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Borra E, Ballestrazzi G, Biancheri D, Caminiti R, Luppino G. Involvement of the claustrum in the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry: connectional study in the non-human primate. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02784-6. [PMID: 38615290 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The claustrum is an ancient telencephalic subcortical structure displaying extensive, reciprocal connections with much of the cortex and receiving projections from thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. This structure has a general role in modulating cortical excitability and is considered to be engaged in different cognitive and motor functions, such as sensory integration and perceptual binding, salience-guided attention, top-down executive functions, as well as in the control of brain states, such as sleep and its interhemispheric integration. The present study is the first to describe in detail a projection from the claustrum to the striatum in the macaque brain. Based on tracer injections in different striatal regions and in different cortical areas, we observed a rough topography of the claustral connectivity, thanks to which a claustral zone projects to both a specific striatal territory and to cortical areas involved in a network projecting to the same striatal territory. The present data add new elements of complexity of the basal ganglia information processing mode in motor and non-motor functions and provide evidence for an influence of the claustrum on both cortical functional domains and cortico-basal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borra
- Unità di Neuroscienze, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43100, Parma, Italy.
| | - Gemma Ballestrazzi
- Unità di Neuroscienze, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Dalila Biancheri
- Unità di Neuroscienze, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luppino
- Unità di Neuroscienze, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43100, Parma, Italy
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Lipiec-Borowicz A, Pałasz A, Suszka-Świtek A, Filipczyk Ł, Della Vecchia A, Worthington JJ, Piwowarczyk-Nowak A. Neuropeptides in the rat claustrum - An immunohistochemical detection. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152156. [PMID: 38518508 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2024.152156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are involved in numerous brain activities and are responsible for a wide spectrum of higher mental functions. The main purpose of this outline structural qualitative study was to identify the possible immunoreactivity of classical neuropeptides, as well as novel ones such as nesfatin-1, phoenixin (PNX), spexin (SPX), neuromedin U (NMU) and respective receptors within the rat claustrum for the first time. The study shows the novel identification of peptidergic neurotransmission in the rat claustrum which potentially implicates a contribution of this neuropeptide to numerous central neurosecretory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lipiec-Borowicz
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 67, Via Roma, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Aneta Piwowarczyk-Nowak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, Katowice 40-752, Poland
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Luppi PH, Chancel A, Malcey J, Cabrera S, Fort P, Maciel RM. Which structure generates paradoxical (REM) sleep: The brainstem, the hypothalamus, the amygdala or the cortex? Sleep Med Rev 2024; 74:101907. [PMID: 38422648 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Paradoxical or Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (PS) is a state characterized by REMs, EEG activation and muscle atonia. In this review, we discuss the contribution of brainstem, hypothalamic, amygdalar and cortical structures in PS genesis. We propose that muscle atonia during PS is due to activation of glutamatergic neurons localized in the pontine sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) projecting to glycinergic/GABAergic pre-motoneurons localized in the ventro-medial medulla (vmM). The SLD PS-on neurons are inactivated during wakefulness and slow-wave sleep by PS-off GABAergic neurons localized in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) and the adjacent deep mesencephalic reticular nucleus. Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and GABAergic PS-on neurons localized in the posterior hypothalamus would inhibit these PS-off neurons to initiate the state. Finally, the activation of a few limbic cortical structures during PS by the claustrum and the supramammillary nucleus as well as that of the basolateral amygdala would also contribute to PS expression. Accumulating evidence indicates that the activation of these limbic structures plays a role in memory consolidation and would communicate to the PS-generating structures the need for PS to process memory. In summary, PS generation is controlled by structures distributed from the cortex to the medullary level of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Amarine Chancel
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Justin Malcey
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Cabrera
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Fort
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Renato M Maciel
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Pałasz A, Lipiec-Borowicz A, Suszka-Świtek A, Kistowska J, Horká P, Kaśkosz A, Piwowarczyk-Nowak A, Worthington JJ, Mordecka-Chamera K. Spexin and nesfatin-1-expressing neurons in the male human claustrum. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 136:102400. [PMID: 38342331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are involved in numerous brain activities being responsible for a wide spectrum of higher mental functions. The purpose of this concise, structural and qualitative investigation was to map the possible immunoreactivity of the novel regulatory peptides: spexin (SPX) and nesfatin-1 within the human claustrum. SPX is a newly identified peptide, a natural ligand for the galanin receptors (GALR) 2/3, with no molecular structure similarities to currently known regulatory factors. SPX seems to have multiple physiological functions, with an involvement in reproduction and food-intake regulation recently revealed in animal studies. Nesfatin-1, a second pleiotropic neuropeptide, which is a derivative of the nucleobindin-2 (NUCB-2) protein, is characterized by a wide distribution in the brain. Nesfatin-1 is a substance with a strong anorexigenic effect, playing an important role in the neuronal circuits of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. On the other hand, nesfatin-1 may be involved in several important brain functions such as sleep, reproductive behaviour, cognitive processes, stress responses and anxiety. For the first time we detected and described a population of nesfatin-1 and SPX expressing neurons in the human claustrum using immunohistochemical and fluorescent methods. The study presents the novel identification of SPX and nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons in the human claustrum and their assemblies show similar patterns of distribution in the whole structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Lipiec-Borowicz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Kistowska
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petra Horká
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801 Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrzej Kaśkosz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Piwowarczyk-Nowak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Kinga Mordecka-Chamera
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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Shaker T, Dagpa GJ, Cattaud V, Marriott BA, Sultan M, Almokdad M, Jackson J. A simple and reliable method for claustrum localization across age in mice. Mol Brain 2024; 17:10. [PMID: 38368400 PMCID: PMC10874566 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The anatomical organization of the rodent claustrum remains obscure due to lack of clear borders that distinguish it from neighboring forebrain structures. Defining what constitutes the claustrum is imperative for elucidating its functions. Methods based on gene/protein expression or transgenic mice have been used to spatially outline the claustrum but often report incomplete labeling and/or lack of specificity during certain neurodevelopmental timepoints. To reliably identify claustrum projection cells in mice, we propose a simple immunolabelling method that juxtaposes the expression pattern of claustrum-enriched and cortical-enriched markers. We determined that claustrum cells immunoreactive for the claustrum-enriched markers Nurr1 and Nr2f2 are devoid of the cortical marker Tle4, which allowed us to differentiate the claustrum from adjoining cortical cells. Using retrograde tracing, we verified that nearly all claustrum projection neurons lack Tle4 but expressed Nurr1/Nr2f2 markers to different degrees. At neonatal stages between 7 and 21 days, claustrum projection neurons were identified by their Nurr1-postive/Tle4-negative expression profile, a time-period when other immunolabelling techniques used to localize the claustrum in adult mice are ineffective. Finally, exposure to environmental novelty enhanced the expression of the neuronal activation marker c-Fos in the claustrum region. Notably, c-Fos labeling was mainly restricted to Nurr1-positive cells and nearly absent from Tle4-positive cells, thus corroborating previous work reporting novelty-induced claustrum activation. Taken together, this method will aid in studying the claustrum during postnatal development and may improve histological and functional studies where other approaches are not amenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Shaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-22 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Gwyneth J Dagpa
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-22 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Vanessa Cattaud
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-22 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Brian A Marriott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mariam Sultan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-22 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Mohammed Almokdad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jesse Jackson
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-22 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Seçen AE, Akçalı DT, Dileköz E, Çağıl E, Divanlıoğlu D, Öcal Ö, Bolay Belen H. The influence of stereotaxic lesions of claustrum on motor movements and behaviour in rats. Somatosens Mot Res 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37969073 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2023.2280563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to expand our existing information on changes in the regulation of motor movement and behaviour by investigating the effects of unilateral and bilateral lesions on the claustrum (CL). MATERIAL AND METHODS 36 Wistar Albino adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups. An electrical lesion was created with a constant current source in the unilateral and bilateral anterior clastrum using a stereotaxic frame in rats. The lesioned groups and the control group underwent an automatic behaviour recording device such as mobilisation, freezing, eating, drinking behaviour, grooming, turning, etc. behaviour was recorded and analysed. Simultaneously, ultrasonic sounds in rats were examined with ultrasonic sound recording program. Anxiety was then reassessed with the elevated plus maze test. Data were compared with the control group. Rats were eventually sacrificed and the brain tissue was post-fixed. Histochemical examination was done and lesions' existence was confirmed. RESULTS In this study, lesions of ventral of CL can cause increase in spontaneous behaviours such as freezing and rearing. And, it has been shown to cause a statistically significant change. In addition to the behavioural changes, right CL lesions have caused a significant increase in drinking behaviour associated with increased anxiety. All operated groups showed a significant decrease in clockwise and counterclockwise rotation movements. CONCLUSION Experimental results show that CL lesions influence spontaneous behaviour which indicate the need for new studies to understand the role of CL in anxiety-depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Eren Seçen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Healthy Science, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Tuba Akçalı
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ergin Dileköz
- Department of Pharmacology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emin Çağıl
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Healthy Science, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Denizhan Divanlıoğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Healthy Science, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özgür Öcal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Healthy Science, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Stewart BW, Keaser ML, Lee H, Margerison SM, Cormie MA, Moayedi M, Lindquist MA, Chen S, Mathur BN, Seminowicz DA. Pathological claustrum activity drives aberrant cognitive network processing in human chronic pain. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.01.564054. [PMID: 37961503 PMCID: PMC10635040 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.564054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant cognitive network activity and cognitive deficits are established features of chronic pain. However, the nature of cognitive network alterations associated with chronic pain and their underlying mechanisms require elucidation. Here, we report that the claustrum, a subcortical nucleus implicated in cognitive network modulation, is activated by acute painful stimulation and pain-predictive cues in healthy participants. Moreover, we discover pathological activity of the claustrum and a lateral aspect of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (latDLPFC) in migraine patients. Dynamic causal modeling suggests a directional influence of the claustrum on activity in this latDLPFC region, and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) verifies their structural connectivity. These findings advance understanding of claustrum function during acute pain and provide evidence of a possible circuit mechanism driving cognitive impairments in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent W. Stewart
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael L. Keaser
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hwiyoung Lee
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah M. Margerison
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew A. Cormie
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Massieh Moayedi
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical & Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network
| | | | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Brian N. Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A. Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Liaw YS, Augustine GJ. The claustrum and consciousness: An update. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100405. [PMID: 37701759 PMCID: PMC10493512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal paper of Crick and Koch (2005) proposed that the claustrum, an enigmatic and thin grey matter structure that lies beside the insular cortex, may be involved in the processing of consciousness. As a result, this otherwise obscure structure has received ever-increasing interest in the search for neural correlates of consciousness. Here we review theories of consciousness and discuss the possible relationship between the claustrum and consciousness. We review relevant experimental evidence collected since the Crick and Koch (2005) paper and consider whether these findings support or contradict their hypothesis. We also explore how future experimental work can be designed to clarify how consciousness emerges from neural activity and to understand the role of the claustrum in consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Siang Liaw
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - George J. Augustine
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Pirone A, Ciregia F, Lazzarini G, Miragliotta V, Ronci M, Zuccarini M, Zallocco L, Beghelli D, Mazzoni MR, Lucacchini A, Giusti L. Proteomic Profiling Reveals Specific Molecular Hallmarks of the Pig Claustrum. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4336-4358. [PMID: 37095366 PMCID: PMC10293365 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study, employing a comparative proteomic approach, analyzes the protein profile of pig claustrum (CLA), putamen (PU), and insula (IN). Pig brain is an interesting model whose key translational features are its similarities with cortical and subcortical structures of human brain. A greater difference in protein spot expression was observed in CLA vs PU as compared to CLA vs IN. The deregulated proteins identified in CLA resulted to be deeply implicated in neurodegenerative (i.e., sirtuin 2, protein disulfide-isomerase 3, transketolase) and psychiatric (i.e., copine 3 and myelin basic protein) disorders in humans. Metascape analysis of differentially expressed proteins in CLA vs PU comparison suggested activation of the α-synuclein pathway and L1 recycling pathway corroborating the involvement of these anatomical structures in neurodegenerative diseases. The expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and dihydropyrimidinase like 2, which are linked to these pathways, was validated using western blot analysis. Moreover, the protein data set of CLA vs PU comparison was analyzed by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to obtain a prediction of most significant canonical pathways, upstream regulators, human diseases, and biological functions. Interestingly, inhibition of presenilin 1 (PSEN1) upstream regulator and activation of endocannabinoid neuronal synapse pathway were observed. In conclusion, this is the first study presenting an extensive proteomic analysis of pig CLA in comparison with adjacent areas, IN and PUT. These results reinforce the common origin of CLA and IN and suggest an interesting involvement of CLA in endocannabinoid circuitry, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Ciregia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lazzarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Engineering and Medicine, COIIM, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Beghelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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10
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Chen L, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Du D, Pan W, Wei X, Nie J, Ge F, Ding J, Fan Y, Kim HY, Guan X. Dopamine receptor 1 on CaMKII-positive neurons within claustrum mediates adolescent cocaine exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors and electro-acupuncture therapy. Theranostics 2023; 13:3149-3164. [PMID: 37351159 PMCID: PMC10283049 DOI: 10.7150/thno.83079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent cocaine exposure (ACE) increases risk of developing psychiatric problems such as anxiety, which may drive relapse in later life, however, its underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Methods: ACE male mice model were established by exposing to cocaine during adolescent period. Elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to assess anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Within claustrum, local injection of SCH-23390, a specific antagonist for dopamine receptor 1 (D1R), or D1R knocking-down virus were used to regulate D1R function or expression on CaMKII-positive neurons (D1RCaMKII) in vivo. Electro-acupuncture (EA) treatment was performed at acupoints of Baihui and Yintang during withdrawal period. Results: We found that ACE mice exhibited anxiety-like behaviors, along with more activated CaMKII-positive neurons and increased D1RCaMKII levels in claustrum during adulthood. Inhibiting D1R function or knocking-down D1RCaMKII levels in claustrum efficiently reduced claustrum activation, and ultimately suppressed anxiety-like behaviors in ACE mice during adulthood. EA treatment alleviated ACE-evoked claustrum activation and anxiety-like behaviors by suppressing claustrum D1RCaMKII. Conclusion: Our findings identified a novel role of claustrum in ACE-induced anxiety-like behaviors, and put new insight into the D1RCaMKII in the claustrum. The claustrum D1RCaMKII might be a promising pharmacological target, such as EA treatment, to treat drug-induced anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziheng Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Demin Du
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weichao Pan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxun Nie
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Ge
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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11
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Neubauer A, Menegaux A, Wendt J, Li HB, Schmitz-Koep B, Ruzok T, Thalhammer M, Schinz D, Bartmann P, Wolke D, Priller J, Zimmer C, Rueckert D, Hedderich DM, Sorg C. Aberrant claustrum structure in preterm-born neonates: an MRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103286. [PMID: 36516730 PMCID: PMC9755238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human claustrum is a gray matter structure in the white matter between insula and striatum. Previous analysis found altered claustrum microstructure in very preterm-born adults associated with lower cognitive performance. As the claustrum development is related to hypoxia-ischemia sensitive transient cell populations being at-risk in premature birth, we hypothesized that claustrum structure is already altered in preterm-born neonates. We studied anatomical and diffusion-weighted MRIs of 83 preterm- and 83 term-born neonates at term-equivalent age. Additionally, claustrum development was analyzed both in a spectrum of 377 term-born neonates and longitudinally in 53 preterm-born subjects. Data was provided by the developing Human Connectome Project. Claustrum development showed increasing volume, increasing fractional anisotropy (FA), and decreasing mean diffusivity (MD) around term both across term- and preterm-born neonates. Relative to term-born ones, preterm-born neonates had (i) increased absolute and relative claustrum volumes, both indicating increased cellular and/or extracellular matter and being in contrast to other subcortical gray matter regions of decreased volumes such as thalamus; (ii) lower claustrum FA and higher claustrum MD, pointing at increased extracellular matrix and impaired axonal integrity; and (iii) aberrant covariance between claustrum FA and MD, respectively, and that of distributed gray matter regions, hinting at relatively altered claustrum microstructure. Results together demonstrate specifically aberrant claustrum structure in preterm-born neonates, suggesting altered claustrum development in prematurity, potentially relevant for later cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Neubauer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Aurore Menegaux
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jil Wendt
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Hongwei Bran Li
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benita Schmitz-Koep
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruzok
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Thalhammer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - David Schinz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany; University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Dennis M Hedderich
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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12
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Bae J, Ahn S, Cho DW, Kim HS, Han SC, Im HI. Claustral MeCP2 Regulates Methamphetamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Cynomolgus Monkey. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:390-400. [PMID: 36631847 PMCID: PMC9841746 DOI: 10.5607/en22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum, a brain nucleus located between the cortex and the striatum, has recently been highlighted in drug-related reward processing. Methyl CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2) is a transcriptional regulator that represses or activates the expression of the target gene and has been known to have an important role in the regulation of drug addiction in the dopaminergic reward system. The claustrum is an important region for regulating reward processing where most neurons receive dopamine input; additionally, in this region, MeCP2 is also abundantly expressed. Therefore, here, we hypothesized that MeCP2 would be involved in drug addiction control in the Claustrum as well and investigated how claustral MeCP2 regulates drug addiction. To better understand the function of human claustral MeCP2, we established a non-human primate model of methamphetamine (METH) - induced conditioned place preference (CPP). After a habituation of two days and conditioning of ten days, the CPP test was conducted for three days. Interestingly, we confirmed that virus-mediated overexpression of MECP2 in the claustrum showed a significant reduction of METH-induced CPP in the three consecutive days during the testing period. Moreover, they showed a decrease in visit scores (frequency for visit) for the METH-paired room compared to the control group although the scores were statistically marginal. Taken together, we suggest that the claustrum is an important brain region associated with drug addiction, in which MeCP2 may function as a mediator in regulating the response to addictive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Bae
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sujin Ahn
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Doo-Wan Cho
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea,To whom correspondence should be addressed. TEL: 82-2-958-6961, FAX: 82-2-958-6937, e-mail:
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13
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Tanuma M, Niu M, Ohkubo J, Ueno H, Nakai Y, Yokoyama Y, Seiriki K, Hashimoto H, Kasai A. Acute social defeat stress activated neurons project to the claustrum and basolateral amygdala. Mol Brain 2022; 15:100. [PMID: 36539776 PMCID: PMC9768926 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a neuronal population in the claustrum (CLA) identified under exposure to psychological stressors plays a key role in stress response processing. Upon stress exposure, the main inputs to the CLA come from the basolateral amygdala (BLA); however, the upstream brain regions that potentially regulate both the CLA and BLA during stressful experiences remain unclear. Here by combining activity-dependent viral retrograde labeling with whole brain imaging, we analyzed neurons projecting to the CLA and BLA activated by exposure to social defeat stress. The labeled CLA projecting neurons were mostly ipsilateral, excluding the prefrontal cortices, which had a distinctly labeled population in the contralateral hemisphere. Similarly, the labeled BLA projecting neurons were predominantly ipsilateral, aside from the BLA in the opposite hemisphere, which also had a notably labeled population. Moreover, we found co-labeled double-projecting single neurons in multiple brain regions such as the ipsilateral ectorhinal/perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the contralateral BLA. These results suggest that CLA and BLA receive inputs from neuron collaterals in various brain regions during stress, which may regulate the CLA and BLA forming in a stress response circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tanuma
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Misaki Niu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Jin Ohkubo
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki Ueno
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuka Nakai
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yokoyama
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kaoru Seiriki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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14
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Borcuk C, Héraud C, Herbeaux K, Diringer M, Panzer É, Scuto J, Hashimoto S, Saido TC, Saito T, Goutagny R, Battaglia D, Mathis C. Early memory deficits and extensive brain network disorganization in the AppNL-F/MAPT double knock-in mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease. Aging Brain 2022; 2:100042. [PMID: 36908877 PMCID: PMC9997176 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical challenge in current research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to clarify the relationship between network dysfunction and the emergence of subtle memory deficits in itspreclinical stage. The AppNL-F/MAPT double knock-in (dKI) model with humanized β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and tau was used to investigate both memory and network dysfunctions at an early stage. Young male dKI mice (2 to 6 months) were tested in three tasks taxing different aspects of recognition memory affected in preclinical AD. An early deficit first appeared in the object-place association task at the age of 4 months, when increased levels of β-CTF and Aβ were detected in both the hippocampus and the medial temporal cortex, and tau pathology was found only in the medial temporal cortex. Object-place task-dependent c-Fos activation was then analyzed in 22 subregions across the medial prefrontal cortex, claustrum, retrosplenial cortex, and medial temporal lobe. Increased c-Fos activation was detected in the entorhinal cortex and the claustrum of dKI mice. During recall, network efficiency was reduced across cingulate regions with a major disruption of information flow through the retrosplenial cortex. Our findings suggest that early perirhinal-entorhinal pathology is associated with abnormal activity which may spread to downstream regions such as the claustrum, the medial prefrontal cortex and ultimately the key retrosplenial hub which relays information from frontal to temporal lobes. The similarity between our findings and those reported in preclinical stages of AD suggests that the AppNL-F/MAPT dKI model has a high potential for providing key insights into preclinical AD.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ADAD, autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease
- Associative memory
- CLA, claustrum
- Claustrum
- DMN, default mode network
- EI, exploration index
- FC, functional connectivity
- Functional connectivity
- MI, Memory index
- MTC, medial temporal cortex
- MTL, medial temporal lobe
- Medial temporal cortex
- NOR, novel object recognition
- OL, Object location
- OP, object-place
- PS, Pattern Separation
- Preclinical Alzheimer disease
- Retrosplenial cortex
- aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment
- amyloid beta, Aβ
- dKI, AppNL-F/MAPT double knock-in
- ptau Thr 181, Thr181phosphorylated tau protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Borcuk
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Héraud
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karine Herbeaux
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Margot Diringer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Élodie Panzer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jil Scuto
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Romain Goutagny
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Demian Battaglia
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université d'Aix-Marseille, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Mathis
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA) UMR 7364, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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15
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Smith JB, Chakrabarti S, Mowery TM, Alloway KD. Convergence of forepaw somatosensory and motor cortical projections in the striatum, claustrum, thalamus, and pontine nuclei of cats. Brain Struct Funct 2021. [PMID: 34665323 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia and pontocerebellar systems regulate somesthetic-guided motor behaviors and receive prominent inputs from sensorimotor cortex. In addition, the claustrum and thalamus are forebrain subcortical structures that have connections with somatosensory and motor cortices. Our previous studies in rats have shown that primary and secondary somatosensory cortex (S1 and S2) send overlapping projections to the neostriatum and pontine nuclei, whereas, overlap of primary motor cortex (M1) and S1 was much weaker. In addition, we have shown that M1, but not S1, projects to the claustrum in rats. The goal of the current study was to compare these rodent projection patterns with connections in cats, a mammalian species that evolved in a separate phylogenetic superorder. Three different anterograde tracers were injected into the physiologically identified forepaw representations of M1, S1, and S2 in cats. Labeled fibers terminated throughout the ipsilateral striatum (caudate and putamen), claustrum, thalamus, and pontine nuclei. Digital reconstructions of tracer labeling allowed us to quantify both the normalized distribution of labeling in each subcortical area from each tracer injection, as well as the amount of tracer overlap. Surprisingly, in contrast to our previous findings in rodents, we observed M1 and S1 projections converging prominently in striatum and pons, whereas, S1 and S2 overlap was much weaker. Furthermore, whereas, rat S1 does not project to claustrum, we confirmed dense claustral inputs from S1 in cats. These findings suggest that the basal ganglia, claustrum, and pontocerebellar systems in rat and cat have evolved distinct patterns of sensorimotor cortical convergence.
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16
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Erwin SR, Bristow BN, Sullivan KE, Kendrick RM, Marriott B, Wang L, Clements J, Lemire AL, Jackson J, Cembrowski MS. Spatially patterned excitatory neuron subtypes and projections of the claustrum. eLife 2021; 10:68967. [PMID: 34397382 PMCID: PMC8367382 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is a functionally and structurally complex brain region, whose very spatial extent remains debated. Histochemical-based approaches typically treat the claustrum as a relatively narrow anatomical region that primarily projects to the neocortex, whereas circuit-based approaches can suggest a broader claustrum region containing projections to the neocortex and other regions. Here, in the mouse, we took a bottom-up and cell-type-specific approach to complement and possibly unite these seemingly disparate conclusions. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that the claustrum comprises two excitatory neuron subtypes that are differentiable from the surrounding cortex. Multicolor retrograde tracing in conjunction with 12-channel multiplexed in situ hybridization revealed a core-shell spatial arrangement of these subtypes, as well as differential downstream targets. Thus, the claustrum comprises excitatory neuron subtypes with distinct molecular and projection properties, whose spatial patterns reflect the narrower and broader claustral extents debated in previous research. This subtype-specific heterogeneity likely shapes the functional complexity of the claustrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Erwin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brianna N Bristow
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kaitlin E Sullivan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rennie M Kendrick
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian Marriott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lihua Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Jody Clements
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Andrew L Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Jesse Jackson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mark S Cembrowski
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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17
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Nikolenko VN, Rizaeva NA, Beeraka NM, Oganesyan MV, Kudryashova VA, Dubovets AA, Borminskaya ID, Bulygin KV, Sinelnikov MY, Aliev G. The mystery of claustral neural circuits and recent updates on its role in neurodegenerative pathology. Behav Brain Funct 2021; 17:8. [PMID: 34233707 PMCID: PMC8261917 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-021-00181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The claustrum is a structure involved in formation of several cortical and subcortical neural microcircuits which may be involved in such functions as conscious sensations and rewarding behavior. The claustrum is regarded as a multi-modal information processing network. Pathology of the claustrum is seen in certain neurological disorders. To date, there are not enough comprehensive studies that contain accurate information regarding involvement of the claustrum in development of neurological disorders. OBJECTIVE Our review aims to provide an update on claustrum anatomy, ontogenesis, cytoarchitecture, neural networks and their functional relation to the incidence of neurological diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature review was conducted using the Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI MedLine, and eLibrary databases. RESULTS Despite new methods that have made it possible to study the claustrum at the molecular, genetic and epigenetic levels, its functions and connectivity are still poorly understood. The anatomical location, relatively uniform cytoarchitecture, and vast network of connections suggest a divergent role of the claustrum in integration and processing of input information and formation of coherent perceptions. Several studies have shown changes in the appearance, structure and volume of the claustrum in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism, schizophrenia, and depressive disorders. Taking into account the structure, ontogenesis, and functions of the claustrum, this literature review offers insight into understanding the crucial role of this structure in brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia
- Moscow State University, Vrorbyebi Gori, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirill V Bulygin
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia
- Moscow State University, Vrorbyebi Gori, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Y Sinelnikov
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia.
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, 117418, Russia.
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow, 125009, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, 117418, Russia
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18
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Shadi K, Dyer E, Dovrolis C. Multisensory integration in the mouse cortical connectome using a network diffusion model. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:1030-1054. [PMID: 33195947 PMCID: PMC7655044 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Having a structural network representation of connectivity in the brain is instrumental in analyzing communication dynamics and neural information processing. In this work, we make steps towards understanding multisensory information flow and integration using a network diffusion approach. In particular, we model the flow of evoked activity, initiated by stimuli at primary sensory regions, using the asynchronous linear threshold (ALT) diffusion model. The ALT model captures how evoked activity that originates at a given region of the cortex “ripples through” other brain regions (referred to as an activation cascade). We find that a small number of brain regions–the claustrum and the parietal temporal cortex being at the top of the list–are involved in almost all cortical sensory streams. This suggests that the cortex relies on an hourglass architecture to first integrate and compress multisensory information from multiple sensory regions, before utilizing that lower dimensionality representation in higher level association regions and more complex cognitive tasks. Having a structural network representation of connectivity in the brain is instrumental in analyzing communication dynamics and neural information processing. In this work, we make steps towards understanding multisensory information flow and integration using a network diffusion approach. In particular, we model the flow of evoked activity, initiated by stimuli at primary sensory regions, using the asynchronous linear threshold (ALT) diffusion model. The ALT model captures how evoked activity that originates at a given region of the cortex “ripples through” other brain regions (referred to as an activation cascade). We apply the ALT model to the mouse connectome provided by the Allen Institute for Brain Science. A first result, using functional datasets based on voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging, is that the ALT model, despite its simplicity, predicts the temporal ordering of each sensory activation cascade quite accurately. We further apply this model to study multisensory integration and find that a small number of brain regionsthe claustrum and the parietal temporal cortex being at the top of the listare involved in almost all cortical sensory streams. This suggests that the cortex relies on an hourglass architecture to first integrate and compress multisensory information from multiple sensory regions, before utilizing that lower dimensionality representation in higher level association regions and more complex cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shadi
- School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eva Dyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hong-Yi Yang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
To probe the causal importance of the claustrum in human subjective experience, we delivered electrical pulses either unilaterally or bilaterally within the core of this structure in five neurosurgical patients implanted with intracranial electrodes. Patients reported subjective experiences in various sensory domains and exhibited reflexive movements after real but not sham stimulations. However, none of the stimulations evoked loss of consciousness or lack of subjective awareness even with strong bilateral stimulations. Our study is the first to probe the effects of electrical perturbation of human claustrum through electrodes implanted within the claustrum itself and provide novel causal information about the human claustrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Bickel
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America.
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21
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. On the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Neuromodulation of the Claustrum. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:5-15. [PMID: 31172348 PMCID: PMC6942600 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors modulate the synaptic glutamate and GABA transmission of the claustrum. The work focused on the transmitter–receptor relationships in the claustral catecholamine system and receptor–receptor interactions between kappa opioid receptors (KOR) and SomatostatinR2 (SSTR2) in claustrum. Methods used involved immunohistochemistry and in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) using confocal microscopy. Double immunolabeling studies on dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities (IR) demonstrated that D1R IR existed in almost all claustral and dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn) nerve cell bodies, known as glutamate projection neurons, and D4R IR in large numbers of nerve cell bodies of the claustrum and DEn. However, only a low to moderate density of TH IR nerve terminals was observed in the DEn versus de few scattered TH IR terminals found in the claustrum. These results indicated that DA D1R and D4R transmission in the rat operated via long distance DA volume transmission in the rat claustrum and DEn to modulate claustral-sensory cortical glutamate transmission. Large numbers of these glutamate projection neurons also expressed KOR and SSTR2 which formed KOR-SSTR2 heteroreceptor complexes using PLA. Such receptor–receptor interactions can finetune the activity of the glutamate claustral-sensory cortex projections from inhibition to enhancement of their sensory cortex signaling. This can give the sensory cortical regions significant help in deciding on the salience to be given to various incoming sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca' le Suore 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy. .,Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100, Yaguajay, Cuba. .,Biomedicum, Solnavagen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Hinova-Palova D, Landzhov B, Iliev A, Kotov G, Stanchev S, Kirkov V, Georgiev GP, Edelstein L, Paloff A. Ultrastructure of the dorsal claustrum in cat. II. Synaptic organization. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:383-91. [PMID: 30846200 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The claustrum is a bilateral subcortical nucleus situated between the insular cortex and the striatum in the brain of all mammals. It consists of two embryologically distinct subdivisions - dorsal and ventral claustrum. The claustrum has high connectivity with various areas of the cortex, subcortical and allocortical structures. It has long been suggested that the various claustral connections have different types of synaptic contacts at the claustral neurons. However, to the best of our knowledge, the literature data on the ultrastructural organization of the different types of synaptic contacts in the dorsal claustrum are very few. Therefore, the aim of our study was to observe and describe the synaptic organization of the dorsal claustrum in the cat. We used a total of 10 adult male cats and conducted an ultrastructural study under a transmission electron microscope as per established protocol. We described a multitude of dendritic spines, which were subdivided into two types - with and without foot processes. Based on the size and shape of the terminal boutons, the quantity and distribution of vesicles and the characteristic features of the active synaptic zone, we described six types of synaptic boutons, most of which formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts. Furthermore, we reported the presence of axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, dendro-dendritic and axo-axonal synapses. The former two likely represent the morphological substrate of the corticoclaustral pathway, while the remaining two types have the ultrastructural features of inhibitory synapses, likely forming a local inhibitory circuit in the claustrum. In conclusion, the present study shares new information about the neuropil of the claustrum and proposes a systematic classification of the types of synaptic boutons and contacts observed in the dorsal claustrum of the cat, thus supporting its key and complex role as a structure integrating various information within the brain.
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23
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Bayat A, Joshi S, Jahan S, Connell P, Tsuchiya K, Chau D, Syed T, Forcelli P, Koubeissi MZ. A pilot study of the role of the claustrum in attention and seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res 2018; 140:97-104. [PMID: 29324357 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The claustrum has been implicated in consciousness, and MRIs of patients with status epilepticus have shown increased claustral signal intensity. In an attempt to investigate the role of claustrum in cognition and seizures, we (1) assessed the effect of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the claustrum on performance in the operant chamber; (2) studied interclaustral and claustrohippocampal connectivity through cerebro-cerebral evoked potentials (CCEPs); and (3) investigated the role of claustrum in kainate-induced (KA) seizures. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in operant conditioning and implanted with electrodes in bilateral claustra and hippocampi. Claustrum HFS (50 Hz) was delivered bilaterally and unilaterally with increasing intensities from 50 to 1000 μA, and performance scores were assessed. CCEPs were studied by averaging the responses to bipolar stimulations, 1-ms wide pulses at 0.1 Hz to the claustrum. KA seizures were analyzed on video-EEG recordings. RESULTS Generalized Estimating Equations analysis revealed that claustral stimulation reduced task performance scores relative to rest sessions (bilateral: -15.8 percentage points, p < 0.0001; unilateral: -15.2, p < 0.0001). With some stimulations, the rats showed a stimulus-locked decrease in attentiveness and, occasionally, an inability to complete the operant task. CCEPs demonstrated interclaustral and claustrohippocampal connectivity. Some KA seizures appeared to originate from the claustrum. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the operant conditioning task suggest stimulation of the claustrum can alter attention or awareness. CCEPs demonstrated connectivity between the two claustra and between the claustrum and the hippocampi. Such connectivity may be part of the circuitry that underlies the alteration of awareness in limbic seizures. Lastly, KA seizures showed early involvement of the claustrum, a finding that also supports a possible role of the claustrum in the alteration of consciousness that accompanies dyscognitive seizures.
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24
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Abstract
In a cohort of 34 patients with autoimmune limbic encephalitis and/or epilepsy, we identified 4 patients exhibiting claustrum fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensities. All 4 patients presented with explosive onset of seizures and developed medically intractable epilepsy, and 2 exhibited a marked response to immunotherapy. Associated features included cognitive and behavioral disturbances (4/4), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytic pleocytosis (3/4), and a neural autoantibody (2/4). Electroencephalogram (EEG) features consisted of slow wave activity and epileptiform discharges in frontal and parasagittal regions, where ictal patterns were captured in 1 patient. In 1 patient, magnetoencephalographic source imaging of interictal spikes revealed dipole sources in anterior insular or subinsular localizations, mirroring claustrum FLAIR hyperintensities, which developed after a short lag from presentation and resolved in all but 1 patient. These MRI abnormalities were isolated (2/4) or associated with mesial temporal hyperintensities (2/4). Claustrum FLAIR hyperintensities may be a useful MRI marker of autoimmune epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Steriade
- Division of Neurology Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland Ohio U.S.A
| | - David F Tang-Wai
- Division of Neurology Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Timo Krings
- Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Richard Wennberg
- Division of Neurology Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Mitchell Goldhar MEG Unit Krembil Neuroscience Centre Toronto Western Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
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25
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Dillingham CM, Jankowski MM, Chandra R, Frost BE, O'Mara SM. The claustrum: Considerations regarding its anatomy, functions and a programme for research. Brain Neurosci Adv 2017; 1:2398212817718962. [PMID: 32166134 PMCID: PMC7058237 DOI: 10.1177/2398212817718962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is a highly conserved but enigmatic structure, with connections to the entire cortical mantle, as well as to an extended and extensive range of heterogeneous subcortical structures. Indeed, the human claustrum is thought to have the highest number of connections per millimetre cubed of any other brain region. While there have been relatively few functional investigations of the claustrum, many theoretical suggestions have been put forward, including speculation that it plays a key role in the generation of consciousness in the mammalian brain. Other claims have been more circumspect, suggesting that the claustrum has a particular role in, for example, orchestrating cortical activity, spatial information processing or decision making. Here, we selectively review certain key recent anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural experimental advances in claustral research and present evidence that calls for a reassessment of its anatomical boundaries in the rodent. We conclude with some open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej M Jankowski
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruchi Chandra
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bethany E Frost
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane M O'Mara
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Connell P, Bayat A, Joshi S, Koubeissi MZ. Acute and spontaneous seizure onset zones in the intraperitoneal kainic acid model. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 68:66-70. [PMID: 28109992 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hippocampal monitoring is often used in the intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) seizure model for detection and quantification of early ictal activity. Here, we investigated extra-hippocampal seizure onset zones (SOZs) in this model. METHODS Eight male Sprague Dawley rats implanted with depth electrodes were continuously recorded during intraperitoneal KA injections until status epilepticus (SE) was induced. Another group of four rats was monitored chronically up to two weeks after emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures. All rats had hippocampal electrodes. Other sampled brain regions included, among others, the claustrum, piriform cortex, and orbital cortex. Seizures recorded with video-EEG were visually analyzed. RESULTS In the 58 seizures recorded during KA injections, the SOZ was extrahippocampal in 7 (12%), diffuse in 29 (50%), and hippocampal in 22 (38%). Of the 14 spontaneous seizures recorded, none were solely extrahippocampal, 10 (71%) were diffuse, and 4 (29%) were of hippocampal onset. All extra-hippocampal seizures propagated to the hippocampus within 4 to 50s (mean=14, n=7). No distinctive semiological manifestations correlated with the SOZs. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that seizures can have multifocal SOZs in the KA model. This finding is important to consider when using this model, among other purposes, to screen for new therapies, study pharmacoresistance, or investigate comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Connell
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Arezou Bayat
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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27
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Miranda LS, Collins AG, Hirano YM, Mills CE, Marques AC. Comparative internal anatomy of Staurozoa (Cnidaria), with functional and evolutionary inferences. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2594. [PMID: 27812408 PMCID: PMC5088631 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative efforts to understand the body plan evolution of stalked jellyfishes are scarce. Most characters, and particularly internal anatomy, have neither been explored for the class Staurozoa, nor broadly applied in its taxonomy and classification. Recently, a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis was derived for Staurozoa, allowing for the first broad histological comparative study of staurozoan taxa. This study uses comparative histology to describe the body plans of nine staurozoan species, inferring functional and evolutionary aspects of internal morphology based on the current phylogeny of Staurozoa. We document rarely-studied structures, such as ostia between radial pockets, intertentacular lobules, gametoducts, pad-like adhesive structures, and white spots of nematocysts (the last four newly proposed putative synapomorphies for Staurozoa). Two different regions of nematogenesis are documented. This work falsifies the view that the peduncle region of stauromedusae only retains polypoid characters; metamorphosis from stauropolyp to stauromedusa occurs both at the apical region (calyx) and basal region (peduncle). Intertentacular lobules, observed previously in only a small number of species, are shown to be widespread. Similarly, gametoducts were documented in all analyzed genera, both in males and females, thereby elucidating gamete release. Finally, ostia connecting adjacent gastric radial pockets appear to be universal for Staurozoa. Detailed histological studies of medusozoan polyps and medusae are necessary to further understand the relationships between staurozoan features and those of other medusozoan cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília S Miranda
- Department of Zoology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Allen G Collins
- National Systematics Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, D.C. , United States of America
| | - Yayoi M Hirano
- Coastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba , Katsuura, Chiba , Japan
| | - Claudia E Mills
- Friday Harbor Laboratories and the Department of Biology, University of Washington , Friday Harbor, Washington , United States of America
| | - Antonio C Marques
- Department of Zoology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Smith JB, Liang Z, Watson GDR, Alloway KD, Zhang N. Interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity of the claustrum in the awake and anesthetized states. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2041-2058. [PMID: 27714529 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a brain region whose function remains unknown, though many investigators suggest it plays a role in conscious attention. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) has revealed how anesthesia alters many functional connections in the brain, but the functional role of the claustrum with respect to the awake versus anesthetized states remains unknown. Therefore, we employed a combination of seed-based RS-fMRI and neuroanatomical tracing to reveal how the anatomical connections of the claustrum are related to its functional connectivity during quiet wakefulness and the isoflurane-induced anesthetic state. In awake rats, RS-fMRI indicates that the claustrum has interhemispheric functional connections with the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as other known connections with cortical areas that correspond to the connections revealed by neuroanatomical tracing. During deep isoflurane anesthesia, the functional connections of the claustrum with mPFC and MD were significantly attenuated, while those with the rest of cortex were not significantly altered. These changes in claustral functional connectivity were also observed when seeds were placed in mPFC or MD during RS-fMRI comparisons of the awake and deeply anesthetized states. Collectively, these data indicate that the claustrum has functional connections with mPFC and MD-thalamus that are significantly lessened by anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Smith
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.,Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, W-341 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Glenn D R Watson
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kevin D Alloway
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, W-341 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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29
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Pirone A, Cantile C, Miragliotta V, Lenzi C, Giannessi E, Cozzi B. Immunohistochemical distribution of the cannabinoid receptor 1 and fatty acid amide hydrolase in the dog claustrum. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 74:21-7. [PMID: 26907575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are part of the endocannabinoid system (ECB) which exerts a neuromodulatory activity on different brain functions and plays a key role in neurogenesis. Although many studies have reported FAAH and CB1R expression in the brain of different animal species, to the best of our knowledge they have never been described in the canine claustrum. Claustrum samples, obtained from necropsy of four neurologically normal dogs, were formalin fixed for paraffin embedding. Sections were either stained for morpho-histological analysis or immunostained for CB1R and FAAH. Analysis of adjacent sections incubated with the two antisera showed a complementary labeling pattern in the claustrum, with CB1R antibody staining fibers while anti-FAAH antibody stained cell bodies and the proximal portion of dendrites; this particular anatomical relationship suggests a retrograde endocannabinoid action via CB1R. CB1R and FAAH complementary immunostaining and their cellular localization reported here provide the first anatomical evidence for existence of the ECB in the dog claustrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Carla Lenzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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30
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Bernstein HG, Ortmann A, Dobrowolny H, Steiner J, Brisch R, Gos T, Bogerts B. Bilaterally reduced claustral volumes in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a morphometric postmortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:25-33. [PMID: 25822416 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple brain structural abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. A majority of disease-affected brain regions act as relay nodes within neural networks, which are known to be impaired in neuropsychiatric diseases. One of these regions is the claustrum, which has the highest connectivity in the human brain by regional volume. Its possible involvement in disturbed connectivity is yet incompletely explored, however. The present study aimed at searching for possible structural deviations of the claustrum in neuropsychiatric disorders. We found bilaterally reduced claustral volumes both in schizophrenia and in major depressive disorder. These structural impairments may have different, disease-related consequences: In patients with schizophrenia, they may contribute to sensory processing impairments, and in patients with major depressive disorder to disturbances in salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Ortmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Brisch
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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31
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Abstract
Claustrum, a gray matter structure that underlies the neocortex, is reciprocally connected with many neocortical and limbic cortical areas. This connectivity positions claustrum ideally for the integration or coordination of widespread cortical activity. In anatomical studies using multiple planes of section, claustrum has distinct subregions based on latexin immunohistochemistry, and an approximately rostro-caudal alignment of fusiform cells supporting a laminar intrinsic organization. Physiological studies of claustral connectivity in disinhibited brain slices demonstrate (1) intrinsic connectivity sufficient to generate spontaneous synchronized burst discharges, (2) activity spread within the oblique laminae that contained the principal cellular axis, and (3) segregation of activity as evidenced by the absence of spread within coronal planes. Activity spread depended on glutamatergic synaptic transmission, and activity restrictions did not depend on inhibitory circuits. We conclude that the claustrum has an intrinsic excitatory connectivity that is constrained in approximately rostro-caudal laminae, with minimal cross-communication between laminae. Further, claustrum has the intrinsic capability of generating synchronized population activity and facilitating its spread within laminae, a feature that may contribute to seizure generation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 31, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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32
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Chau A, Salazar AM, Krueger F, Cristofori I, Grafman J. The effect of claustrum lesions on human consciousness and recovery of function. Conscious Cogn 2015; 36:256-64. [PMID: 26186439 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Crick and Koch proposed that the claustrum plays a crucial role in consciousness. Their proposal was based on the structure and connectivity of the claustrum that suggested it had a role in coordinating a set of diverse brain functions. Given the few human studies investigating this claim, we decided to study the effects of claustrum lesions on consciousness in 171 combat veterans with penetrating traumatic brain injuries. Additionally, we studied the effects of claustrum lesions and loss of consciousness on long-term cognitive abilities. Claustrum damage was associated with the duration, but not frequency, of loss of consciousness, indicating that the claustrum may have an important role in regaining, but not maintaining, consciousness. Total brain volume loss, but not claustrum lesions, was associated with long-term recovery of neurobehavioral functions. Our findings constrain the current understanding of the neurobehavioral functions of the claustrum and its role in maintaining and regaining consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Chau
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Frank Krueger
- Molecular Neuroscience Department, George Mason University, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, George Mason University, VA, USA.
| | - Irene Cristofori
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, USA.
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Hinova-Palova DV, Landzhov B, Dzhambazova E, Minkov M, Edelstein L, Malinova L, Paloff A, Ovtscharoff W. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the cat claustrum: A light- and electron-microscopic investigation. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:107-19. [PMID: 25157673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a telencephalic nucleus located ventrolateral to the basal ganglia in the mammalian brain. It has an extensive reciprocal connectivity with most if not all of the cerebral cortex, in particular, primary sensory areas. However, despite renewed and growing interest amongst investigators, there remains a paucity of data concerning its peptidergic profile. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence, morphology, distribution and ultrastructure of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-ir) neurons and fibers in the claustrum of the cat. Ten adult healthy cats from both sexes were used. All animals received human and ethical treatment in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care. Subjects were irreversibly anesthetized and transcardially perfused with fixative solution containing glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Brains were promptly removed, postfixed and sectioned. Slices were incubated with polyclonal anti-NPY antibodies according to the standard avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method adopted by our Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. NPY-ir neurons and fibers were found to be diffusely distributed throughout the claustrum, with no obvious topographic or functional patterning other than larger numbers in its central/broadest part (stereotaxic planes A12-A16). Neurons were generally classified by diameter into three sizes: small (under 17 μm), medium (17-25 μm) and large (over 25 μm). Staining density is varied with some neurons appearing darker than others. At the electron-microscopic level NPY immunoproduct was observed within neurons, dendrites and terminal boutons, each differing relative to their ultrastructural attributes. Two types of NPY-ir synaptic boutons were found. Lastly, it is of interest to note that gender-specific differences were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Hinova-Palova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - E Dzhambazova
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Minkov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - L Edelstein
- Medimark Corporation, P.O. Box 2316, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA
| | - L Malinova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A Paloff
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - W Ovtscharoff
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Koubeissi MZ, Bartolomei F, Beltagy A, Picard F. Electrical stimulation of a small brain area reversibly disrupts consciousness. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 37:32-5. [PMID: 24967698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms that underlie consciousness are not fully understood. We describe a region in the human brain where electrical stimulation reproducibly disrupted consciousness. A 54-year-old woman with intractable epilepsy underwent depth electrode implantation and electrical stimulation mapping. The electrode whose stimulation disrupted consciousness was between the left claustrum and anterior-dorsal insula. Stimulation of electrodes within 5mm did not affect consciousness. We studied the interdependencies among depth recording signals as a function of time by nonlinear regression analysis (h(2) coefficient) during stimulations that altered consciousness and stimulations of the same electrode at lower current intensities that were asymptomatic. Stimulation of the claustral electrode reproducibly resulted in a complete arrest of volitional behavior, unresponsiveness, and amnesia without negative motor symptoms or mere aphasia. The disruption of consciousness did not outlast the stimulation and occurred without any epileptiform discharges. We found a significant increase in correlation for interactions affecting medial parietal and posterior frontal channels during stimulations that disrupted consciousness compared with those that did not. Our findings suggest that the left claustrum/anterior insula is an important part of a network that subserves consciousness and that disruption of consciousness is related to increased EEG signal synchrony within frontal-parietal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, Suite 9-405, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- INSERM, U751, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie et Neuropsychologie, Marseille F-13005, France; Aix Marseille University, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille F-13005, France; CHU Timone, Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille F-13005, France
| | - Abdelrahman Beltagy
- Epilepsy center, Neurological Institute, University hospitals, Case Western Reserve University. 11100 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fabienne Picard
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva. 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil. 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Hatam M, Sheybanifar M, Nasimi A. Cardiovascular responses of the anterior claustrum; its mechanism; contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:68-74. [PMID: 23962531 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anterior claustrum (CLa) has bilateral connections with the areas involved in cardiovascular regulation, though its role in cardiovascular control is not yet understood. This study was performed to find the cardiovascular responsive region of the CLa by stimulating all parts of the CLa with l-glutamate, and to find the possible mechanisms mediating its responses in urethane-anesthetized rats. We also investigated the possible involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex in the cardiovascular responses of the CLa. The effect of microinjection of l-glutamate (50-100 nl, 0.25 M) was tested throughout the Cla and only in one area at 2.7 mm rostral to bregma, 1.8-2.0 midline and 4.5-5.6mm vertical, significant decreases in arterial pressure were elicited (-21.71±2.1 mmHg, P<0.001, t-test) with no significant change in heart rate. Administration (i.v.) of the muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine, had no effect on the change in mean arterial pressure in response to glutamate stimulation, suggesting that the parasympathetic system was not involved in this response. However, administration (i.v.) of the nicotinic receptor blocker, hexamethonium dichloride abolished the depressor response to glutamate, suggesting that CLa stimulation decreases sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system. In addition, microinjection of the reversible synaptic blocker, cobalt chloride, into the medial prefrontal cortex greatly attenuated the depressor response elicited by microinjection of glut into the CLa. Thus for the first time, we found the cardiovascular responsive region of the anterior claustrum. Also we showed that its response is mediated through the medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Hatam
- Dept. of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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