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Cui FB, Lv X, Yan CL, Eng WS, Yu SY, Zheng QH. Development and application of a fully automatic multi-function cassette module Mortenon M1 for radiopharmaceutical synthesis. Ann Nucl Med 2024; 38:247-263. [PMID: 38145430 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functions of existing automatic module systems for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals mainly focus on the radiolabeling of small molecules. There are few modules which have achieved full-automatic radiolabeling of non-metallic and metallic nuclides on small molecules, peptides, and antibody drugs. This study aimed to develop and test a full-automatic multifunctional module system for the safe, stable, and efficient production of radiopharmaceuticals. METHODS According to characteristics of labeling process of radioactive drugs, using UG and Solidworks softwares, full-automatic cassette-based synthesis module system Mortenon M1 for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals with various radionuclides, was designed and tested. Mortenon M1 has at least three significant highlights: the cassettes are disposable, and there is no need of manual cleaning; the synthesis method program is flexible and can be edited freely by users according to special needs; this module system is suitable for radiolabeling of both small-molecule and macromolecular drugs, with potentially various radionuclides including 18F, 64Cu, 68Ga, 89Zr, 177Lu, etc. By program control methods for certain drugs, Mortenon M1 was used for radiolabeling of both small-molecule drugs such as [68Ga]-FAPI-46 and macromolecular drugs such as [89Zr]-TROP2 antibody. Quality control assays for product purity were performed with radio-iTLC and radio-HPLC, and the radiotracers were confirmed for application in microPET imaging in xenograft tumor-bearing mouse models. RESULTS Functional tests for Mortenon M1 module system were conducted, with [68Ga]-FAPI-46 and [89Zr]-TROP2 antibody as goal synthetic products, and it displayed that with the cassette modules, the preset goals could be achieved successfully. The radiolabeling synthesis yield was good ([68Ga]-FAPI-46, 70.63% ± 2.85%, n = 10; [89Zr]-TROP2, 82.31% ± 3.92%, n = 10), and the radiochemical purity via radio-iTLC assay of the radiolabeled products was above 99% after purification. MicroPET imaging results showed that the radiolabeled tracers had reasonable radioactive distribution in MDA-MB-231 and SNU-620 xenograft tumor-bearing mice, and the tumor targeted radiouptake was satisfactory for diagnosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the full-automatic module system Mortenon M1 is efficient for radiolabeling synthesis of both small-molecule and macromolecular substrates. It may be helpful to reduce radiation exposure for safety, provide qualified radiolabeled products and reliable PET diagnosis, and ensure stable production and supply of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Bo Cui
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Ma Anshan, Ma Anshan, 243000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Lv
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Long Yan
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Si Eng
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-You Yu
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Huang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Room 112, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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2
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Mc Veigh M, Bellan LM. Microfluidic synthesis of radiotracers: recent developments and commercialization prospects. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1226-1243. [PMID: 38165824 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00779k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful diagnostic tool that holds incredible potential for clinicians to track a wide variety of biological processes using specialized radiotracers. Currently, however, a single radiotracer accounts for over 95% of procedures, largely due to the cost of radiotracer synthesis. Microfluidic platforms provide a solution to this problem by enabling a dose-on-demand pipeline in which a single benchtop platform would synthesize a wide array of radiotracers. In this review, we will explore the field of microfluidic production of radiotracers from early research to current development. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of different microfluidic reactor designs will be analyzed. Lastly, we will discuss the various engineering considerations that must be addressed to create a fully developed, commercially effective platform that can usher the field from research and development to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mc Veigh
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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3
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Alonso Martinez LM, Naim N, Saiz AH, Simard JM, Boudjemeline M, Juneau D, DaSilva JN. A Reliable Production System of Large Quantities of [ 13N]Ammonia for Multiple Human Injections. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114517. [PMID: 37298995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
[13N]Ammonia is one of the most commonly used Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiotracers in humans to assess myocardial perfusion and measure myocardial blood flow. Here, we report a reliable semi-automated process to manufacture large quantities of [13N]ammonia in high purity by proton-irradiation of a 10 mM aqueous ethanol solution using an in-target process under aseptic conditions. Our simplified production system is based on two syringe driver units and an in-line anion-exchange purification for up to three consecutive productions of ~30 GBq (~800 mCi) (radiochemical yield = 69 ± 3% n.d.c) per day. The total manufacturing time, including purification, sterile filtration, reformulation, and quality control (QC) analyses performed before batch release, is approximately 11 min from the End of Bombardment (EOB). The drug product complies with FDA/USP specifications and is supplied in a multidose vial allowing for two doses per patient, two patients per batch (4 doses/batch) on two separate PET scanners simultaneously. After four years of use, this production system has proved to be easy to operate and maintain at low costs. Over the last four years, more than 1000 patients have been imaged using this simplified procedure, demonstrating its reliability for the routine production of large quantities of current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP)-compliant [13N]ammonia for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Michel Alonso Martinez
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Platform, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nabil Naim
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Platform, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alejandro Hernandez Saiz
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Platform, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - José-Mathieu Simard
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Platform, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Radiopharmaceutical Science Laboratory, CHU de Québec, 2250 Boul. Henri-Bourassa, Québec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada
| | - Mehdi Boudjemeline
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Platform, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Radiopharmaceutical Science Laboratory, CHU de Québec, 2250 Boul. Henri-Bourassa, Québec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada
| | - Daniel Juneau
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Platform, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, UdeM, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry S-716, 2900 Boul. Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean N DaSilva
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Platform, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, UdeM, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry S-716, 2900 Boul. Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Production of [ 11C]Carbon Labelled Flumazenil and L-Deprenyl Using the iMiDEV™ Automated Microfluidic Radiosynthesizer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248843. [PMID: 36557975 PMCID: PMC9788284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, microfluidic techniques have been explored in radiochemistry, and some of them have been implemented in preclinical production. However, these are not suitable and reliable for preparing different types of radiotracers or dose-on-demand production. A fully automated iMiDEV™ microfluidic radiosynthesizer has been introduced and this study is aimed at using of the iMiDEV™ radiosynthesizer with a microfluidic cassette to produce [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl. These two are known PET radioligands for benzodiazepine receptors and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), respectively. Methods were successfully developed to produce [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl using [11C]methyl iodide and [11C]methyl triflate, respectively. The final products 1644 ± 504 MBq (n = 7) and 533 ± 20 MBq (n = 3) of [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl were produced with radiochemical purities were over 98% and the molar activity for [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl was 1912 ± 552 GBq/µmol, and 1463 ± 439 GBq/µmol, respectively, at the end of synthesis. All the QC tests complied with the European Pharmacopeia. Different parameters, such as solvents, bases, methylating agents, precursor concentration, and different batches of cassettes, were explored to increase the radiochemical yield. Synthesis methods were developed using 3-5 times less precursor than conventional methods. The fully automated iMiDEV™ microfluidic radiosynthesizer was successfully applied to prepare [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl.
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Elkawad H, Xu Y, Tian M, Jin C, Zhang H, Yu K, He Q. Recent advances in microfluidic devices for radiosynthesis of PET‐imaging probes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200579. [PMID: 35909081 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husamelden Elkawad
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine and PET center CHINA
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Mei Tian
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine & PET center CHINA
| | - Chenyang Jin
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Kaiwu Yu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang University Chemical Engineering 38 Zheda Rd. 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
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6
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Kamar F, Kovacs MS, Hicks JW. Low cost and open source purification apparatus for GMP [ 13N]Ammonia production. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 185:110214. [PMID: 35397362 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-13 labeled ammonia ([13N]NH3) has been used for myocardial perfusion imaging with Positron Emission Tomography for decades. Recent increases to regulatory oversight have led to stricter adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) when producing this short half-life (9.97 min) radiopharmaceutical. This has increased production costs. Our cyclotron facility initially developed a manual GMP production method, but it was prone to human error. With increased costs in mind, we developed and validated an Arduino-based device to purifying [13N]NH3 for clinical use. Construction, programming, and GMP validation results are discussed. The automated method was found to produce equivalent quality radiopharmaceutical but was more reproducible and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Kamar
- Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael S Kovacs
- Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Facility, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Justin W Hicks
- Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Facility, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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7
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Lisova K, Wang J, Hajagos TJ, Lu Y, Hsiao A, Elizarov A, van Dam RM. Economical droplet-based microfluidic production of [ 18F]FET and [ 18F]Florbetaben suitable for human use. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20636. [PMID: 34667246 PMCID: PMC8526601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current equipment and methods for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) are expensive and best suited for large-scale multi-doses batches. Microfluidic radiosynthesizers have been shown to provide an economic approach to synthesize these compounds in smaller quantities, but can also be scaled to clinically-relevant levels. Batch microfluidic approaches, in particular, offer significant reduction in system size and reagent consumption. Here we show a simple and rapid technique to concentrate the radioisotope, prior to synthesis in a droplet-based radiosynthesizer, enabling production of clinically-relevant batches of [18F]FET and [18F]FBB. The synthesis was carried out with an automated synthesizer platform based on a disposable Teflon-silicon surface-tension trap chip. Up to 0.1 mL (4 GBq) of radioactivity was used per synthesis by drying cyclotron-produced aqueous [18F]fluoride in small increments directly inside the reaction site. Precursor solution (10 µL) was added to the dried [18F]fluoride, the reaction chip was heated for 5 min to perform radiofluorination, and then a deprotection step was performed with addition of acid solution and heating. The product was recovered in 80 µL volume and transferred to analytical HPLC for purification. Purified product was formulated via evaporation and resuspension or a micro-SPE formulation system. Quality control testing was performed on 3 sequential batches of each tracer. The method afforded production of up to 0.8 GBq of [18F]FET and [18F]FBB. Each production was completed within an hour. All batches passed quality control testing, confirming suitability for human use. In summary, we present a simple and efficient synthesis of clinically-relevant batches of [18F]FET and [18F]FBB using a microfluidic radiosynthesizer. This work demonstrates that the droplet-based micro-radiosynthesizer has a potential for batch-on-demand synthesis of 18F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Lisova
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yingqing Lu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Brooks A, Mufarreh AJ, Shao X, Kaur T, Stauff J, Arteaga J, Kilbourn MR, Scott PJH. Improved Synthesis of [ 11C]COU and [ 11C]PHXY, Evaluation of Neurotoxicity, and Imaging of MAOs in Rodent Heart. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2300-2304. [PMID: 33214844 PMCID: PMC7667825 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiotracers [11C]COU and [11C]PHXY are potential PET imaging agents for in vivo studies of monoamine oxidases (MAOs), as previously shown in rodent and primate brain. One-pot, automated methods for the radiosynthesis of [11C]PHXY and [11C]COU were developed to provide reliable and improved radiochemical yields. Although derived from the structure of the neurotoxin MPTP, COU did not exhibit in vivo neurotoxicity to dopaminergic nerve terminals in the mouse brain as assayed by losses of VMAT2 radioligand binding. PET imaging studies in rats demonstrated that both [11C]COU and [11C]PHXY exhibit retention in cardiac tissues that can be blocked by pretreatment with the MAO inhibitors deprenyl (MAO-B) and pargyline (MAO-A and -B). In addition to prior neuroimaging applications, [11C]COU and [11C]PHXY are thus also of interest for studies of MAO enzymatic activity and imaging of sympathetic nerve density in heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen
F. Brooks
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Anthony J. Mufarreh
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Xia Shao
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Tanpreet Kaur
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Janna Arteaga
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
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Yokell DL, Rice PA, Neelamegam R, El Fakhri G. Development, validation and regulatory acceptance of improved purification and simplified quality control of [ 13N] Ammonia. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:11. [PMID: 32405797 PMCID: PMC7221112 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [13N]Ammonia is a cyclotron produced myocardial perfusion imaging agent. With the development of high-yielding [13N]ammonia cyclotron targets using a solution of 5 mM ethanol in water, there was a need to develop and validate an automated purification and formulation system for [13N]ammonia to be in a physiological compatible formulation of 0.9% sodium chloride since there is no widely available commercial system at this time. Due to its short half-life of 10 min, FDA and USP regulations allow [13N]ammonia to be tested in quality control (QC) sub-batches with limited quality control testing performed on the sub-batches for patient use. The current EP and the original USP method for the determination of the radiochemical purity and identity of [13N]ammonia depended on an HPLC method using a conductivity detector and a solvent free of other salts. This HPLC method created issues in a modern cGMP high volume PET manufacturing facility where the HPLC is used with salt containing mobile phase buffers for quality control analysis of other PET radiopharmaceuticals. Flushing of the HPLC system of residual salt buffers which may interfere with the [13N]ammonia assay can take several hours of instrument time. Since there are no mass limits on [13N]ammonia, a simplified TLC assay to determine radiochemical identity and purity could be developed to simplify and streamline QC. RESULTS We have developed and validated a streamlined automated synthesis for [13N]ammonia which provides the drug product in 8 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride for injection. A novel radio-TLC method was developed and validated to demonstrate feasibility to quantitate [13N]ammonia and separate it from all known radiochemical impurities. CONCLUSIONS The process for automated synthesis of [13N]ammonia simplifies and automates the purification and formulation of [13N]ammonia in a cGMP compliant manner needed for high-throughput manufacture of [13N]ammonia. The novel radio-TLC method has simplified [13N]ammonia quality control (QC) and now enables it to be tested using the same QC equipment as [18F]fludeoxyglucose (FDA/USP recognized name for 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose). Both the streamlined automated synthesis of [13N]ammonia and the novel radio-TLC method have been accepted and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the cGMP manufacture of [13N]ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Yokell
- Department of Radiology, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Edwards 019B, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Peter A. Rice
- Department of Radiology, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Edwards 019B, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Department of Radiology, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Edwards 019B, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Department of Radiology, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Edwards 019B, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Wang J, van Dam RM. High-Efficiency Production of Radiopharmaceuticals via Droplet Radiochemistry: A Review of Recent Progress. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120973099. [PMID: 33296272 PMCID: PMC7731702 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120973099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New platforms are enabling radiochemistry to be carried out in tiny, microliter-scale volumes, and this capability has enormous benefits for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. These droplet-based technologies can achieve comparable or better yields compared to conventional methods, but with vastly reduced reagent consumption, shorter synthesis time, higher molar activity (even for low activity batches), faster purification, and ultra-compact system size. We review here the state of the art of this emerging direction, summarize the radiotracers and prosthetic groups that have been synthesized in droplet format, describe recent achievements in scaling up activity levels, and discuss advantages and limitations and the future outlook of these innovative devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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