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Bian J, Yan J, Chen C, Yin L, Liu P, Zhou Q, Yu J, Liang Q, He Q. Development of an immune-related diagnostic predictive model for oral lichen planus. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37469. [PMID: 38489725 PMCID: PMC10939522 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) was a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with a 1.4% chance of progressing to malignancy. However, it has been suggested in several studies that immune system disorders played a dominant role in the onset and progression of OLP. Therefore, this experiment aimed to develop a diagnostic prediction model for OLP based on immunopathogenesis to achieve early diagnosis and treatment and prevent cancer. In this study, 2 publicly available OLP datasets from the gene expression omnibus database were filtered. In the experimental group (GSE52130), the level of immune cell infiltration was assessed using MCPcounter and ssGSEA algorithms. Subsequently, differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were performed between the OLP and control groups. The resulting differentially expressed genes were intersected with immunologically relevant genes provided on the immunology database and analysis portal database (ImmPort) website to obtain differentially expressed immunologically relevant genes (DEIRGs). Furthermore, the gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses were carried out. Finally, protein-protein interaction network and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses constructed a model for OLP. Receiver operating characteristic curves for the experimental and validation datasets (GSE38616) were plotted separately to validate the model's credibility. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR experiment was performed to verify the expression level of the diagnostic genes. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed a more significant degree of inflammatory infiltration in the OLP group compared to the control group. In addition, the gene set enrichment analysis results were mainly associated with keratinization, antibacterial and immune responses, etc. A total of 774 differentially expressed genes was obtained according to the screening criteria, of which 65 were differentially expressed immunologically relevant genes. Ultimately, an immune-related diagnostic prediction model for OLP, which was composed of 5 hub genes (BST2, RNASEL, PI3, DEFB4A, CX3CL1), was identified. The verification results showed that the model has good diagnostic ability. There was a significant correlation between the 5 hub diagnostic biomarkers and immune infiltrating cells. The development of this model gave a novel insight into the early diagnosis of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Bian
- School of Stomatology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayu Yan
- School of Stomatology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chu Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianfeng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Pengzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingmei He
- Department of Neurological, Chongqing Shi Yong Chuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Lan Y, Tao W, Ma L, Wang X, Li H, Du Y, Yang R, Wu S, Ou Y, Liu X, Huang Y, Zhou Y. The RNA sequencing results revealed the expression of different genes and signaling pathways during chemotherapy resistance in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:74. [PMID: 38468267 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that occurs primarily at extranodal sites and is commonly treated using chemotherapy and radiotherapy. PTCL is more malignant than other lymphoid tumors, resulting in a poor prognosis.The 5-year recurrence rate remains high, and there is a lack of standard treatment for patients with relapse-resistant disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of peripheral T-cell lymphoma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as identifying strategies to overcome drug resistance remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify pivotal genes and signaling pathways associated with chemotherapy resistance in PTCL. METHODS In this study, a total of 5 healthy controls and 7 clinical patients were enrolled; 4 patients were classified as chemotherapy sensitive, and 3 patients were classified as chemotherapy resistant. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant, and total RNA was extracted from the white blood cells. RNA sequencing was conducted on the Illumina HiSeq platform to obtain comprehensive gene expression profiles. Subsequently, the expression patterns of the DEGs associated with the most enriched signaling pathways, with a special focus on cancer-related genes, were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in peripheral TCL patients. RESULTS RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed 4063 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral T-cell lymphoma specimens from patients with chemotherapy resistance, of which 1128 were upregulated and 2935 were downregulated. Subsequent quantitative gene expression analysis confirmed a differential expression pattern in all the libraries, with 9 downregulated genes and 10 upregulated genes validated through quantitative real-time PCR in 6 clinical specimens from patients with chemotherapy resistance. KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant alterations in several pathways, with 6 downregulated pathways and 9 upregulated pathways enriched in the DEGs. Notably, the TNF signaling pathway, which is extensively regulated, was among the pathways that exhibited significant changes. These findings suggest that DEGs and the TNF signaling pathway may play crucial roles in chemotherapy resistance in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that the expression of specific genes, including TNFRSF1B, TRADD2, and MAP3K7, may play an important role in chemotherapy resistance in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Moreover, we identified the downregulation of the TNF signaling pathway, a crucial pathway involved in cell survival, death, and differentiation, as a potential contributor to the development of chemotherapy resistance in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance and highlight potential targets for overcoming treatment resistance in this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Lan
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Yaxi Du
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Ruijiao Yang
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Shunxian Wu
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Yingxin Ou
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Yunchao Huang
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- Molecular Diagnostic Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- International Joint Laboratory On High Altitude Regional Cancer, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Kunming, China
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Flores-Hidalgo A, Phero J, Steward-Tharp S, Williamson M, Paquette D, Krishnan D, Padilla R. Immunophenotypic and Gene Expression Analyses of the Inflammatory Microenvironment in High-Grade Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Lichen Planus. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:17. [PMID: 38456941 PMCID: PMC10923754 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) present diagnostic challenges due to clinical and histologic overlap. This study explores the immune microenvironment in OED, hypothesizing that immune signatures could aid in diagnostic differentiation and predict malignant transformation. METHODS Tissue samples from OED and OLP cases were analyzed using immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry (IF/IHC) for CD4, CD8, CD163/STAT1, and PD-1/PDL-1 expression. RNA-sequencing was performed on the samples, and data was subjected to CIBERSORTx analysis for immune cell composition. Gene Ontology analysis on the immune differentially expressed genes was also conducted. RESULTS In OED, CD8 + T-cells infiltrated dysplastic epithelium, correlating with dysplasia severity. CD4 + lymphocytes increased in the basal layer. STAT1/CD163 + macrophages correlated with CD4 + intraepithelial distribution. PD-1/PDL-1 expression varied. IF/IHC analysis revealed differential immune cell composition between OED and OLP. RNA-sequencing identified upregulated genes associated with cytotoxic response and immunosurveillance in OED. Downregulated genes were linked to signaling, immune cell recruitment, and tumor suppression. CONCLUSIONS The immune microenvironment distinguishes OED and OLP, suggesting diagnostic potential. Upregulated genes indicate cytotoxic immune response in OED. Downregulation of TRADD, CX3CL1, and ILI24 implies dysregulation in TNFR1 signaling, immune recruitment, and tumor suppression. This study contributes to the foundation for understanding immune interactions in OED and OLP, offering insights into future objective diagnostic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Flores-Hidalgo
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - James Phero
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott Steward-Tharp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Megumi Williamson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine, Greenville, USA
| | - David Paquette
- Department of Surgical Sciences, East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine, Greenville, USA
| | - Deepak Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ricardo Padilla
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, USA
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Zhang J, Peng G, Chi H, Yang J, Xie X, Song G, Tran LJ, Xia Z, Tian G. CD8 + T-cell marker genes reveal different immune subtypes of oral lichen planus by integrating single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-sequencing. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:464. [PMID: 37422617 PMCID: PMC10329325 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a local autoimmune disease induced by T-cell dysfunction that frequently affects middle-aged or elderly people, with a higher prevalence in women. CD8 + T cells, also known as killer T cells, play an important role in the progression and persistence of OLP. In order to identify different OLP subtypes associated with CD8 + T cell pathogenesis, consensus clustering was used. METHODS In this study, we preprocessed and downscaled the OLP single-cell dataset GSE211630 cohort downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to finally obtain the marker genes of CD8 + T cells. Based on the expression of marker genes, we classified OLP patients into CMGs subtypes using unsupervised clustering analysis. The gene expression profiles were analyzed by WGCNA using the "WGCNA" R package based on the clinical disease traits and typing results, and 108 CD8 + T-cell related OLP pathogenicity-related genes were obtained from the intersection. Patients were once again classified into gene subtypes based on intersection gene expression using unsupervised clustering analysis. RESULTS After obtaining the intersecting genes of CD8 + T cells related to pathogenesis, OLP patients can be precisely classified into two different subtypes based on unsupervised clustering analysis, and subtype B has better immune infiltration results, providing clinicians with a reference for personalized treatment. CONCLUSIONS Classification of OLP into different subtypes improve our current understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of OLP and provides new insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gaoge Peng
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Yang
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xixi Xie
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guobin Song
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lisa Jia Tran
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Einhaus J, Han X, Feyaerts D, Sunwoo J, Gaudilliere B, Ahmad SH, Aghaeepour N, Bruckman K, Ojcius D, Schürch CM, Gaudilliere DK. Towards multiomic analysis of oral mucosal pathologies. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:111-123. [PMID: 36790488 PMCID: PMC9974703 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral mucosal pathologies comprise an array of diseases with worldwide prevalence and medical relevance. Affecting a confined space with crucial physiological and social functions, oral pathologies can be mutilating and drastically reduce quality of life. Despite their relevance, treatment for these diseases is often far from curative and remains vastly understudied. While multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal pathologies, the host's immune system plays a major role in the development, maintenance, and resolution of these diseases. Consequently, a precise understanding of immunological mechanisms implicated in oral mucosal pathologies is critical (1) to identify accurate, mechanistic biomarkers of clinical outcomes; (2) to develop targeted immunotherapeutic strategies; and (3) to individualize prevention and treatment approaches. Here, we review key elements of the immune system's role in oral mucosal pathologies that hold promise to overcome limitations in current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We emphasize recent and ongoing multiomic and single-cell approaches that enable an integrative view of these pathophysiological processes and thereby provide unifying and clinically relevant biological signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Einhaus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyuan Han
- Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorien Feyaerts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Sunwoo
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Somayeh H Ahmad
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 770 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Bruckman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 770 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - David Ojcius
- Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dyani K Gaudilliere
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 770 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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Li M, Wang Y, Li K, Lan H, Zhou C. Characterization of highly expressed novel hub genes in hepatitis E virus chronicity in rabbits: a bioinformatics and experimental analysis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:239. [PMID: 35739587 PMCID: PMC9219159 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, usually causes self-limited infections in common individuals. However, it can lead to chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals and its mechanisms remain unclear. Rabbits are the natural host of HEV, and chronic HEV infections have been observed in rabbits. Therefore, we aimed to investigate potential key genes in HEV chronicity process in rabbits. In this study, both bioinformatics and experimental analysis were performed to deepen the understanding of hub genes in HEV chronic infection in rabbits. RESULTS Ninety-four candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the pathways they enriched were identified to be related with HEV chronicity. A total of 10 hub genes were found by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Rabbits of group P (n = 4) which showed symptoms of chronic HEV infection were selected to be compared with HEV negative rabbits (group N, n = 6). By detecting the identified hub genes in groups P and N by real-time PCR, we found that the expressions of MX1, OAS2 and IFI44 were significantly higher in group P (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this work, we presented that MX1, OAS2 and IFI44 were significantly upregulated in HEV chronic infected rabbits, indicating that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of HEV chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kejian Li
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyun Lan
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District, 100050, Beijing, China.
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Jung W, Jang S. Oral Microbiome Research on Oral Lichen Planus: Current Findings and Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050723. [PMID: 35625451 PMCID: PMC9138428 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral lichen planus is a disease of the oral mucosa, which frequently affects women aged 40 years or older. Though the T cell-mediated immune response is involved in the development of oral lichen planus, attempts to identify a microorganism that causes the disease have been unsuccessful. Recent studies on the development of oral lichen planus are focusing on the role of the oral microbiome, which includes oral microbiota and their products, and the host environment. The role of the human microbiome in various diseases has been identified and regulating the microbiome is becoming important in personalized medicine. In this review, we summarized current findings on the role of the oral microbiome in the development of oral lichen planus. The homeostasis of the oral microbiome is disrupted in patients, and functional analysis of oral microbiota and oral mucosa implies that pathways involved in defense against bacterial infection and in the inflammatory response are activated in the oral lichen planus-associated oral microbiome. Though the lack of studies to date makes it difficult to conclude, further studies on the oral microbiome associated with the disease will enable a holistic understanding of the role of the oral microbiome in the development of oral lichen planus and developing a personalized therapy for the disease. Abstract Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa with an unknown etiology. The role of oral microbes in the development of OLP has gained researchers’ interest. In this review, we summarized the findings of studies focused on the relationship between OLP and oral microbiome, which includes the composition of oral microbiota, molecules produced by oral microbiota or the host, and the oral environment of the host. According to the studies, the oral microbial community in OLP patients undergoes dysbiosis, and the microbial dysbiosis in OLP patients is more prominent in the buccal mucosa than in the saliva. However, no same microorganisms have been suggested to be associated with OLP in multiple investigations, implying that the functional aspects of the oral microbiota are more important in OLP development than the composition of the oral microbiota. According to studies on host factors that make up the oral environment, signal pathways involved in cellular processes, such as keratinization, inflammation, and T cell responses are triggered in OLP. Studies on the functional aspects of the oral microbiota, as well as interactions between the host and the oral microbiota, are still lacking, and more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54907, Korea;
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54907, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju-si 54907, Korea
| | - Sungil Jang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54907, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-4027
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