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Bishop RC, Migliorisi A, Holmes JR, Kemper AM, Band M, Austin S, Aldridge B, Wilkins PA. Microbial populations vary between the upper and lower respiratory tract, but not within biogeographic regions of the lung of healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105141. [PMID: 38944129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Understanding normal microbial populations within areas of the respiratory tract is essential, as variable regional conditions create different niches for microbial flora, and proliferation of commensal microbes likely contributes to clinical respiratory disease. The objective was to describe microbial population variability between respiratory tract locations in healthy horses. Samples were collected from four healthy adult horses by nasopharyngeal lavage (NPL), transtracheal aspirate (TTA), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of six distinct regions within the lung. Full-length 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and microbial profiling analysis was performed. There was a large amount of diversity, with over 1797 ASVs identified, reduced to 94 taxa after tip agglomeration and prevalence filtering. Number of taxa and diversity were highly variable across horses, sample types, and BAL locations. Firmicutes, proteobacteria, and actinobacteria were the predominant phyla. There was a significant difference in richness (Chao1, p = 0.02) and phylogenetic diversity (FaithPD, p = 0.01) between NPL, TTA, and BAL. Sample type (p = 0.03) and horse (p = 0.005) contributed significantly to Bray-Curtis compositional diversity, while Weighted Unifrac metric was only affected by simplified sample type (NPL and TTA vs BAL, p = 0.04). There was no significant effect of BAL locations within the lung with alpha or beta diversity statistical tests. Overall findings support diverse microbial populations that were variable between upper and lower respiratory tract locations, but with no apparent difference in microbial populations of the six biogeographic regions of the lung, suggesting that BAL fluid obtained blindly by standard clinical techniques may be sufficient for future studies in healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | | | - Jessica R Holmes
- High Performance Computing in Biology, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ann M Kemper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark Band
- Functional Genomics Unit, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott Austin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brian Aldridge
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pamela A Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Obregon-Gutierrez P, Bonillo-Lopez L, Correa-Fiz F, Sibila M, Segalés J, Kochanowski K, Aragon V. Gut-associated microbes are present and active in the pig nasal cavity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8470. [PMID: 38605046 PMCID: PMC11009223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The nasal microbiota is a key contributor to animal health, and characterizing the nasal microbiota composition is an important step towards elucidating the role of its different members. Efforts to characterize the nasal microbiota composition of domestic pigs and other farm animals frequently report the presence of bacteria that are typically found in the gut, including many anaerobes from the Bacteroidales and Clostridiales orders. However, the in vivo role of these gut-microbiota associated taxa is currently unclear. Here, we tackled this issue by examining the prevalence, origin, and activity of these taxa in the nasal microbiota of piglets. First, analysis of the nasal microbiota of farm piglets sampled in this study, as well as various publicly available data sets, revealed that gut-microbiota associated taxa indeed constitute a substantial fraction of the pig nasal microbiota that is highly variable across individual animals. Second, comparison of herd-matched nasal and rectal samples at amplicon sequencing variant (ASV) level showed that these taxa are largely shared in the nasal and rectal microbiota, suggesting a common origin driven presumably by the transfer of fecal matter. Third, surgical sampling of the inner nasal tract showed that gut-microbiota associated taxa are found throughout the nasal cavity, indicating that these taxa do not stem from contaminations introduced during sampling with conventional nasal swabs. Finally, analysis of cDNA from the 16S rRNA gene in these nasal samples indicated that gut-microbiota associated taxa are indeed active in the pig nasal cavity. This study shows that gut-microbiota associated taxa are not only present, but also active, in the nasal cavity of domestic pigs, and paves the way for future efforts to elucidate the function of these taxa within the nasal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Obregon-Gutierrez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Bonillo-Lopez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karl Kochanowski
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Larsen C, Offersen SM, Brunse A, Pirolo M, Kar SK, Guadabassi L, Thymann T. Effects of early postnatal gastric and colonic microbiota transplantation on piglet gut health. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:158. [PMID: 38143275 PMCID: PMC10749501 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a major cause of reduced growth and mortality in piglets during the suckling and weaning periods and poses a major threat to the global pig industry. Diarrhea and gut dysbiosis may in part be prevented via improved early postnatal microbial colonization of the gut. To secure better postnatal gut colonization, we hypothesized that transplantation of colonic or gastric content from healthy donors to newborn recipients would prevent diarrhea in the recipients in the post-weaning period. Our objective was to examine the impact of transplanting colonic or gastric content on health and growth parameters and paraclinical parameters in recipient single-housed piglets exposed to a weaning transition and challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). METHODS Seventy-two 1-day-old piglets were randomized to four groups: colonic microbiota transplantation (CMT, n = 18), colonic content filtrate transplantation (CcFT, n = 18), gastric microbiota transplantation (GMT, n = 18), or saline (CON, n = 18). Inoculations were given on d 2 and 3 of life, and all piglets were milk-fed until weaning (d 20) and shortly after challenged with ETEC (d 24). We assessed growth, diarrhea prevalence, ETEC concentration, organ weight, blood parameters, small intestinal morphology and histology, gut mucosal function, and microbiota composition and diversity. RESULTS Episodes of diarrhea were seen in all groups during both the milk- and the solid-feeding phase, possibly due to stress associated with single housing. However, CcFT showed lower diarrhea prevalence on d 27, 28, and 29 compared to CON (all P < 0.05). CcFT also showed a lower ETEC prevalence on d 27 (P < 0.05). CMT showed a higher alpha diversity and a difference in beta diversity compared to CON (P < 0.05). Growth and other paraclinical endpoints were similar across groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, only CcFT reduced ETEC-related post-weaning diarrhea. However, the protective effect was marginal, suggesting that higher doses, more effective modalities of administration, longer treatment periods, and better donor quality should be explored by future research to optimize the protective effects of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Simone Margaard Offersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mattia Pirolo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Soumya Kanti Kar
- Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 1 De Elst, 6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Guadabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Blanco-Fuertes M, Sibila M, Franzo G, Obregon-Gutierrez P, Illas F, Correa-Fiz F, Aragón V. Ceftiofur treatment of sows results in long-term alterations in the nasal microbiota of the offspring that can be ameliorated by inoculation of nasal colonizers. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:53. [PMID: 37864263 PMCID: PMC10588210 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nasal microbiota of the piglet is a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens that can cause polyserositis, such as Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis or Streptococcus suis. Antibiotic treatment is a strategy to control these diseases, but it has a detrimental effect on the microbiota. We followed the piglets of 60 sows from birth to 8 weeks of age, to study the effect of ceftiofur on the nasal microbiota and the colonization by pathogens when the treatment was administered to sows or their litters. We also aimed to revert the effect of the antibiotic on the nasal microbiota by the inoculation at birth of nasal colonizers selected from healthy piglets. Nasal swabs were collected at birth, and at 7, 15, 21 and 49 days of age, and were used for pathogen detection by PCR and bacterial culture, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and whole shotgun metagenomics. Weights, clinical signs and production parameters were also recorded during the study. RESULTS The composition of the nasal microbiota of piglets changed over time, with a clear increment of Clostridiales at the end of nursery. The administration of ceftiofur induced an unexpected temporary increase in alpha diversity at day 7 mainly due to colonization by environmental taxa. Ceftiofur had a longer impact on the nasal microbiota of piglets when administered to their sows before farrowing than directly to them. This effect was partially reverted by the inoculation of nasal colonizers to newborn piglets and was accompanied by a reduction in the number of animals showing clinical signs (mainly lameness). Both interventions altered the colonization pattern of different strains of the above pathogens. In addition, the prevalence of resistance genes increased over time in all the groups but was significantly higher at weaning when the antibiotic was administered to the sows. Also, ceftiofur treatment induced the selection of more beta-lactams resistance genes when it was administered directly to the piglets. CONCLUSIONS This study shed light on the effect of the ceftiofur treatment on the piglet nasal microbiota over time and demonstrated for the first time the possibility of modifying the piglets' nasal microbiota by inoculating natural colonizers of the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Blanco-Fuertes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber in Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Pau Obregon-Gutierrez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Selección Batallé, Avinguda dels Segadors, 17421, Riudarenes, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Virginia Aragón
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Nielsen DW, Hau SJ, Mou KT, Alt DP, Brockmeier SL. Shifts in the swine nasal microbiota following Bordetella bronchiseptica challenge in a longitudinal study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1260465. [PMID: 37840723 PMCID: PMC10574184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a widespread, highly infectious bacterial pathogen that causes respiratory disease in swine and increases the severity of respiratory infections caused by other viral or bacterial pathogens. However, the impact of B. bronchiseptica infection on the swine respiratory microbiota has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we aim to assess the influence of B. bronchiseptica infection on the community structure and abundance of members of the swine nasal microbiota. To do so, the nasal microbiota of a non-infected control group and a group infected with B. bronchiseptica (BB group) were characterized prior to B. bronchiseptica strain KM22 challenge (day 0) and on selected days in the weeks following B. bronchiseptica challenge (days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 36, and 42). Bordetella bronchiseptica was cultured from nasal samples of the BB group to assess nasal colonization. The results showed that B. bronchiseptica colonization did not persistently affect the nasal bacterial diversity of either of the treatment groups (alpha diversity). However, the bacterial community structures (beta diversity) of the two treatment groups significantly diverged on day 7 when peak colonization levels of B. bronchiseptica were detected. This divergence continued through the last sampling time point. In addition, Pasteurella, Pasteurellaceae (unclassified), Mycoplasma, Actinobacillus, Streptococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, and Prevotellaceae (unclassified) showed increased abundances in the BB group relative to the control group at various time points. This study revealed that B. bronchiseptica colonization can disturb the upper respiratory tract microbiota, and further research is warranted to assess how these disturbances can impact susceptibility to secondary infections by other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Nielsen
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Samantha J. Hau
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kathy T. Mou
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - David P. Alt
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Susan L. Brockmeier
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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Dresen M, Valentin-Weigand P, Berhanu Weldearegay Y. Role of Metabolic Adaptation of Streptococcus suis to Host Niches in Bacterial Fitness and Virulence. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040541. [PMID: 37111427 PMCID: PMC10144218 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, both a common colonizer of the porcine upper respiratory tract and an invasive pig pathogen, successfully adapts to different host environments encountered during infection. Whereas the initial infection mainly occurs via the respiratory tract, in a second step, the pathogen can breach the epithelial barrier and disseminate within the whole body. Thereby, the pathogen reaches other organs such as the heart, the joints, or the brain. In this review, we focus on the role of S. suis metabolism for adaptation to these different in vivo host niches to encounter changes in nutrient availability, host defense mechanisms and competing microbiota. Furthermore, we highlight the close link between S. suis metabolism and virulence. Mutants deficient in metabolic regulators often show an attenuation in infection experiments possibly due to downregulation of virulence factors, reduced resistance to nutritive or oxidative stress and to phagocytic activity. Finally, metabolic pathways as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies are discussed. As antimicrobial resistance in S. suis isolates has increased over the last years, the development of new antibiotics is of utmost importance to successfully fight infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Dresen
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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