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Alawam AS, Alwethaynani MS. Construction of an aerolysin-based multi-epitope vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila: an in silico machine learning and artificial intelligence-supported approach. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369890. [PMID: 38495891 PMCID: PMC10940347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila, a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium, can cause various infections in humans, including septic arthritis, diarrhea (traveler's diarrhea), gastroenteritis, skin and wound infections, meningitis, fulminating septicemia, enterocolitis, peritonitis, and endocarditis. It frequently occurs in aquatic environments and readily contacts humans, leading to high infection rates. This bacterium has exhibited resistance to numerous commercial antibiotics, and no vaccine has yet been developed. Aiming to combat the alarmingly high infection rate, this study utilizes in silico techniques to design a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) candidate against this bacterium based on its aerolysin toxin, which is the most toxic and highly conserved virulence factor among the Aeromonas species. After retrieval, aerolysin was processed for B-cell and T-cell epitope mapping. Once filtered for toxicity, antigenicity, allergenicity, and solubility, the chosen epitopes were combined with an adjuvant and specific linkers to create a vaccine construct. These linkers and the adjuvant enhance the MEV's ability to elicit robust immune responses. Analyses of the predicted and improved vaccine structure revealed that 75.5%, 19.8%, and 1.3% of its amino acids occupy the most favored, additional allowed, and generously allowed regions, respectively, while its ERRAT score reached nearly 70%. Docking simulations showed the MEV exhibiting the highest interaction and binding energies (-1,023.4 kcal/mol, -923.2 kcal/mol, and -988.3 kcal/mol) with TLR-4, MHC-I, and MHC-II receptors. Further molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the docked complexes' remarkable stability and maximum interactions, i.e., uniform RMSD, fluctuated RMSF, and lowest binding net energy. In silico models also predict the vaccine will stimulate a variety of immunological pathways following administration. These analyses suggest the vaccine's efficacy in inducing robust immune responses against A. hydrophila. With high solubility and no predicted allergic responses or toxicity, it appears safe for administration in both healthy and A. hydrophila-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S. Alawam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher S. Alwethaynani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah, Saudi Arabia
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Bano N, Kumar A. Immunoinformatics study to explore dengue (DENV-1) proteome to design multi-epitope vaccine construct by using CD4+ epitopes. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:128. [PMID: 37987878 PMCID: PMC10663418 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoinformatics is an emerging interdisciplinary field which integrates immunology, bioinformatics, and computational biology to study the immune system. In this study, we apply immunoinformatics approaches to explore the dengue proteome in order to design a multi-epitope vaccine construct. METHODS We used existing databases and algorithms to predict potential epitopes on dengue proteins and used a bioinformatics approach to identify the most promising epitopes. We then used molecular modelling to develop a multi-epitope construct which could be used as a potential vaccine. The results of this study demonstrate that immunoinformatics is a powerful tool for exploring and designing potential vaccines for infectious diseases like dengue. RESULTS Here, we found four CD4+ epitopes NLKYSVIVTVHTGDQ, ANPIVTDKEKPVNIE, LDPVVYDAKFEKQL, and VGAIALDFKPGTSGS that were used to design vaccine construct. The vaccine construct docked with TLR5. RMSD values suggest that docked complex of TLR5 and vaccine construct have putative stable interaction to induce immunogenic effects on host. CONCLUSIONS Furthermore, our study provides a proof of concept for the use of immunoinformatics approaches in DENV vaccine design. This vaccine can be effective in treating patients infected with DENV virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Bano
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology Rama University, G.T. Road, Kanpur, 209217, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology Rama University, G.T. Road, Kanpur, 209217, India.
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Alsubaiyel AM, Bukhari SI. Computational exploration and design of a multi-epitopes vaccine construct against Chlamydia psittaci. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37897717 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2268173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is an intracellular pathogen and causes variety of deadly infections in humans. Antibiotics are effective against C. psittaci however high percentage of resistant strains have been reported in recent times. As there is no licensed vaccine, we used in-silico techniques to design a multi-epitopes vaccine against C. psittaci. Following a step-wise protocol, the proteome of available 26 strains was retrieved and filtered for subcellular localized proteins. Five proteins were selected (2 extracellular and 3 outer membrane) and were further analyzed for B-cell and T-cell epitopes prediction. Epitopes were further checked for antigenicity, solubility, stability, toxigenicity, allergenicity, and adhesive properties. Filtered epitopes were linked via linkers and the 3D structure of the designed vaccine construct was predicted. Binding of the designed vaccine with immune receptors: MHC-I, MHC-II, and TLR-4 was analyzed, which resulted in docking energy scores of -4.37 kcal/mol, -0.20 kcal/mol and -22.38 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, the docked complexes showed stable dynamics with a maximum value of vaccine-MHC-I complex (7.8 Å), vaccine-MHC-II complex (6.2 Å) and vaccine-TLR4 complex (5.2 Å). As per the results, the designed vaccine construct reported robust immune responses to protect the host against C. psittaci infections. In the study, the C. psittaci proteomes were considered in pan-genome analysis to extract core proteins. The pan-genome analysis was conducted using bacterial pan-genome analysis (BPGA) software. The core proteins were checked further for non-redundant proteins using a CD-Hit server. Surface localized proteins were investigated using PSORTb v 3.0. The surface proteins were BLASTp against Virulence Factor Data Base (VFDB) to predict virulent factors. Antigenicity prediction of the shortlisted proteins was further done using VAXIGEN v 2.0. The epitope mapping was done using the immune epitope database (IEDB). A multi-epitopes vaccine was built and a 3D structure was generated using 3Dprot online server. The docking analysis of the designed vaccine with immune receptors was carried out using PATCHDOCK. Molecular dynamics and post-simulation analyses were carried out using AMBER v20 to decipher the dynamics stability and intermolecular binding energies of the docked complexes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M Alsubaiyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sher H, Sharif H, Zaheer T, Khan SA, Ali A, Javed H, Javed A. Employing computational tools to design a multi-epitope vaccine targeting human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:276. [PMID: 37226084 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being in the 21st century, the world has still not been able to vanquish the global AIDS epidemic, and the only foreseeable solution seems to be a safe and effective vaccine. Unfortunately, vaccine trials so far have returned unfruitful results, possibly due to their inability to induce effective cellular, humoral and innate immune responses. The current study aims to tackle these limitations and propose the desired vaccine utilizing immunoinformatic approaches that have returned promising results in designing vaccines against various rapidly mutating organisms. For this, all polyprotein and protein sequences of HIV-1 were retrieved from the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) database. The consensus sequence was generated after alignment and used to predict epitopes. Conserved, antigenic, non-allergenic, T-cell inducing, B-cell inducing, IFN-ɣ inducing, non-human homologous epitopes were selected and combined to propose two vaccine constructs i.e., HIV-1a (without adjuvant) and HIV-1b (with adjuvant). RESULTS HIV-1a and HIV-1b were subjected to antigenicity, allergenicity, structural quality analysis, immune simulations, and MD (molecular dynamics) simulations. Both proposed multi-epitope vaccines were found to be antigenic, non-allergenic, stable, and induce cellular, humoral, and innate immune responses. TLR-3 docking and in-silico cloning of both constructs were also performed. CONCLUSION Our results indicate HIV-1b to be more promising than HIV-1a; experimental validations can confirm the efficacy and safety of both constructs and in-vivo efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Sher
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Sharif
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Zaheer
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarmad Ahmad Khan
- German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Javed
- Advanced Diagnostic Lab BSL-3, Punjab AIDS Control Program, Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Singh S, Rao A, Kumar K, Mishra A, Prajapati VK. Translational vaccinomics and structural filtration algorithm to device multiepitope vaccine for catastrophic monkeypox virus. Comput Biol Med 2023; 153:106497. [PMID: 36599210 PMCID: PMC9800352 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreak of monkeypox disease commenced in April 2022, and on May 7, the first confirmed case was reported. The world health organization then designated monkeypox disease as a public health emergency of international outrage on July 23, after it spread to 70 non-endemic nations in less than 15 days. This catastrophic viral infection encourages the development of antiviral therapeutics due to the lack of specific treatments with negligible adverse effects. This analysis developed a highly immunogenic multiepitope subunit vaccine against the monkeypox virus using an in silico translational vaccinomics technique. Highly antigenic B cell and T cell (HTL and CTL) epitopes were predicted and conjugated with the help of unique linkers. An adjuvant (β-defensin) and a pan-HLA DR sequence were attached at the vaccine construct's N-terminal to invoke a robust immunological response. Additionally, physiochemical, allergic, toxic, and antigenic properties were anticipated. Interactions between the vaccine candidate and the TLR3 demonstrated that the vaccine candidate triggers a robust immunological response. Finally, the stability is confirmed by the molecular dynamics study. In contrast, the modified vaccine candidate's ability to produce a protective immune response were verified by an immune dynamics simulation study conducted via C-ImmSim server. This study validates the generation of B cell, Th cell, and Tc cell populations as well as the production of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ketan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, Punjab, India.
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Das KC, Konhar R, Biswal DK. Fasciola gigantica vaccine construct: an in silico approach towards identification and design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine using calcium binding EF-hand proteins. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:1. [PMID: 36604615 PMCID: PMC9813462 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous attempts have been made to pinpoint candidate vaccine molecules and evaluate their effectiveness in order to commercialise such vaccines for the treatment of tropical fascioliasis in livestock. The pathophysiology of fascioliasis can be related to liver damage brought on by immature flukes that migrate and feed, as well as immunological reactions to chemicals produced by the parasites and alarm signals brought on by tissue damage. Future research should, in our opinion, concentrate on the biology of invasive parasites and the resulting immune responses, particularly in the early stages of infection. The goal of the current study was to use the calcium-binding proteins from F. gigantica to create a multi-epitope subunit vaccine. The adjuvant, B-cell epitopes, CTL epitopes, and HTL epitopes that make up the vaccine construct are all connected by certain linkers. The antigenicity, allergenicity, and physiochemical properties of the vaccine construct were examined. The vaccine construct was docked with toll-like receptor 2, and simulations of the molecular dynamics of the complex's stability, interaction, and dynamics were run. After performing in silico cloning and immunosimulation, it was discovered that the construct was suitable for further investigation. New vaccination technologies and adjuvant development are advancing our food safety procedures since vaccines are seen as safe and are accepted by the user community. This research is also applicable to the F. hepatica system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanhu Charan Das
- grid.412227.00000 0001 2173 057XBioinformatics Centre, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya India
| | - Ruchishree Konhar
- grid.412227.00000 0001 2173 057XBioinformatics Centre, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya India ,grid.417639.eInformatics and Big Data, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Biswal
- grid.412227.00000 0001 2173 057XBioinformatics Centre, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya India
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Albaqami FF, Altharawi A, Althurwi HN, Alharthy KM, Qasim M, Muhseen ZT, Tahir ul Qamar M. Computational Modeling and Evaluation of Potential mRNA and Peptide-Based Vaccine against Marburg Virus (MARV) to Provide Immune Protection against Hemorrhagic Fever. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5560605. [PMID: 37101690 PMCID: PMC10125739 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5560605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
A hemorrhagic fever caused by the Marburg virus (MARV) belongs to the Filoviridae family and has been classified as a risk group 4 pathogen. To this day, there are no approved effective vaccinations or medications available to prevent or treat MARV infections. Reverse vaccinology-based approach was formulated to prioritize B and T cell epitopes utilizing a numerous immunoinformatics tools. Potential epitopes were systematically screened based on various parameters needed for an ideal vaccine such as allergenicity, solubility, and toxicity. The most suitable epitopes capable of inducing immune response were shortlisted. Epitopes with population coverage of 100% and fulfilling set parameters were selected for docking with human leukocyte antigen molecules, and binding affinity of each peptide was analyzed. Finally, 4 CTL and HTL each while 6 B cell 16-mers were used for designing multiepitope subunit (MSV) and mRNA vaccine joined via suitable linkers. Immune simulations were used to validate the constructed vaccine's capacity to induce a robust immune response whereas molecular dynamics simulations were used to confirm epitope-HLA complex stability. Based on these parameter's studies, both the vaccines constructed in this study offer a promising choice against MARV but require further experimental verification. This study provides a rationale point to begin with the development of an efficient vaccine against Marburg virus; however, the findings need further experimental validation to confirm the computational finding of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal F. Albaqami
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Altharawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan N. Althurwi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Alharthy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Tariq Muhseen
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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Hasan M, Mia M. Exploratory Algorithm of a Multi-epitope-based Subunit Vaccine Candidate Against Cryptosporidium hominis: Reverse Vaccinology-Based Immunoinformatic Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:134. [PMID: 35911179 PMCID: PMC9315849 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is the leading protozoan-induced cause of diarrheal illness in children, and it has been linked to childhood mortality, malnutrition, cognitive development, with retardation of growth. Cryptosporidium hominis, the anthroponotically transmitted species within the Cryptosporidium genus, contributes significantly to the global burden of infection, accounting for the majority of clinical cases in numerous nations, as well as its emergence in the last decade is largely due to detections obtained through noteworthy epidemiologic research. Nevertheless, there is no vaccine available, and the only licensed medication, nitazoxanide, has been demonstrated to have efficacy limitations in a number of patient groups recognized to be at high risk of complications. Therefore, current study delineates the computational vaccine design for Cryptosporidium hominis, the notable pathogen for enteric diarrhea. Firstly, a comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify six proteins based on their toxigenicity, allergenicity, antigenicity, and prediction of transmembrane helices to make up a multi-epitope-based subunit vaccine. Following that, antigenic non-toxic HTL epitope, CTL epitope with B cell epitope were predicted from the selected proteins and construct a vaccine candidate with adding an adjuvant and some linkers with immunologically superior epitopes. Afterwards, the constructed vaccine candidates and TLR2 receptor were put into the ClusPro server for molecular dynamic simulation to know the binding stability of the vaccine-TLR2 complex. Following that, Escherichia coli strain K12 was used as a cloning host for the chosen vaccine construct via the JCat server. As a result of the findings, it was resolute that the proposed chimeric peptide vaccine could improve the immune response to Cryptosporidium hominis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamudul Hasan
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100 Bangladesh
| | - Mukthar Mia
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100 Bangladesh.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100 Bangladesh
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T-cell epitope-based vaccine prediction against Aspergillus fumigatus: a harmful causative agent of aspergillosis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:72. [PMID: 35575941 PMCID: PMC9110580 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Among the most common causes of invasive aspergillosis and acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is Aspergillus fumigatus. Transmission with A. fumigatus produces aggressive aspergillosis in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, HIV patients, and cancer patients. Asthmatics and cystic fibrosis patients are allergic to A. fumigatus. MHC class-II binding epitopes can initiate immunogenic responses in patients. In this study, we deployed immunoinformatic study to reveal epitopes from fungal proteins. Results In modern research, we found multiple epitopes ITLKLLHRYSYKLAG, KLVLRAFPNHFRGDS, RYSYKLAGVNQVDVV, GKSFELNQAARAVTQ, and LHRYSYKLAGVNQVD from crucial proteins of A. fumigatus 5,8-linoleate diol synthase (ACO55067.2) and ChainB-chitinase A1 (2XVN_B). RYSYKLAGVNQVDVV, GKSFELNQAARAVTQ, and LHRYSYKLAGVNQVD epitopes interact with HLA-DRB01_0101, while ITLKLLHRYSYKLAG and KLVLRAFPNHFRGDS epitopes interact with HLA-DRB01_1501. Molecular docking analysis reveals atomic contact energy (ACE) value for these five epitopes shown below −5 Kcal/mol in docked state. Conclusions The invasive aspergillosis and acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are caused by harmful fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Our modern immunoinformatic research shows ITLKLLHRYSYKLAG, KLVLRAFPNHFRGDS, RYSYKLAGVNQVDVV, GKSFELNQAARAVTQ, and LHRYSYKLAGVNQVD epitopes could bind to MHC-II HLA allelic determinants and can initiate immunogenic response in patients affected by Aspergillus fumigatus.
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T-Cell Epitopes Based Vaccine Candidate’s Prediction for Treatment Against Burkholderia pseudomallei: Causative Agent of Melioidosis. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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