavini
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Zannoni
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Pergher
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Pecoraro
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Breda
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Campus Levi Montalcini, Verona, Italy.
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Matsumoto Y, Mutsuzaki H, Nagashima K, Hara Y, Yanagisawa Y, Okano E, Mataki K, Sankai T, Yamazaki M. Safety of terminally gamma-ray-sterilized screws coated with fibroblast growth factor 2-calcium phosphate composite layers in non-human primates. J Artif Organs 2023; 26:192-202. [PMID: 35941264 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-022-01352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screws coated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2)-calcium phosphate (CP) composite layers exhibit enhanced soft tissue and bone formation and angiogenesis because of the biological activity of FGF-2. Furthermore, the mitogenic activity of the FGF-2 within the composite layers remains unchanged after gamma-ray sterilization, which may improve the storage stability prior to clinical use. However, the in vivo safeties of these screws as spinal implants remain unknown. Here, a randomized controlled trial, involving non-human primates, investigated the safety of using FGF-2-CP composite layer-coated screws after either gamma-ray sterilization or aseptic processing. Titanium alloy screws coated with FGF-2-CP composite layers and subjected to either gamma-ray sterilization at 25 kGy (GS group) or aseptic storage (AS group) were implanted into the vertebral bodies of two cynomolgus monkeys exceeding 12 weeks (day 99). Physiological, histological, and radiographic investigations were performed to evaluate the safeties of the screws. There were no serious adverse events, such as surgical site infection, significant loss of body weight, or abnormal blood test results. No radiolucent areas were observed around the screws from the GS or AS group throughout the study. In the intraosseous region, no significant differences were observed in bone and fibrous tissue apposition rates and rate of bone formation between the two groups (p = 0.49, 0.77, and 0.11, respectively). Neither tumor lesions nor accumulation of lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed in either group. Our data suggest that FGF-2-CP composite layer-coated screws subjected to terminal gamma-ray sterilization are as safe as those fabricated in aseptic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukei Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Nagashima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Hara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohei Yanagisawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eriko Okano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mataki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sankai
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Du H, Zhang T, Wang Q, Cao X, Zheng H, Li J, Zhu J, Qu J, Guo L, Sun Y. Traditional Chinese Medicine Shi-Bi-Man regulates lactic acid metabolism and drives hair follicle stem cell activation to promote hair regeneration. Chin Med 2023; 18:84. [PMID: 37454125 PMCID: PMC10349503 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a supplement for promoting hair health, Shi-Bi-Man (SBM) is a prescription comprising various traditional Chinese medicines. Though SBM has been reported to promote hair regeneration, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are non-human primates with a gene expression profile similar to that of humans. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of SBM on promoting hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys and to reveal the underlying mechanism. METHODS The effect of SBM on hair regeneration was observed by skin administration on 6 cynomolgus monkeys with artificial back shaving. The molecular mechanism of SBM was studied using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in combination with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection for gene transcription level, and immunofluorescence staining verification for protein level. RESULTS SBM significantly induced hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys, increased hair follicle number and facilitated hair follicle development. ScRNA-seq revealed an increase in the number of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) with a higher activation state, as evidenced by the higher expression of activation marker LDHA related to metabolism and the proliferation marker MKI67. Immunofluorescence analysis at the protein level and qPCR at the mRNA level confirmed the sequencing data. Cellchat analysis revealed an enrichment of ligand-receptor pairs involved in intercellular communication in Laminin-related pathways. CONCLUSION SBM significantly promotes hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys. Mechanically, SBM can up-regulate LDHA-mediated lactic acid metabolism and drive HFSC activation, which in turn promotes the proliferation and differentiation of HFSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianxia Zhu
- Shenzhen Sipimo Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Lehang Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Capponi C, Palazzoli M, Di Persio S, Fera S, Spadetta G, Franco G, Wistuba J, Schlatt S, Neuhaus N, de Rooij D, Vicini E. Interplay of spermatogonial subpopulations during initial stages of spermatogenesis in adult primates. Development 2023; 150:310726. [PMID: 37222410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The spermatogonial compartment maintains spermatogenesis throughout the reproductive lifespan. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revealed the presence of several spermatogonial clusters characterized by specific molecular signatures. However, it is unknown whether the presence of such clusters can be confirmed in terms of protein expression and whether protein expression in the subsets overlaps. To investigate this, we analyzed the expression profile of spermatogonial markers during the seminiferous epithelial cycle in cynomolgus monkeys and compared the results with human data. We found that in cynomolgus monkeys, as in humans, undifferentiated spermatogonia are largely quiescent, and the few engaged in the cell cycle were immunoreactive to GFRA1 antibodies. Moreover, we showed that PIWIL4+ spermatogonia, considered the most primitive undifferentiated spermatogonia in scRNA-seq studies, are quiescent in primates. We also described a novel subset of early differentiating spermatogonia, detectable from stage III to stage VII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle, that were transitioning from undifferentiated to differentiating spermatogonia, suggesting that the first generation of differentiating spermatogonia arises early during the epithelial cycle. Our study makes key advances in the current understanding of male germline premeiotic expansion in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Capponi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Martina Palazzoli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Sara Di Persio
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Stefania Fera
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Gustavo Spadetta
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giorgio Franco
- Department of Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Joachim Wistuba
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Nina Neuhaus
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Dirk de Rooij
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Elena Vicini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
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Akuzawa S, Irie M, Kanki M, Shirakawa T, Sato Y. Effect of ASP8062 on morphine self-administration and morphine-induced respiratory suppression in monkeys. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 151:171-176. [PMID: 36925215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ASP8062 is an orally available GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM). This study assessed the potential of ASP8062 for treating opioid use disorder (OUD). Three rhesus monkeys were pretreated with ASP8062 (0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg) by oral administration 1 h prior to a 2-h morphine self-administration session (0.03 mg/kg, iv, per injection) under a fixed-ratio 5 schedule. We further examined the potential worsening of morphine-induced respiratory suppression by ASP8062 after coadministration of morphine (10 mg/kg, sc) and ASP8062 (10 mg/kg, po) in cynomolgus monkeys using a custom-made whole-body plethysmograph. Plasma concentrations of ASP8062 (3 or 10 mg/kg, po) were assessed in cynomolgus monkeys using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). ASP8062 at 3 mg/kg, po decreased the morphine self-administrations with significant differences from the vehicle-treated group (IC50 = 0.97 ± 0.36 mg/kg). Exposure levels at 3 mg/kg observed in monkeys were comparable to the clinical exposure levels which positive pharmacodynamic effects were previously shown. Further, ASP8062 did not potentiate morphine-induced respiratory suppression up to exposure levels higher than the clinically relevant dose. ASP8062 may reduce opioid use in OUD patients without affecting respiratory system, providing justification for further ASP8062 development as a potential treatment option for OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Akuzawa
- Applied Pharmacology, Non-clinical Regulatory Science, Applied Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Megumi Irie
- Applied Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Non-clinical Regulatory Science, Applied Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kanki
- Applied Safety, Non-clinical Regulatory Science, Applied Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shirakawa
- Applied Safety, Non-clinical Regulatory Science, Applied Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Research Program Management, Applied Research Management, Applied Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
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Gan X, Ren J, Huang T, Wu K, Li S, Duan Y, Wang Z, Si W, Wei J. Pathological α-synuclein accumulation, CSF metabolites changes and brain microstructures in cynomolgus monkeys treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:172-181. [PMID: 36476940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lack of evidence indicating the accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein (P-α-syn), a neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD), limits the application of 6-OHDA animal models. In cynomolgus monkeys received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection, we identified nigrostriatal dysfunction related behavioral defects, such as the increase of PD score, decrease of locomotor activities, and exhibition of typical rotations. We found the dopaminergic neurons were significantly reduced and had fragmented morphology in substantia nigra (SN). Furthermore, insoluble P-α-syn aggregates were observed. The P-α-syn aggregates were extracellular distributed and had typical morphology of inclusion. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the P-α-syn colocalized with ubiquitin (Ub) and p62. We also found there were more actived astrocytes and microglial in SN and striatum, reflecting neuroinflammations increase in nigrostriatal pathway. At last, to determine the long-term consequence of dopamine (DA) neuron loss induced by 6-OHDA injection, the changes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitters over time as well as the brain microstructure alternations were examined. The dopamine-related metabolites were decreased after 6-OHDA injection reflecting dopaminergic neuron loss. The levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (Ach) showed an increasing trend but not significant. By diffusion tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) image scans, the fractional anisotropy (FA) value in the ipsilateral SN and caudate was found to reduce, which indicated neural fiber injury. Therefore, these results suggested that α-syn pathology might participate in process of 6-OHDA injuring DA neurons, and may expand the application of 6-OHDA monkeys on investigations into the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jiahan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tianzhuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Kunhua Wu
- Department of MRI, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Shulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yanchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jingkuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Iwata Y, Katada H, Okuda M, Doi Y, Ching TJ, Harada A, Takeiri A, Honda M, Mishima M. Preclinical in vitro evaluation of immune suppression induced by GYM329, Fc-engineered sweeping antibody. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:399-409. [PMID: 37394653 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fc-engineering is commonly used to improve the therapeutic potency of antibody (Ab) treatments. Because FcγRIIb is the only inhibitory FcγR that contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), Fc-engineered Abs with enhanced binding affinity to FcγRIIb might provide immune suppression in clinical contexts. GYM329 is an anti-latent myostatin Fc-engineered Ab with increased affinity to FcγRIIb which is expected to improve muscle strength in patients with muscular disorders. Cross-linking of FcγRIIb by immune complex (IC) results in phosphorylation of ITIM to inhibit immune activation and apoptosis in B cells. We examined whether the IC of Fc-engineered Abs with enhanced binding affinity to FcγRIIb causes phosphorylation of ITIM or B cell apoptosis using GYM329 and its Fc variant Abs in human and cynomolgus-monkey (cyno) immune cells in vitro. IC of GYM329 with enhanced binding affinity to human FcγRIIb (×5) induced neither ITIM phosphorylation nor B cell apoptosis. As for GYM329, FcγRIIb should work as an endocytic receptor of small IC to sweep latent myostatin, so it is preferable that GYM329 induces neither ITIM phosphorylation nor B cell apoptosis to prevent immune suppression. In contrast, IC of myo-HuCy2b, the Ab with enhanced binding affinity to human FcγRIIb (×4), induced ITIM phosphorylation and B cell apoptosis. The result of the present study demonstrated that Fc-engineered Abs with similar binding affinity to FcγRIIb had different effects. Thus, it is important to also investigate FcγR-mediated immune functions other than binding to fully understand the biological effects of Fc-engineered Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Iwata
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Doi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Asako Harada
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Akira Takeiri
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Masaki Honda
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Bae J, Ahn S, Cho DW, Kim HS, Han SC, Im HI. Claustral MeCP2 Regulates Methamphetamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Cynomolgus Monkey. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:390-400. [PMID: 36631847 PMCID: PMC9841746 DOI: 10.5607/en22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum, a brain nucleus located between the cortex and the striatum, has recently been highlighted in drug-related reward processing. Methyl CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2) is a transcriptional regulator that represses or activates the expression of the target gene and has been known to have an important role in the regulation of drug addiction in the dopaminergic reward system. The claustrum is an important region for regulating reward processing where most neurons receive dopamine input; additionally, in this region, MeCP2 is also abundantly expressed. Therefore, here, we hypothesized that MeCP2 would be involved in drug addiction control in the Claustrum as well and investigated how claustral MeCP2 regulates drug addiction. To better understand the function of human claustral MeCP2, we established a non-human primate model of methamphetamine (METH) - induced conditioned place preference (CPP). After a habituation of two days and conditioning of ten days, the CPP test was conducted for three days. Interestingly, we confirmed that virus-mediated overexpression of MECP2 in the claustrum showed a significant reduction of METH-induced CPP in the three consecutive days during the testing period. Moreover, they showed a decrease in visit scores (frequency for visit) for the METH-paired room compared to the control group although the scores were statistically marginal. Taken together, we suggest that the claustrum is an important brain region associated with drug addiction, in which MeCP2 may function as a mediator in regulating the response to addictive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Bae
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sujin Ahn
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Doo-Wan Cho
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea,To whom correspondence should be addressed. TEL: 82-2-958-6961, FAX: 82-2-958-6937, e-mail:
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11
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Park J, Won J, Jeon CY, Lim KS, Choi WS, Park SH, Seo J, Cho J, Seong JB, Yeo HG, Kim K, Kim YG, Kim M, Yi KS, Lee Y. XperCT-guided Intra-cisterna Magna Injection of Streptozotocin for Establishing an Alzheimer's Disease Model Using the Cynomolgus Monkey ( Macaca fascicularis). Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:409-418. [PMID: 36631849 PMCID: PMC9841743 DOI: 10.5607/en22027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Till date, researchers have been developing animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in various species to understand the pathological characterization and molecular mechanistic pathways associated with this condition in humans to identify potential therapeutic treatments. A widely recognized AD model that mimics the pathology of human AD involves the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection with streptozotocin (STZ). However, ICV injection as an invasive approach has several limitations related to complicated surgical procedures. Therefore, in the present study, we created a customized stereotaxic frame using the XperCT-guided system for injecting STZ in cynomolgus monkeys, aiming to establish an AD model. The anatomical structures surrounding the cisterna magna (CM) were confirmed using CT/MRI fusion images of monkey brain with XperCT, the c-arm cone beam computed tomography. XperCT was used to determine the appropriate direction in which the needle tip should be inserted within the CM region. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected to confirm the accurate target site when STZ was injected into the CM. Cynomolgus monkeys were administered STZ dissolved in artificial CSF once every week for 4 weeks via intracisterna magna (ICM) injection using XperCT-guided stereotactic system. The molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of STZ-induced AD pathology were analyzed two weeks after the final injection. The monkeys subjected to XperCT-based STZ injection via the ICM route showed features of AD pathology, including markedly enhanced neuronal loss, synaptic impairment, and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus. These findings suggest a new approach for the construction of neurodegenerative disease models and development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sung-hyun Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jincheol Seo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Cho
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jung Bae Seong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea,KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yu Gyeong Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea,KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Yi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea,KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea,To whom correspondence should be addressed. TEL: 82-43-240-6316, FAX: 82-43-240-6309, e-mail:
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Voloshina EV, Ustyugov YY, Aleksandrov AA, Dzheliya AB, Oganova MA. Lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin levels in peripheral blood from cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) of different age groups. Lab Anim 2022; 56:550-560. [PMID: 35795890 DOI: 10.1177/00236772221083173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxicity assessment is an important part of non-clinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. The reference ranges of evaluated parameters, which depend on the sex, age and geographical origin of animals, play a significant role in interpreting the study results. The aim of this study was to determine the reference ranges of parameters commonly used for non-clinical immunotoxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of different ages. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD16/56+ lymphocytes, and the serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G and E in clinically healthy cynomolgus monkeys of both sexes and different ages (37-104 months) were analysed. The lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry and serum immunoglobulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis showed a weak rank correlation of CD3+, CD20+ lymphocyte levels with the ages of female and male cynomolgus monkeys, and no significant correlation with age for the combined data of both sexes. The serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G and E did not have a significant rank correlation with age for the combined data of both sexes, whereas IgA levels in females and IgG levels in males were weakly correlated with age. Overall, these results justify the use of animals aged three to eight years for non-clinical immunotoxicity evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. It is important to avoid the formation of animal groups with extreme ages (three years or eight years) in one group during randomization.
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Cho DW, Han HY, Yang MJ, Woo DH, Han SC, Yang YS. Surgical removal of a telemetry system in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): a 12-month observation study. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:29. [PMID: 34656182 PMCID: PMC8520245 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telemetry is a wireless implanted device that measures biological signals in conscious animals and usually requires surgery for its removal when the study is finished. After removing the device, the animals are either used for other studies or euthanatized. CASE PRESENTATION Herein, we report the case of a living cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) that was used for the entire experimental period, instead of euthanasia, after surgical removal of an implanted telemetry system. Radiography was used to determine the status of the implanted telemetry, following which, a repair surgery was performed for removing the system; clinical signs were used to preserve the life of the cynomolgus monkey. Postoperative clinical signs, food consumption, hematology, and serum biochemistry were examined during the 12-month observational period. No abnormal readings or conditions were observed in the subject after implant removal. CONCLUSIONS This study may be a useful case report for living cynomolgus monkeys in telemetry implantations used throughout the study period. We suggest minimizing the suffering and improving the welfare of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Wan Cho
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Yun Han
- Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- Pharmacology & Drug Abuse Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Yao X, Mu C, Wang Z, Hu R, Chang Y, Wu J. Serum- and Feeder-Free Culture of Juvenile Monkey Female Germline Stem Cells and Testosterone Regulation of their Self-Renewal. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:336-345. [PMID: 34642851 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Female germline stem cells (FGSCs) have been found in mouse, rat, pig, sheep and human ovaries. However, there is no information on the isolation or long-term culture of FGSCs from non-human primates. Here, we identified the presence of FGSCs in the ovaries of juvenile (3-4-year-old) cynomolgus monkeys using DDX4 and Ki67 double immunofluorescence. Then, a long-term serum- and cell feeder-free culture system for these FGSCs was used to establish a cell line, and its biological characteristics were analyzed. We found that testosterone promoted self-renewal of the cells. This study confirmed for the first time the presence of FGSCs in the ovary of non-human primates. This culture system and cell line will be of great significance for research in medicine and reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoying Yao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yan Chang
- Shanghai Innostar biotech Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Ji Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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15
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Jäckel S, Pipp FC, Emde B, Weigt S, Vigna E, Hanschke B, Kasper L, Siddharta A, Hellmann J, Czasch S, Schmitt MW. l-citrulline: A preclinical safety biomarker for the small intestine in rats and dogs in repeat dose toxicity studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 110:107068. [PMID: 33940165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is still an issue within drug development, especially for novel oncology drugs. The identification of GI mucosal damage at an early stage with high sensitivity and specificity across preclinical species and humans remains difficult. To date, in preclinical studies, no qualified mechanistic, diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers exist for GI mucosal toxicity. l-citrulline is one of the most promising biomarker candidates used in clinical settings to quantify enterocyte integrity in various small intestinal diseases. l-citrulline is an intermediate metabolic amino acid produced mainly by functional enterocytes of the small intestine, whereby enterocyte loss will cause a drop in circulating l-citrulline. METHODS In several repeat-dose toxicity studies, plasma l-citrulline has been evaluated as a potential safety biomarker for intestinal toxicity in beagle dogs and Wistar (Han) rats treated with different oncological drug candidates in drug development. Clinical observations and body weight determinations were performed during the pretreatment, treatment and treatment-free recovery period as well as toxicokinetic, gross and histopathology examinations. The quantitative determination of plasma l-citrulline levels during the pretreatment (only dogs), treatment and treatment-free recovery period were performed using an HPLC MS/MS assay. In cynomolgus monkeys, the first investigations on baseline l-citrulline levels were performed. RESULTS In dogs, a dose- and exposure-dependent decrease of up to 50% in plasma l-citrulline was seen without histopathological alterations. However, a decrease of more than 50% in comparison to the individual animal pretreatment value of l-citrulline correlated very well with histopathological findings (intestinal crypt necrosis, villus atrophy, enterocyte loss) and clinical signs (bloody faeces and diarrhoea). During a treatment-free recovery period, a trend of increasing levels was observed in dogs. In rats, absolute l-citrulline plasma levels of treated animals decreased compared to the values of the concurrent control group. This decrease also correlated with the histopathological findings in the small intestine (single cell necrosis and mucosa atrophy). Because of a large physiological variation in l-citrulline plasma levels in dogs and rats, a clear cut-off value for absolute l-citrulline levels predictive of intestinal mucosal toxicity was difficult to establish. However, a > 50% decrease in l-citrulline plasma levels during the treatment period strongly correlated with histopathological findings. DISCUSSION Based on the performed analysis, a longitudinal investigation of l-citrulline plasma levels for individual animals in the control and treatment groups is essential and pretreatment values of l-citrulline levels in rodents would be highly informative. Overall, further cross-species comparison (Cynomolgus monkey, mouse) and implementation in clinical trials as exploratory biomarker is essential to foster the hypothesis and to understand completely the clinical relevance of l-citrulline as a small intestine biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jäckel
- Merck KGaA, Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Barbara Emde
- Merck KGaA, Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigt
- Merck KGaA, Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Enrico Vigna
- Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche "Antoine Marxer" - RBM; Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | | | - Lena Kasper
- Merck KGaA, Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Hellmann
- Merck KGaA, Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
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Lee HS, Kim DH, Kim SH, Kang MS, Suh HN. A comparative study on intraocular pressure under various anesthetics in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:15. [PMID: 34158113 PMCID: PMC8220749 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are superior model for ocular research due to its morphological and physiological similarities with humans. Thus, the effect of four different anesthetic combinations [ketamine (10 mg/kg), ketamine + xylazine (7 + 0.6 mg/kg), zoletil (4 mg/kg), and zoletil + xylazine (4 + 0.2 mg/kg)] on intraocular pressure (IOP) was determined in cynomolgus monkeys. Results The administration of ketamine + xylazine or zoletil + xylazine resulted in lower IOP compared to ketamine or zoletil alone. Moreover, the IOP in male monkeys was higher than in females. The difference between the right and left eye was not found. Conclusions Anesthetics affected the IOP, and gender differences should be considered when measuring the IOP of nonhuman primates (NHPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Soo Lee
- Biotoxtech, 53 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Da-Hee Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Haekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Haekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Haekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Han Na Suh
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Haekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea.
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Wei W, Li S, Cheng L, Hao E, Hou X, Zhou H, Deng J, Yao X. Comprehensive characterization of the chemical constituents in Yiganmingmu oral liquid and the absorbed prototypes in cynomolgus monkey plasma after oral administration by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS based on the self built components database. Chin Med 2021; 16:35. [PMID: 33910600 PMCID: PMC8080328 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yiganmingmu oral liquid (YGMM), a well known over-the-counter (OTC) drug in China, is composed of 12 types of valuable herbal medicines and has been widely used in clinical for the treatment of soreness and weakness of waist and knees, dizziness, memory loss, and fatigue. However, the chemical compositions of YGMM and its absorbed compounds in plasma remain unclear. METHODS Since chemical investigation is the first important step to reveal effects and action mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in this study, based on the self built components database, systematic characterization of the chemical profile of YGMM in vitro was carried out by using a reliable UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method. Moreover, to obtain better understanding of the absorbed prototypes in plasma, serum pharmacochemistry analysis of YGMM after oral administration was conducted by using cynomolgus monkeys as animal model. RESULTS A total of 667 constituents from the 12 single herbal medicines were collected in the self built components database by searching the reported literatures, and 415 of them were initially screened as candidate compounds in YGMM by comparison of their experimental accurate mass measurements with those theoretical values. After that, 117 compounds including 17 phenolic acids, 25 flavonoids, 4 alkaloids, 10 phthalides, 5 monoterpenes, 8 triterpenoid saponins, 9 anthraquinones, and 39 other compounds, were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized by analysing their MS/MS fragmentation patterns, and also by comparison with reference standards and those data reported in the literatures. 61 prototypes absorbed in plasma of cynomolgus monkey, including 13 phenolic acids, 21 flavonoids, 8 phthalides, 3 monoterpenes, 4 triterpenoid saponins, and 12 other compounds were tentatively assigned by serum pharmacochemistry analysis after oral administration. CONCLUSION It was the first comprehensive analysis of chemical constituents of YGMM and prototypes in plasma, and the data analysis strategy developed in this study showed high efficiency in the structural elucidations. The results might provide scientific evidence for further research on material basis of YGMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
- National and Region Joint Engineering Center for Anticancer Drug Development, Guangxi Hebabiz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Qinzhou, 535000, China
| | - Siwei Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Linyou Cheng
- National and Region Joint Engineering Center for Anticancer Drug Development, Guangxi Hebabiz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Qinzhou, 535000, China
| | - Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- National and Region Joint Engineering Center for Anticancer Drug Development, Guangxi Hebabiz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Qinzhou, 535000, China
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Zheng S, Tan W, Li X, Li B, Gong B, Pyle WG, Wu J, Li L, Luo T, Zou Y, Yang FH, Backx PH. Aged Monkeys Fed a High-Fat/High-Sugar Diet Recapitulate Metabolic Disorders and Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021. [PMID: 33591467 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aged nonhuman primate (NHP) models are of great value for studying the pathology of metabolic heart diseases and developing therapeutic strategies. In this study, aged male cynomolgus monkeys were fed a regular diet or a high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFSD) for 8 months. Metabolic disorders were diagnosed by 1H-NMR and serum biochemistry, and cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Our results showed that serum metabolic profiles were altered in aged monkeys fed a HFSD, in line with aortic tissue damage, cardiac remodeling, and contractile dysfunction. This aged monkey model significantly increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and altered expression and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins in the heart, as compared to aged monkeys on a regular diet. Furthermore, the animals demonstrated increased phosphorylation of cardiac myofilament proteins which are causatively associated with decreased myofilament contractility. We conclude that the aged monkey model fed a HFSD exhibits metabolic disorders and cardiac contractile dysfunction.
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Rodríguez-Polo I, Stauske M, Behr R. Generation and Cultivation of Transgene-Free Macaque and Baboon iPSCs Under Chemically Defined Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2454:697-716. [PMID: 33772458 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP), and in particular Old World monkeys including macaques and baboons, are key animal models for the late preclinical testing of novel stem cell-based therapies and other advanced therapy medical products (ATMP) for the treatment of degenerative diseases. These pathologies are characterized by the loss of functional cells in an organ, as in Parkinson's disease, age-related macular degeneration, or after myocardial infarction. For preclinically relevant testing of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based therapies, robust, and standardized protocols for the generation, characterization, and differentiation of NHP-iPSCs are required. Since the discovery of iPSCs by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006, human reprogramming protocols have been continuously refined. However, the generation of integration-free NHP-iPSC lines and a stable feeder- and serum-free long-term culture turned out to be difficult or even impossible with the current protocols established for human iPSCs. Here, we provide a robust protocol for the generation of transgene-free Old World monkey (and human) iPSCs and long-term cultivation under chemically defined conditions. This protocol was successfully applied to generate human, baboon (Papio anubis), rhesus (Macaca mulatta), and cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) iPSCs from skin fibroblasts. The resulting NHP-iPSCs provide a valuable resource for the preclinical testing of regenerative therapies in NHP.
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20
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Bonifácio MJ, Sousa F, Soares-da-Silva P. Opicapone enhances the reversal of MPTP-induced Parkinson-like syndrome by levodopa in cynomolgus monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173742. [PMID: 33220276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Opicapone is a third generation nitrocatechol catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor that has received regional market approval for use as adjunctive therapy to levodopa in Parkinson's disease patients with motor fluctuations. This study evaluated the effects of opicapone as adjunct to levodopa in reversing a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced Parkinson's-like syndrome in cynomolgus monkeys in during opicapone preclinical development program. A Parkinson's-like syndrome was induced in cynomolgus monkeys by daily administrations of MPTP. Evaluation of the animals included scoring with the Primate Parkinsonism Motor Rating Scale (PPMRS) and assessment of locomotor activity. MPTP produced a stable Parkinson's-like behavioural syndrome as evidenced by tremor, postural changes, rigidity, impaired movements and balance, (PPMRS scores of 10-15) and decreased locomotor activity (13% of pre-MPTP values). Opicapone treatment alone, for 14 days, did not change Parkinson's-like symptoms nor decreased subject's locomotor behaviour. Ascending combinations of levodopa/benserazide dose-dependently decreased PPMRS and improved locomotor behaviour reaching statistical significance for levodopa/benserazide doses of 18/4.5 mg/kg and those effects were enhanced in opicapone treated subjects. Opicapone treated subjects as compared vehicle-treated, had markedly reduced erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity, significantly increased plasma levodopa levels (1.8-fold higher AUC) with no statistically significant changes in Cmax and significantly reduced 3-OMD AUC and Cmax values (7.8- and 6.8-fold respectively). Opicapone potentiated the improvements in Parkinson's-like symptoms produced by levodopa/benserazide combinations with concomitant increase in plasma levodopa exposure, reduction of plasma 3-O-methyldopa levels and erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity, results that were later demonstrated in 2 large Phase 3 studies in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bonifácio
- Department of Research, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- Department of Research, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200, Porto, Portugal; MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200, Porto, Portugal.
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21
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Okawa Y, Kohara S, Uchiyama A, Yamazaki H, Uno Y. Evaluation of domain of unknown function 1220 (DUF1220) for detection of human genome by quantitative polymerase chain reaction: Potential use in assessing the biodistribution of transplanted therapeutic human cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 38:100366. [PMID: 33714132 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The biodistribution profile of cell-based therapy products in animal models is important for evaluation of their safety and efficacy. Because of its quantitative nature and sensitivity, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a useful method for detecting and quantifying xenogeneic cell-derived DNA in animal models, thereby allowing a biodistribution profile to be established. Although the restriction endonuclease family from Arthrobacter luteus (Alu) of repetitive elements in human genome sequences has been used to assess the biodistribution of human cells, high background signals are detected. In the present study, we evaluate the potential of domain of unknown function 1220 (DUF1220), which is a human lineage-specific, multiple-copy gene similar to Alu sequences, for such analysis. Using qPCR analysis for DUF1220, human genome could be detected against a mouse genome background at a level comparable to that of Alu sequences with no detectable background signals. Moreover, using this approach, the human genome could be distinguished from the cynomolgus monkey genome. Further investigation of the quantitative aspects of this DUF1220-based qPCR assay might prove its usefulness for biodistribution studies of human cells transplanted into animals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Okawa
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Sakae Kohara
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan
| | - Asako Uchiyama
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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22
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Kops MS, Pesic M, Petersen KU, Schmalix WA, Stöhr T. Impact of concurrent remifentanil on the sedative effects of remimazolam, midazolam and propofol in cynomolgus monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173639. [PMID: 33065095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions can substantially change pharmacological effects of the individual substances involved. For the use of sedatives or anaesthetics, having knowledge of the extent and characteristics of such interactions is crucial for ensuring the proper protection of patients undergoing any kind of sedation. Remimazolam is a new ultra-short acting benzodiazepine that is currently under development for intravenous use in procedural sedation and general anaesthesia. It exhibits a fast onset and fast offset which enables a more rapid recovery than currently available drugs in that class, such as midazolam. The purpose of this study was to more closely investigate the sedative properties and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction potential of remimazolam with the opioid analgesic remifentanil and compare it with other commonly used sedatives - midazolam and propofol. For this purpose, six Cynomolgus monkeys received escalating doses of remimazolam, propofol, and midazolam intravenously without or with concurrent remifentanil. Sedation was evaluated using a general sedation scale that included monitoring exploratory and avoidance behaviour, responses to sensory stimuli, posture and gait, and eyelid position as endpoints. Based on the results, sedative doses were calculated to allow evaluation of pharmacological drug-drug interaction with remifentanil. Remimazolam induced dose-dependent and consistent sedative effects in each endpoint tested and showed a high degree of synergism with remifentanil. Midazolam showed a comparable synergism while the interaction between propofol and remifentanil was less pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren S Kops
- PAION Deutschland GmbH, Martinstr. 10-12, 52062, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Marija Pesic
- PAION Deutschland GmbH, Martinstr. 10-12, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Uwe Petersen
- Medizinische Fakultät, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Stöhr
- PAION Deutschland GmbH, Martinstr. 10-12, 52062, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Uno Y, Mikami T, Tsukazaki Y, Nakanishi Y, Murayama N, Ikushiro S, Tsusaki H, Yamazaki H. Genetic variants of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1, 1A6, and 1A9 in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:115-121. [PMID: 32811258 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1810367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. In the cynomolgus macaque, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 1As have similar molecular and enzymatic characteristics to those of their human orthologs. However, genetic polymorphisms in major cynomolgus UGT1A1/6/9 have not been investigated. 2. We re-sequenced UGT1A1, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 in 186 cynomolgus macaques (bred in Cambodia, China, or Indonesia) and 54 rhesus macaques and found 15, 13, and 26 non-synonymous variants, respectively. 3. Of these UGT1A1, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 variants, respectively, 10, 9, and 12 were unique to cynomolgus macaques; 4, 1, and 2 were unique to rhesus macaques; and 1, 2, and 5 were found in both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. The frequency of the UGT1A1 mutation G69R was 23%, 28%, and 63% in cynomolgus macaques bred in Cambodia, China, and Indonesia, respectively, and 97% in rhesus macaques. 4. The O-glucuronidation activities of liver microsomes from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques with respect to estradiol, serotonin, and propofol were measured. Among these activities, liver microsomes from cynomolgus macaques heterozygous for UGT1A1 G69R (n = 11) showed significantly reduced estradiol 3-O-glucuronidation activities compared with those from wild-type animals (n = 38). 5. These results suggest genetic variants such as UGT1A1 G69R could influence the UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of drugs in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-City, Japan.,Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Shimizu M, Uno Y, Utoh M, Yamazaki H. Trimethylamine N-oxygenation in cynomolgus macaques genotyped for flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:571-573. [PMID: 32967780 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic human and cynomolgus macaque flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) 3 are important oxygenation enzymes for nitrogen-containing drugs. Inter-animal variability of FMO3-dependent drug oxygenations in vivo is suspected in cynomolgus macaques because such variability is evident in humans. Therefore, this follow-up study was performed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of orally administered deuterium-labeled trimethylamine in three cynomolgus macaques genotyped for FMO3. Trimethylamine-d9 was rapidly absorbed and attained plasma concentrations greater than the background levels of non-labeled trimethylamine. Trimethylamine-d9 was then converted to trimethylamine-d9N-oxide. The half-lives, maximum plasma concentrations, and areas under the curve for trimethylamine-d9 and its N-oxygenated metabolite and the total clearance for orally administered trimethylamine-d9 were not different among the heterozygote for Q506K FMO3, the heterozygote for V325I FMO3, and the heterozygote for both S99N and F510S FMO3. Trimethylamine N-oxygenation activities mediated by liver microsomes prepared from the same three animals were not substantially different. However, recombinant proteins of the corresponding cynomolgus FMO3 variants showed apparent reduced trimethylamine N-oxygenation activities compared with the wild-type proteins. This study suggests only limited polymorphic effects on the in vivo catalytic function of cynomolgus FMO3. These findings yield important insights in terms of both quantitative and qualitative variations of polymorphic FMO3 in cynomolgus liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan.
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25
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Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Molecular characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 3A and 8A in cynomolgus macaques. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:397-400. [PMID: 32646660 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are drug-metabolizing enzymes essential for the metabolism of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. The cynomolgus macaque is a nonhuman primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies. The molecular characteristics of UGTs have been extensively investigated in humans, but they remain to be elucidated in cynomolgus macaques. In this study, cynomolgus macaque UGT3A1, UGT3A2, and UGT8A1 cDNAs were isolated and characterized. Amino acid sequences deduced from cynomolgus UGT3A1, UGT3A2, and UGT8A1 cDNAs were highly identical with their human orthologs (93, 96, and 99%, respectively) and were closely clustered in a phylogenetic tree. In the genome, cynomolgus UGT3A and UGT8A genes were located in the regions corresponding to those of their human orthologs. Among the 10 tissue types analyzed, expression of cynomolgus UGT3A1 and UGT3A2 mRNAs was detected in liver, kidney, and testis; the UGT3A1 and UGT3A2 mRNAs were most abundant in liver and testis, respectively. Cynomolgus UGT8A1 was most abundantly expressed in kidney, followed by brain, jejunum, and testis. These results suggest that cynomolgus UGT3As and UGT8A1 have molecular similarities to their human orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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26
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Nakanishi Y, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Regional distributions of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities toward estradiol and serotonin in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus macaques. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:401-404. [PMID: 32651149 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque is a nonhuman primate species that is often used in drug metabolism studies during drug development. However, the localization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), essential drug-metabolizing enzymes, has not been fully investigated in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus macaques. In this study, UGT activities were analyzed in liver (five lobes) and small intestine (the duodenum and six sections from the proximal jejunum to the distal ileum) using typical probe substrates of human UGTs: 7-hydroxycoumarin, estradiol, serotonin, propofol, and zidovudine. In liver, UGT activities with respect to all substrates were detected, and the activity levels were similar in all liver lobes of the cynomolgus macaques tested. In contrast, in the small intestine, UGT activities toward all substrates were detected, but their levels generally decreased from jejunum to ileum in cynomolgus macaques. The localization of estradiol 3-O-glucuronosyltransferases and serotonin O-glucuronosyltransferases (which are mainly UGT1A enzymes) appear to be different in liver and small intestine. These results collectively suggest that, in cynomolgus macaques, UGT1As are differentially localized in the small intestine but are relatively homogeneously distributed in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Nakanishi
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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27
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Grossmann H, Weinbauer GF, Baker A, Fuchs A, Luetjens CM. Enhanced normograms and pregnancy outcome analysis in nonhuman primate developmental toxicity studies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 95:29-36. [PMID: 32413491 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of spontaneous pregnancy/infant losses is highly variable in long-tailed macaques (cynomolgus monkey), making it potentially difficult to ascertain test item-related effects in developmental toxicity studies. Therefore, pregnancy normograms had been developed by Jarvis et al. [1] to aid in the distinction of normal (e.g. test facility background) versus non-normal pregnancy outcomes. These normograms were mostly derived from embryo-fetal development studies and from PPND studies with a postnatal phase limited to seven days. However, the enhanced pre- and postnatal developmental (ePPND) study paradigm has essentially replaced these former study types. This work aims at providing enhanced normograms (e-normograms) in the context of regulatory ePPND studies. Survival functions for the prenatal phase (286 control pregnancies) and the postnatal phase (222 live infants) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Normograms were generated from survival curves and pseudo-study simulations. Data were available from two test facilities with comparable EU-compliant animal husbandry. Pregnancy duration/outcome as well as survival functions did not differ significantly between test facilities indicating that this husbandry system yields comparable developmental observations across different test facilities, at least in this NHP species. These novel e-normograms were developed for pregnant long-tailed macaques and provide an extended postnatal period up to three months, a new concept of separate normograms for the prenatal and the postnatal period, specific information on the perinatal phase events, a prediction of expected number of live infants for group size management, and the option to evaluate effects on pregnancy duration through distinction of live births and infant losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Grossmann
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Institut für Mathematische Stochastik, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Ann Baker
- Covance Laboratories Inc., Madison, USA
| | - Antje Fuchs
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Kesselfeld 29, 48163 Münster, Germany
| | - C Marc Luetjens
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Kesselfeld 29, 48163 Münster, Germany.
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28
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Sakai K, Ishikawa A, Mizuno Y, Maki T, Oda Y, Takahashi E. Simplified drug efficacy screening system for sleep-disorder drugs using non-human primates. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03524. [PMID: 32154428 PMCID: PMC7058904 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used animal models to develop sleep-disorder drugs are rodents, particularly rats and mice. However, unlike humans, these rodents are nocturnal. Thus, diurnal non-human primates represent a valuable and more translational animal model to study sleep. Although sleep-disorder drugs have been screened in non-human primates, the use of a telemetry system is not a desirable method for a rapid drug efficacy assessment system because of the need for expensive equipment, complicated surgery, and the long time before results can be obtained from analysis by inspection. Locomotor activity has traditionally been used as an indicator of the effects of drugs, genes, and disease models. The Nano-Tag, a new device for analyzing activity after an easy implantation surgery, measures locomotor activity without expensive equipment and the need for inspection for data processing, and the overall cost is much lower than that of a telemetry system. In this study, we compared the data obtained from polysomnography and on locomotor activity in telemetry transmitter-embedded cynomolgus monkeys by implanting the Nano-Tag subcutaneously in the forehead and administering sleep-disorder drugs to confirm if sleep–wake states could be measured using the Nano-Tag. When we compared the changes in awake time per unit time measured using polysomnography and locomotor activity counts per unit time measured using the Nano-Tag, cynomolgus monkeys exhibited a diurnal preference, and the correlation coefficients were positive during the 24-h period. Additionally, the correlation coefficients during the 12-h dark period were positive when the hypersomnia treatment drug modafinil was administered. The correlation coefficients during the 12-h light period were also positive when the insomnia treatment drug triazolam was administered. These results suggest that measuring locomotor activity is an effective tool for identifying sleep–wake states and screening sleep-disorder drugs at low cost and with less burden to animal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sakai
- Sleep Science Laboratories, HAMRI Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 306-0128, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Ishikawa
- Sleep Science Laboratories, HAMRI Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 306-0128, Japan
| | - Yuri Mizuno
- Sleep Science Laboratories, HAMRI Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 306-0128, Japan
| | - Takehiro Maki
- Sleep Science Laboratories, HAMRI Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 306-0128, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oda
- Sleep Science Laboratories, HAMRI Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, 306-0128, Japan
| | - Eiki Takahashi
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.,Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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29
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Uno Y, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α affect cytochrome P450 expression in cynomolgus macaque hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:341-343. [PMID: 32253084 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque, partly due to its evolutionary closeness to humans, is an important nonhuman primate species used in drug metabolism studies. In humans, expressions of cytochromes P450 (P450s), including the important drug-metabolizing enzyme P450 3A4, are affected by various cytokines. However, this phenomenon has not been fully investigated in cynomolgus macaques. In this study, the effects of cytokines on P450 expression were investigated using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction to evaluate mRNA expression. Hepatocytes from cynomolgus macaques were treated with lipopolysaccharide and various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the expression levels of 11 P450s were compared with those of solvent-treated controls. Tumor necrosis factor-α significantly decreased cynomolgus P450 2C8 and 2C76 mRNA expression in multiple lots of cynomolgus hepatocytes investigated. IL-1β significantly decreased cynomolgus P450 1A1, 2C8, 2C19, and 2C76 mRNA expression, but increased P450 3A5 mRNA expression in multiple lots of hepatocytes. Moreover, P450 1A1-and 2C19-mediated drug oxidations were significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by IL-1β, under the present limited conditions. These results suggest that cytokines can influence hepatic P450 mRNA expression levels in cynomolgus macaques, just as cytokines are reported to affect P450 expression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan.
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan.
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30
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Iguchi T, Goto K, Watanabe K, Hashimoto K, Suzuki T, Kishino H, Fujimoto K, Mori K. Fluoroquinolones suppress gluconeogenesis by inhibiting fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in primary monkey hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104786. [PMID: 32004540 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysglycemia is one of the most serious adverse events associated with the clinical use of certain fluoroquinolones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the representative fluoroquinolones moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin on hepatic gluconeogenesis using primary monkey hepatocytes. Glucose production was induced after the cells were incubated for 4 h with 10 mM sodium lactate and 1 mM sodium pyruvate as gluconeogenic substrates. Under these conditions, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin dose-dependently suppressed gluconeogenesis at concentrations of 100 μM or higher. Transcriptome analysis of rate-limiting enzymes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis revealed that moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin at a concentration of 1000 μM did not affect the expression of key gluconeogenic enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose 6-phosphatase, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Furthermore, metabolome analysis, in vitro glucose production assay using additional gluconeogenic substrates, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase assay using the cell extracts showed that fluoroquinolones enzymatically suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis by inhibiting fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. These inhibitory effects may involve in the clinically relevant dysglycemia associated with fluoroquinolones in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Iguchi
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Koichi Goto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Biomarker & Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0005, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Hashimoto
- Biomarker & Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0005, Japan.
| | - Takami Suzuki
- Oncology Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0005, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kishino
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Fujimoto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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Uno Y, Yamazaki H. mRNA levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in 11 brain regions of cynomolgus macaques. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 35:248-252. [PMID: 31964621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque is an important nonhuman primate species in drug metabolism studies, in part because of its evolutionary closeness to humans. Cytochromes P450 (P450s) have been investigated in the major drug-metabolizing organs, i.e., the liver and small intestine, but have not been fully investigated in the brain. However, recent investigations have indicated possible important roles for P450s in the brain. In this study, by using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we measured the mRNA levels of 38 cynomolgus drug-metabolizing enzymes, including 19 P450s, 10 UDP-glycosyltransferases, and 9 other enzymes, in 11 brain regions. Among these drug-metabolizing enzymes, expression of 32 enzyme mRNAs were detected in one or more brain regions, indicating their possible roles in the brain. Further investigation of metabolic activities would facilitate better understanding of the importance of these enzymes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan.
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Koo BS, Hwang EH, Kim G, Oh H, Son Y, Lee D, Lim KS, Kang P, Lee S, Lee HY, Jeong KJ, Lee Y, Baek SH, Jeon CY, Park SJ, Kim YH, Huh JW, Jin YB, Kim SU, Lee SR, Hong JJ. Evaluation of fecal microbiomes associated with obesity in captive cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis). J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e19. [PMID: 31161737 PMCID: PMC6538515 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play important roles in obesity; however, the role of the gut microbiomes in obesity is controversial because of the inconsistent findings. This study investigated the gut microbiome communities in obese and lean groups of captive healthy cynomolgus monkeys reared under strict identical environmental conditions, including their diet. No significant differences in the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Prevotella were observed between the obese and lean groups, but a significant difference in Spirochetes (p < 0.05) was noted. Microbial diversity and richness were similar, but highly variable results in microbial composition, diversity, and richness were observed in individuals, irrespective of their state of obesity. Distinct clustering between the groups was not observed by principal coordinate analysis using an unweighted pair group method. Higher sharedness values (95.81% ± 2.28% at the genus level, and 79.54% ± 5.88% at the species level) were identified among individual monkeys. This paper reports the association between the gut microbiome and obesity in captive non-human primate models reared under controlled environments. The relative proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as well as the microbial diversity known to affect obesity were similar in the obese and lean groups of monkeys reared under identical conditions. Therefore, obesity-associated microbial changes reported previously appear to be associated directly with environmental factors, particularly diet, rather than obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon Sang Koo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Eun Ha Hwang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Green Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hanseul Oh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- Primate Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Primate Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sangil Lee
- Primate Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hwal Yong Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Chang Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sang Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jae Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sun Uk Kim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sang Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
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Tochitani T, Yamashita A, Matsumoto I, Kouchi M, Fujii Y, Yamada T, Miyawaki I. Physiological and drug-induced changes in blood levels of adrenal steroids and their precursors in cynomolgus monkeys: An application of steroid profiling by LC-MS/MS for evaluation of the adrenal toxicity. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:575-584. [PMID: 31474739 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is the most common toxicological target of drugs within the endocrine system, and inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis can be fatal in humans. However, methods to evaluate the adrenal toxicity are limited. The aim of the present study was to verify the usefulness of simultaneous measurement of blood levels of multiple adrenal steroids, including precursors, as a method to evaluate drug effects on adrenal steroidogenesis in cynomolgus monkeys. With this aim, physiological and drug-induced changes in blood levels of adrenal steroids, including cortisol, aldosterone, androgen, and their precursors were examined. First, for physiological changes, intraday and interday changes in blood steroid levels were examined in male and female cynomolgus monkeys. The animals showed circadian changes in steroid levels that are similar to those in humans, while interday changes were relatively small in males. Next, using males, changes in blood steroid levels induced by ketoconazole and metyrapone were examined, which suppress adrenal steroidogenesis via inhibition of CYP enzymes. Consistent with rats and humans, both ketoconazole and metyrapone increased the deoxycorticosterone and deoxycortisol levels, probably via CYP11B1 inhibition, and the increase was observed earlier and with greater dynamic range than the changes in cortisol level. Changes in other steroid levels reflecting the drug mechanisms were also observed. In conclusion, this study showed that in cynomolgus monkeys, simultaneous measurement of blood levels of adrenal steroids, including precursors, can be a valuable method to sensitively evaluate drug effects on adrenal steroidogenesis and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izumi Matsumoto
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Mami Kouchi
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Yuta Fujii
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Toru Yamada
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Izuru Miyawaki
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd
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Koo BS, Lee DH, Kang P, Jeong KJ, Lee S, Kim K, Lee Y, Huh JW, Kim YH, Park SJ, Jin YB, Kim SU, Kim JS, Son Y, Lee SR. Reference values of hematological and biochemical parameters in young-adult cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta) anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:7. [PMID: 32257895 PMCID: PMC7081622 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate models are valuable in biomedical research. However, reference data for clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys are limited. In the present study, we established hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for healthy cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. A total of 142 cynomolgus monkeys (28 males and 114 females) and 42 rhesus monkeys (22 males and 20 females) were selected and analyzed in order to examine reference intervals of 20 hematological and 16 biochemical parameters. The effects of sex were also investigated. Reference intervals for hematological and biochemical parameters were separately established by species (cynomolgus and rhesus) and sex (male and female). No sex-related differences were determined in erythrocyte-related parameters for cynomolgus and rhesus monkey housed in indoor laboratory conditions. Alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase were significantly lower in females than males in both cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys aged 48–96 months. The reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters established herein might provide valuable information for researchers using cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys in experimental conditions for biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Sang Koo
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- 3Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Lee
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Kijin Kim
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- 3Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
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Yamada H, Ochi Y, Mori H, Nishikawa S, Hashimoto Y, Tanaka M, Deacon S, Kawabata K. Cortical bone mineral density is increased by the cathepsin K inhibitor ONO-5334, which leads to a robust increase in bone strength: results from a 16-month study in ovariectomised cynomolgus monkeys. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:636-647. [PMID: 30357565 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the long-term effects of the cathepsin K inhibitor ONO-5334 on bone mass and strength in ovariectomised (OVX) cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were assigned to one of the following six groups: Sham (non-OVX), OVX control treated with vehicle, ONO-5334 1.2, 6 or 30 mg/kg/day, p.o., or alendronate (ALN) 0.05 mg/kg/2 weeks, i.v. for 16 months. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) analysis revealed that ONO-5334 increased not only trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) but also cortical BMD in the distal radius and the lumbar vertebra. ONO-5334 and ALN suppressed the deterioration of trabecular architecture by micro-CT analysis in the distal radius. Assessments of bone strength showed that ONO-5334 increased maximum load at the distal and midshaft radius. The linear regression lines between bone mass and strength in the lumbar vertebra were tended to be shifted towards increasing bone strength in the ONO-5334 6 and 30 mg/kg groups compared with the ALN groups. This indicated that bone strength was higher in the ONO-5334 groups than the ALN group, even though bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD were comparable. Subpopulation analysis revealed that, at similar integral BMC or BMD level, cortical bone mass for ONO-5334 was higher than for ALN; the opposite effects were observed for trabecular bone. In conclusion, ONO-5334 preferentially increased cortical bone, which may provide a greater contribution to bone strength. Since these results support a different mode of action for ONO-5334 compared with that of ALN, ONO-5334 may offer new therapeutic options to patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Ochi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishikawa
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Hashimoto
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan
| | - Steve Deacon
- Drug Development, ONO Pharma UK LTD, MidCity Place, 71 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6EA, UK
| | - Kazuhito Kawabata
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan
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Komatsu R, Mizuno H, Ishizaka T, Ito A, Jikuzono T, Kakoi T, Bando M, Koga T, Handa J, Takahashi Y, Kanno A, Ozaki H, Chiba K; Japan activity for Improvement of Cardiovascular Evaluation by Telemetry system (J-ICET). Exposure-response analysis of drug-induced QT interval prolongation in telemetered monkeys for translational prediction to human. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 99:106606. [PMID: 31255745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The preclinical in vivo assay for QT prolongation is critical for predicting torsadogenic risk, but still difficult to extrapolate to humans. This study ran preclinical tests in cynomolgus monkeys on seven QT reference drugs containing the drugs used in the IQ-CSRC clinical trial and applied exposure-response (ER) analysis to the data to investigate the potential for translational information on the QT effect. METHODS In each of six participating facilities in the J-ICET project, telemetered monkeys were monitored for 24 h following administration of vehicle or 3 doses of test drugs, and pharmacokinetic profiles at the same doses were evaluated separately. An individual rate-corrected QT interval (QTca) was derived and the vehicle-adjusted change in QTca from baseline (∆∆QTca) was calculated. Then the relationship of concentration to QT effect was evaluated by ER analysis. RESULTS For QT-positive drugs in the IQ-CSRC study (dofetilide, dolasetron, moxifloxacin, ondansetron, and quinine) and levofloxacin, the slope of the total concentration-QTca effect was significantly positive, and the QT-prolonging effect, taken as the upper bound of the confidence interval for predicted ∆∆QTca, was confirmed to exceed 10 ms. The ER slope of the negative drug levocetirizine was not significantly positive and the QTca effect was below 10 ms at observed peak exposure. DISCUSSION Preclinical QT assessment in cynomolgus monkeys combined with ER analysis could identify the small QT effect induced by several QT drugs consistently with the outcomes in humans. Thus, the ER method should be regarded as useful for translational prediction of QT effects in humans.
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Koeda A, Iwao T, Nakanishi A, Mizuno S, Yamashita M, Sakai Y, Nakamura K, Matsunaga T. Comparison of mRNA expression profiles of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in fresh and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:253-263. [PMID: 31174977 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, freshly isolated and cryopreserved cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes were seeded on Cell-able® plates with feeder cells to form spheroids and were cultured for 28 days. As a control, hepatocytes were also cultured with or without feeder cells on collagen-coated plates. We verified the mRNA expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzyme-related genes and the leakage of enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, and γ-GTP) as indicators of cell survival. As a result, the patterns of target mRNA expression in fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes were very similar during the culture period between culture methods. mRNA expression levels were highly maintained at day 28 using the 3D spheroid and co-culture methods, demonstrating that these methods are useful for maintenance of liver function. Leakage of AST and ALT was higher at day 3 but decreased at day 14. LDH was not detected, suggesting that the cell viability was also maintained during the culture period. Furthermore, the functional differences between fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes were not clearly detected. The co-culture method was useful for long-term culture not requiring 3D structure, and the 3D spheroid culture method was effective as well. With these techniques, cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes are expected to exhibit smaller individual differences and high reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Koeda
- Ina Research Inc., Ina, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Anna Nakanishi
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shota Mizuno
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Misaki Yamashita
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yoko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Bussiere JL, Davies R, Dean C, Xu C, Kim KH, Vargas HM, Chellman GJ, Balasubramanian G, Rubio-Beltran E, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Monticello TM. Nonclinical safety evaluation of erenumab, a CGRP receptor inhibitor for the prevention of migraine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:224-238. [PMID: 31085251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor have been implicated as a key mediator in the pathophysiology of migraine. Thus, erenumab, a monoclonal antibody antagonist of the CGRP receptor, administered as a once monthly dose of 70 or 140 mg has been approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. Due to the species specificity of erenumab, the cynomolgus monkey was used in the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology studies to support the clinical program. There were no effects of erenumab on platelets in vitro (by binding, activation or phagocytosis assays). Specific staining of human tissues with erenumab did not indicated any off-target binding. There were no erenumab-related findings in a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in cynomolgus monkeys or in vitro in human isolated coronary arteries. Repeat-dose toxicology studies conducted in cynomolgus monkeys at dose levels up to 225 mg/kg (1 month) or up to 150 mg/kg (up to 6 months) with twice weekly subcutaneous (SC) doses showed no evidence of erenumab-mediated adverse toxicity. There were no effects on pregnancy, embryo-fetal or postnatal growth and development in an enhanced pre-postnatal development study in the cynomolgus monkey. There was evidence of placental transfer of erenumab based on measurable serum concentrations in the infants up to 3 months post birth. The maternal and developmental no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was the highest dose tested (50 mg/kg SC Q2W). These nonclinical data in total indicate no safety signal of concern to date and provide adequate margins of exposure between the observed safe doses in animals and clinical dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhian Davies
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Charles Dean
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kyung Hoon Kim
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hugo M Vargas
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Gary J Chellman
- Charles River Laboratories Inc., 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, NV, 89511, USA
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the strongest risk factors for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear how DM accelerates AD pathology in the brain. Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the nonhuman primates used for biomedical research, and we can observe spontaneous formation of AD pathology, such as senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), with the advance of aging. Furthermore, obesity is occasionally observed and frequently leads to development of type II DM (T2DM) in laboratory-housed cynomolgus monkeys. These findings suggest that cynomolgus monkey is a useful species to study the relationship between T2DM and AD pathology. In T2DM-affected monkey brains, SPs were observed in frontal and temporal lobe cortices almost 5 years earlier than healthy control monkeys. Moreover, age-related endocytic pathology, such as intraneuronal accumulation of enlarged endosomes, was exacerbated in T2DM-affected monkey brains. Since accumulating evidences suggest that endocytic dysfunction is involved in Aβ pathology, T2DM may aggravate age-related endocytic dysfunction, leading to the acceleration of Aβ pathology.
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Fujihara R, Mashiba T, Yoshitake S, Komatsubara S, Iwata K, Takao-Kawabata R, Yamamoto T. Weekly teriparatide treatment increases vertebral body strength by improving cortical shell architecture in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Bone 2019; 121:80-88. [PMID: 30630124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Weekly teriparatide treatment is reported to reduce the incidence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. However, the effect of weekly teriparatide on cortical bone has not been clarified. This study aimed to examine the effects of weekly teriparatide treatment on bone mass, intracortical structure, and remodeling of the lumbar vertebral cortical shell and its relation to mechanical properties in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Female monkeys, aged 9 to 15 years, were divided into four groups: (1) SHAM group, (2) ovariectomized group (OVX group), (3) OVX with 1.2 μg/kg once-weekly teriparatide group (LOW group), (4) OVX with 6.0 μg/kg once-weekly teriparatide group (HIGH group). After 18 months, all animals were double-labeled with calcein, and lumbar vertebrae were analyzed with histomorphometry and compressive mechanical tests. Following ovariectomy, we found reductions in the anterior cortical shell area of the vertebrae and reductions in nearly all of the tested vertebral mechanical properties. Weekly teriparatide significantly preserved the anterior cortical shell area and the energy absorption capacity of the lumbar vertebrae in a dose-dependent manner. Multiple regression analyses indicated that improved mechanical properties were more associated with the increased anterior cortical shell area rather than the cancellous bone volume. The intracortical structure of the Haversian canals was also preserved following teriparatide treatment after ovariectomy. These findings suggest the importance of the cortical shell as a therapeutic target in the treatment of osteoporosis. Weekly teriparatide treatment increases the compressive mechanical strength of the lumbar vertebrae by thickening the anterior cortical shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Fujihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mashiba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Shingo Yoshitake
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Satoshi Komatsubara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ken Iwata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takao-Kawabata
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Li W, Luo LY, Yang X, He Y, Lian B, Qu CH, Wu QY, Zhang JG, Xie P. Depressed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) display a higher second-to-fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio. Zool Res 2019; 40:219-225. [PMID: 31011132 PMCID: PMC6591159 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to provide evidence of a relationship between digit ratio and depression status in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In stable cynomolgus monkey social groups, we selected 15 depressed monkeys based on depressive-like behavioral criteria and 16 normal control monkeys. All animals were video recorded for two weeks, with the duration and frequency of the core depressive behaviors and 58 other behaviors in 12 behavioral categories then evaluated via behavioral analysis. Finger lengths from the right and left forelimb hands of both groups were measured by X-ray imaging. Finger length and digit ratio comparisons between the two groups were conducted using Student’s t-test. In terms of the duration of each behavior, significant differences emerged in “Huddling” and five other behavioral categories, including Ingestive, Amicable, Parental, Locomotive, and Resting. In addition to the above five behavioral categories, we found that depressed monkeys spent less time in parental and rubbing back and forth behaviors than the control group. Furthermore, the 4th fingers were significantly longer in the left and right hands in the control group relative to the depressed monkeys. The second-to-fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio in the left and right forelimb hands was significantly lower in the control group than that in the depressed group. Our findings revealed significant differences in finger lengths and digit ratios between depressed monkeys and healthy controls, which concords with our view that relatively high fetal testosterone exposure may be a protective factor against developing depressive symptoms (or that low fetal testosterone exposure is a risk factor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing 400042, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling-Yun Luo
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen Universlty Yuedong Hospital, Guangzhou Guangdong 514700, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao-Hua Qu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Seita Y, Iwatani C, Tsuchiya H, Nakamura S, Kimura F, Murakami T, Ema M. Poor second ovarian stimulation in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) is associated with the production of antibodies against human follicle-stimulating hormone. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:267-273. [PMID: 30842351 PMCID: PMC6584176 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are a valuable model organism for human disease modeling because human physiology and pathology are closer to those of cynomolgus
monkeys than rodents. It has been widely reported that mature oocytes can be recovered from cynomolgus monkeys through ovarian stimulation by human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH).
However, it is unknown whether mature oocytes can be effectively obtained through a second ovarian stimulation by hFSH. Here, we report that some ovaries (eight ovaries from 14 female
monkeys) were stimulated effectively by hFSH even after the first ovum pick up, whereas the others were stimulated poorly by hFSH. Furthermore, we found antibodies against hFSH only in the
serum of female monkeys with poorly stimulated ovaries. Collectively, these data suggest that anti-hFSH antibodies in serum may cause a poor ovarian response to hFSH stimulation. Finally,
detection of such antibodies as well as observation of the ovary over the course of hFSH administration might be useful to predict favorable second ovarian stimulation by hFSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Seita
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwatani
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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43
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Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is increasingly considered in toxicological research as the most appropriate model for humans due to the species' close physiological contiguity, including reproductive physiology. Here, literature on the cynomolgus monkey placenta is reviewed in regards to its similarity to the human placenta and particularly for its immunological role, which is not entirely mirrored in humans. Pertinent original data are included in this article. The cynomolgus monkey placenta is evaluated based on three aspects: first, morphological development; second, the spatial and temporal appearance of maternal and fetal immune cells and certain immune cell products of the innate and adaptive immune systems; and third, the expression of relevant immune tolerance-related molecules including the homologs of anti-human leucocyte antigen, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, FAS/FAS-L, annexin II, and progesterone. Parameters relevant to the immunological role of the placenta are evaluated from the immunologically immature stage of gestational day (GD) 50 until more mature stages close to birth. Selected comparisons are drawn with human and other laboratory animal placentas. In conclusion, the cynomolgus monkey placenta has a high degree of morphological and physiological similarity to the human placenta. However, there are differences in the topographical distribution of cell types and immune tolerance-related molecules. Three basic features are recognized: (1) the immunological capacity of the placenta changes throughout the lifetime of the organ; (2) these immunological changes include multiple parameters such as morphological adaptations, cell type involvement, and changes in immune-relevant molecule expression; and (3) the immune systems of two genetically disparate individuals (mother and child) are functionally intertwined at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udo R Markert
- b Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
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Wang KW, Xiao BQ, Li BH, Liu YY, Wei ZY, Rao JH, Chen JH. Effects of fat-to-sugar ratio in excess dietary energy on lipid abnormalities: a 7-month prospective feeding study in adult cynomolgus monkeys. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:1. [PMID: 30611256 PMCID: PMC6320598 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess energy intake contributes to metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between excess sugar and fat in their contributions to metabolic abnormalities remains to be further elucidated. Here we conducted a prospective feeding experiment to evaluate effects of dietary fat-to-sugar ratio on diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in adult cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS Four groups of adult cynomolgus monkeys were fed regular chow plus emulsion with combinations of high sugar (HS) or low sugar (HS) and low fat (LF) or high fat (HF) for 7 months. Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and blood glucose were measured for all the four groups of animals during the experiment. RESULTS Plasma levels of TC and LDL-C gradually increased in all 4 diets groups, with the highest increase found in the LSHF group compared to the other three groups (P = 0.0018 and P = 0.0005 respectively). HF induced increased fasting glucose (P = 0.0077) and HS induced higher TG (P = 0.0227) respectively. Intriguingly, HSHF led to dramatically smaller magnitude of increase in LDL-C and TC levels compared to LSHF, while such difference was absent between the LSLF and LSHF groups. Our findings thus indicate interactive effects of HS and HF on TC and LDL-C. In addition, HF exhibited stronger effects on lipid abnormalities than HS. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, our prospective feeding experiment in adult cynomolgus monkeys revealed effects of different fat-to-sugar ratios on diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, our findings suggest that not only excess dietary energy but also the balance of dietary fat-to-sugar ratio matters in diet-induced lipid abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Wang
- Department for hospital infection, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi, 214041, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Jiangnan University and Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bai-Quan Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bi-Hai Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Yan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wei
- Department for hospital infection, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi, 214041, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Jiangnan University and Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Hua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jian-Huan Chen
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Jiangnan University and Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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45
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Lee KW, Kim TH, Lee JB, Kim KS, Park JB, Gershkovich P, Yoo SD, Shin S, Shin BS, Kim SJ. Reduced variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics following intramuscular injection compared to oral administration in cynomolgus monkeys: Investigating optimal dosing regimens. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 139:65-71. [PMID: 30573325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is one of the most commonly used immunosuppressive agents in animal models of transplantation. However, in these models, oral administration is often problematic due to the lowered compliance associated with highly invasive surgery and due to malabsorption in the intestinal tract. Therefore, we carried out a study to determine the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after intramuscular (IM) injection and to determine the optimal IM dosing regimens in primate models. Six male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were used in the study. Doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 5 mg were administered via IM injection and oral administration, respectively, once to determine single-dose pharmacokinetics and once daily for 5 days to determine multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. According to pharmacokinetic model estimates, the inter- and intra-individual variabilities in bioavailability following IM injection were remarkably reduced compared with those following oral administration. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that Cpeak, Ctrough and AUC would also have less variability following IM injection compared with oral administration. In this study, we found that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus were more constant following IM injection compared with oral administration. These results suggest that IM injection can be an alternative route of administration fin non-human primate model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kyeong Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Berm Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sun Dong Yoo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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46
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Hardiansyah D, Ng CM. Minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to investigate the effect of pH dependent FcRn affinity and the endothelial endocytosis on the pharmacokinetics of anti-VEGF humanized IgG1 antibody in cynomolgus monkey. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:130-141. [PMID: 30248389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a first minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model to investigate the complex interaction effects of endocytosis rate/FcRn binding affinity at both acidic/physiological pH on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the anti-VEGF IgG1 antibodies. The data used in this study were the PK of the native IgG and humanized anti-VEGF IgG1 antibodies with a wide range FcRn-binding at both acidic and physiological pH in the cynomolgus monkey. The basic structure of the developed mPBPK models consisted of plasma, tissue and lymph compartments. The tissue compartment was subdivided into vascular, endothelial and interstitial spaces. Non-equilibrium binding mechanism was used to describe the FcRn-IgG interaction in the endosome. The fittings in the final model with three pH systems in the endosome compartment showed a good fit based on the visualization of the fitted graphs and the coefficient of variations of the estimated parameters (CV < 50%). The quantitative endocytosis/FcRn binding affinity PK relationships was constructed using the final model to provide better understanding of complex interaction effects of endocytosis rate and FcRn binding on PK of anti-VEGF IgG1 antibodies. This result may serve as an important model-based drug discovery platform to guide the design and development of the future generation of anti-VEGF IgG1 or other therapeutic IgG1 antibodies. In addition, the mPBPK model developed in cynomolgus monkey was successfully used to predict the PK of the anti-VEGF IgG1 antibody (bevacizumab) in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deni Hardiansyah
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, BioPharm Building, Room 341, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chee Meng Ng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, BioPharm Building, Room 341, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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47
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Chen T, Deng Y, Sha L, Shen Y, Xu Q. A cynomolgus monkey model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2018; 144:187-193. [PMID: 30423353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis is the most common type of drug-resistant epilepsy. Non-human primates are attractive models for studying the pathogenic mechanisms of TLE, with the goal of developing new drugs and interventions. In this study, we developed and tested a Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) model of TLE. A total of 5 Cynomolgus monkeys received3-4 weekly unilateral hippocampal injections of kainic acid (KA) to induce repetitive acute seizures. Animals were monitored via video and electroencephalography (EEG) to assess KA-induced acute seizures and subsequent spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs). During acute seizures, EEG recording showed bursts of generalized spike discharges arising from the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the KA injection. Three months later, we detected abundant interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) during pentobarbital induced anesthesia. Furthermore, two monkeys exhibited synchronized epileptiform discharges accompanied by symptoms mimicking absence seizures. No obvious convulsive symptoms were observed in any monkeys. Overall, our data indicate successful development of a Cynomolgus monkey model of TLE via unilateral hippocampal injection of KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Longze Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
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Iguchi T, Fujimoto K, Nakamura S, Kishino H, Niino N, Mori K. Establishment of an in vitro cytotoxicity assay platform using primary monkey cardiomyocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:130-136. [PMID: 30261314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To establish an in vitro cytotoxicity assay platform using monkey cardiomyocytes, we isolated primary cardiomyocytes from fetal cynomolgus monkeys at different gestation days (from day 39 to 90) using the trypsin and collagenase digestion method, which was identical to the standard procedure for rat cardiomyocytes. Under these conditions, the primary cells obtained from monkeys at gestation day 63 or earlier showed spontaneous beating, with >80% cells being viable from all fetuses. Transcriptome analysis of the monkey cardiomyocytes indicated that the cells have essential components of cardiac functions, such as myosins, α-actin, cardiac troponins, and calcium-related molecules. The susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in monkey cardiomyocytes was comparable to that in rat cardiomyocytes, as evaluated based on intracellular ATP levels. Microarray analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that doxorubicin predominantly increased the expression of several key genes involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in monkey cardiomyocytes than in rat cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, we isolated primary monkey cardiomyocytes that showed similar sensitivity to doxorubicin as compared with rat cardiomyocytes. This in vitro monkey cardiomyocyte assay platform would serve as a powerful tool for the investigation of the interspecies differences in drug-induced cardiotoxicity and its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Iguchi
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Fujimoto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kishino
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Noriyo Niino
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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Sugishita Y, Okamoto N, Uekawa A, Yamochi T, Nakajima M, Namba C, Igarashi S, Sato T, Ohta S, Takenoshita M, Hashimoto S, Tozawa A, Morimoto Y, Suzuki N. Oocyte retrieval after heterotopic transplantation of ovarian tissue cryopreserved by closed vitrification protocol. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:2037-48. [PMID: 30173352 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A device for closed vitrification was designed to reduce the risk of contamination and investigated on its efficacy for ovarian function recovery after cryopreservation and heterotopic transplantation. METHODS Ovarian tissues from green fluorescence protein transgenic mice (10 GFP mice) were vitrified using the device, and warmed ovarian tissues were transplanted into the ovarian bursa region in wild-type female mice (6 mice). Fresh ovarian tissues were similarly transplanted as a control. After recovery of the estrous cycle, mice were mated with male mice. Ovarian tissues from six cynomolgus monkeys were vitrified and warmed with the device for autologous, heterotopic transplantation. Fresh tissue transplantation was not performed for the control. Ovarian function was examined by recovery of the hormonal cycle. Histological examination was conducted. RESULTS The number of live pups per recipient mouse was not significantly different after transplantation of fresh or vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue, although the pregnancy rate was reduced with vitrified tissues. The hormonal cycle was restored in 5/6 monkeys after heterotopic transplantation of vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue. Follicles were harvested at eight sites in the omentum and 13 sites in the mesosalpinx. In vitro maturation (IVM)/IVF produced embryo but did not develop. CONCLUSIONS Resumption of the hormonal cycles, follicle development, and oocyte retrieval from vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue transplants may indicate that the use of vitrification for ovarian tissue in a closed system has a potential of clinical application without the risk of contaminations. More detailed analyses of the effects of vitrification on ovarian tissue, such as gene expression patterns in oocytes and granulosa cells, may be needed for establishing a standard procedure for cryopreservation of ovarian tissues in human.
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Moriyama T, Kakiuchi D, Grasso L, Hutto DL, Fernando D, Schweizer C. Farletuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against folate receptor alpha, shows no evidence of teratogenicity in cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 79:89-95. [PMID: 29928988 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Farletuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting human folate receptor alpha, which is being developed as an anti-cancer drug. A non-human primate reproductive study was conducted to evaluate whether it could cause any embryonic or fetal abnormalities. Farletuzumab was administered intravenously to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys (n = 16/group) at doses of 0 or 67.5 mg/kg once weekly during gestation day (GD) 20 through 97. C-section was performed on GD100 ± 2, and fetuses were evaluated for morphologic (external, visceral and skeletal) effects. No farletuzumab-related changes were observed in maternal animals or fetuses, which are supported by the fact that farletuzumab has no effects on cellular uptake of folate. These data support the potential use of farletuzumab for oncologic indications during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dai Kakiuchi
- Eisai Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Luigi Grasso
- Morphotek Inc., 210 Welsh Pool Rd., Exton, PA 19341, USA
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