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Sharma H, Chauhan P, Singh S. Evaluation of the anti-arthritic activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark extract in experimental models. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:366-373. [PMID: 30591891 PMCID: PMC6303416 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum cassia iswidely used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to assess the anti-arthritic activity of C. cassia bark hydroalcoholic extract (CCHE) in different arthritic animal models. METHODS In formaldehyde model, sub-plantar administration of 0.1 ml of formaldehyde (2% v/v) into the right hind paws of Wistar albino rats on days 0 and 3. The rats were divided into six groups as follows: normal control, disease control, indomethacin group (3 mg/kg, p.o.) and three groups, treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg CCHE (p.o.). Joint diameter was measured, and ankle joints were collected for MDA and GSH measurements. In complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model, CFA was injected into the sub-plantar surface of the right hind paw in rats. Joint diameter was measured, and serum TNF-α and IL-1β were measured. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were also performed. RESULTS CCHE treatment significantly (p < 0.01) reduced MDA levels and joint swelling in a concentration-dependent manner in rats with formaldehyde-induced arthritis, in which GSH levels were elevated (p < 0.01). In rats with CFA-induced arthritis, CCHE treatment significantly reduced joint swelling as well as IL-1β and TNF-α levels (p < 0.01). TNF-α receptor expression was decreased in rats treated with indomethacin or CCHE. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, it can be concluded that C. cassia possesses anti-arthritic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Surender Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Dai H, Wang M, Patel PN, Kalogeris T, Liu Y, Durante W, Korthuis RJ. Preconditioning with the BK Ca channel activator NS-1619 prevents ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammation and mucosal barrier dysfunction: roles for ROS and heme oxygenase-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H988-H999. [PMID: 28822969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00620.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels evokes cell survival programs that mitigate intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) inflammation and injury 24 h later. The goal of the present study was to determine the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in delayed acquisition of tolerance to I/R induced by pretreatment with the BKCa channel opener NS-1619. Superior mesentery arteries were occluded for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 70 min in wild-type (WT) or HO-1-null (HO-1-/-) mice that were pretreated with NS-1619 or saline vehicle 24 h earlier. Intravital microscopy was used to quantify the numbers of rolling and adherent leukocytes. Mucosal permeability, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and HO-1 activity and expression in jejunum were also determined. I/R induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion, increased intestinal TNF-α levels, and enhanced mucosal permeability in WT mice, effects that were largely abolished by pretreatment with NS-1619. The anti-inflammatory and mucosal permeability-sparing effects of NS-1619 were prevented by coincident treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin-IX or a cell-permeant SOD mimetic, Mn(III)tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP), in WT mice. NS-1619 also increased jejunal HO-1 activity in WT animals, an effect that was attenuated by treatment with the BKCa channel antagonist paxilline or MnTBAP. I/R also increased postischemic leukocyte rolling and adhesion and intestinal TNF-α levels in HO-1-/- mice to levels comparable to those noted in WT animals. However, NS-1619 was ineffective in preventing these effects in HO-1-deficient mice. In summary, our data indicate that NS-1619 induces the development of an anti-inflammatory phenotype and mitigates postischemic mucosal barrier disruption in the small intestine by a mechanism that may involve ROS-dependent HO-1 activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Antecedent treatment with the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel opener NS-1619 24 h before ischemia-reperfusion limits postischemic tissue injury by an oxidant-dependent mechanism. The present study shows that NS-1619-induced oxidant production prevents ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammation and mucosal barrier disruption in the small intestine by provoking increases in heme oxygenase-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Dai
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Parag N Patel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - William Durante
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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Liang C, Zhu J, Miao C, Wang S, Zhang L, Li P, Wang Z, Shao P. Protective Effects of the Segmental Renal Artery Clamping Technique on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in db/db Diabetic Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4763828. [PMID: 28299325 PMCID: PMC5337321 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4763828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is inevitable in partial nephrectomy and other kidney surgeries, with a higher incidence in patients with renal insufficiency. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of precise segmental renal artery clamping (SRAC) against renal I/R injury in db/db diabetic mice, compared with conventional renal artery clamping (RAC). Grape seed extract, a powerful free radical scavenger, was administered to diabetic mice for 4 weeks before operation in subgroups (30 mg/kg/d). The unilateral renal pedicle was ligatured, and I/R injury to the contralateral kidney was induced (ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h). Blood glucose value, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urine microalbumin/urine creatinine ratio increased gradually and showed no preoperative statistical differences among six subgroups. These parameters were significantly lower in the SRAC than in the RAC group 24 h postoperatively. Moreover, the nonischemic area in the SRAC group expressed less KIM-1 and TNF-α mRNA and also revealed minor histopathological damage induced by I/R. These findings suggest that SRAC effectively reduces early renal injury induced by I/R and accelerates the recovery of renal function in diabetic mice. Thus, SRAC may be an ideal technique in partial nephrectomy, especially for patients with diabetic nephropathy and other renal insufficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jundong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenkui Miao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Hou L, Chen G, Feng B, Zhang XS, Zheng XF, Xiang Y, Zhao GY, Min WP. Small interfering RNA targeting TNF-α gene significantly attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2016; 36:634-638. [PMID: 27752902 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has been found to be centrally involved in the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)-induced inflammation and apoptosis. Knockdown of TNF-α gene using small interfering RNA (siRNA) may protect renal IRI. Renal IRI was induced in mice by clamping the left renal pedicle for 25 or 35 min. TNF-α siRNA was administered intravenously to silence the expression of TNF-α. The therapeutic effects of siRNA were evaluated in terms of renal function, histological examination, and overall survival following lethal IRI. A single systemic injection of TNF-α siRNA resulted in significant knockdown of TNF-α expression in ischemia-reperfusion injured kidney. In comparison with control mice, levels of BUN and serum creatinine were significantly reduced in mice treated with siRNA. Pathological examination demonstrated that tissue damage caused by IRI was markedly reduced as a result of TNF-α siRNA treatment. Furthermore, survival experiments showed that nearly 90% of control mice died from lethal IRI, whereas more than 50% of siRNApretreated mice survived until the end of the eight-day observation period. We have demonstrated for the first time that silencing TNF-α by specific siRNA can significantly reduce renal IRI and protect mice against lethal kidney ischemia, highlighting the potential for siRNA-based clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Biao Feng
- Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Xu-Sheng Zhang
- Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Xiu-Fen Zheng
- Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Ying Xiang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei-Ping Min
- Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Granger DN, Holm L, Kvietys P. The Gastrointestinal Circulation: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1541-83. [PMID: 26140727 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) circulation receives a large fraction of cardiac output and this increases following ingestion of a meal. While blood flow regulation is not the intense phenomenon noted in other vascular beds, the combined responses of blood flow, and capillary oxygen exchange help ensure a level of tissue oxygenation that is commensurate with organ metabolism and function. This is evidenced in the vascular responses of the stomach to increased acid production and in intestine during periods of enhanced nutrient absorption. Complimenting the metabolic vasoregulation is a strong myogenic response that contributes to basal vascular tone and to the responses elicited by changes in intravascular pressure. The GI circulation also contributes to a mucosal defense mechanism that protects against excessive damage to the epithelial lining following ingestion of toxins and/or noxious agents. Profound reductions in GI blood flow are evidenced in certain physiological (strenuous exercise) and pathological (hemorrhage) conditions, while some disease states (e.g., chronic portal hypertension) are associated with a hyperdynamic circulation. The sacrificial nature of GI blood flow is essential for ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs during periods of whole body stress. The restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to GI organs following ischemia elicits an exaggerated tissue injury response that reflects the potential of this organ system to generate reactive oxygen species and to mount an inflammatory response. Human and animal studies of inflammatory bowel disease have also revealed a contribution of the vasculature to the initiation and perpetuation of the tissue inflammation and associated injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Fiorentini MR, Santos EBD, Longo L, Kliemann LM, Koff WJ, Corso CO. Analysis of the effects of topical renal hypothermia on lung tissue after kidney ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 30:445-51. [PMID: 26270135 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150070000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether topical renal hypothermia (TRH) at different levels of temperature has protective effects on lung tissue after renal I/R, through an analysis of organ histology and inflammatory markers in lung tissue. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly allocated across four groups and subjected to renal ischemia at different levels of topical renal temperature: normothermia (no cooling, 37°C), mild hypothermia (26°C), moderate hypothermia (15°C), and deep hypothermia (4°C). To induce I/R, the vessels supplying the left kidney of each animal were clamped for 40 minutes, followed by reperfusion. After four hours, another procedure was performed to harvest the tissues of interest. TNF-α, IL-1β and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in lung tissue. Histological analysis was performed in hematoxylin and eosin-stained lung specimens. RESULTS Induction of renal I/R under deep topical hypothermia resulted in a significant decrease in lung concentrations of TNF-α compared with normothermic I/R (p<0.05). A trend toward significant correlation was found between lung IL-1β concentration and intensity of hypothermia (Spearman r=-0.37; p=0.055). No difference was found in myeloperoxidase activity or histologic injury between groups. CONCLUSION Topical renal hypothermia reduces activation of the inflammatory cascade in the lung parenchyma. However, tissue-protective effects were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larisse Longo
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Maria Kliemann
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Walter José Koff
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Otávio Corso
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Datta P, Weis MT. Calcium glycerophosphate preserves transepithelial integrity in the Caco-2 model of intestinal transport. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9055-9066. [PMID: 26290632 PMCID: PMC4533037 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the direct effects of ischemia on intestinal epithelial integrity. Furthermore, clinical efforts at mitigating the effect of hypoperfusion on gut permeability have focused on restoring gut vascular function.
METHODS: We report that, in the Caco-2 cell model of transepithelial transport, calcium glycerophosphate (CGP), an inhibitor of intestinal alkaline phosphatase F3, has a significant effect to preserve transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and to attenuate increases in mannitol flux rates during hypoxia or cytokine stimulation.
RESULTS: The effect was observable even at concentrations as low as 1 μmol/L. As celiac disease is also marked by a loss of gut epithelial integrity, the effect of CGP to attenuate the effect of the α-gliadin peptide 31-55 was also examined. In this instance, CGP exerted little effect of preservation of TEER, but significantly attenuated peptide induced increase in mannitol flux.
CONCLUSION: It appears that CGP treatment might synergize with other therapies to preserve gut epithelial integrity.
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Lin WB, Liang MY, Chen GX, Yang X, Qin H, Yao JP, Feng KN, Wu ZK. MicroRNA profiling of the intestine during hypothermic circulatory arrest in swine. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2183-2190. [PMID: 25717255 PMCID: PMC4326157 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To perform a profiling analysis of changes in intestinal microRNA (miRNA) expression during hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA).
METHODS: A total of eight piglets were randomly divided into HCA and sham operation (SO) groups. Under general anesthesia, swine in the HCA group were subjected to hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass at 24 °C followed by 80 min of circulatory arrest, and the reperfusion lasted for 180 min after cross-clamp removal. The counterparts in the SO group were only subjected to median sternotomy. Histopathological analysis was used to detect mucosal injury, and Pick-and-Mix custom miRNA real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels containing 306 unique primer sets were utilized to assay unpooled intestinal samples harvested from the two groups.
RESULTS: The intestinal mucosa of the animals that were subjected to 24 °C HCA exhibited representative ischemic reperfusion injury of grade 2 or 3 according to the Chiu score. Such intestinal mucosal injuries, with the subepithelial space and epithelial layer lifting away from the lamina propria, were accompanied by shortened and irregular villi. On the contrary, the intestinal mucosa remained normal in the sham-operated animals. In total, twenty-five miRNAs were differentially expressed between the two groups (15 upregulated and 10 downregulated in the HCA group). Among these, eight miRNAs (miR-122, miR-221-5p, miR-31, miR-421-5p, miR-4333, miR-499-3p, miR-542 and let-7d-3p) were significantly dysregulated (four higher and four lower). The expression of miR-122 was significantly (5.37-fold) increased in the HCA group vs the SO group, indicating that it may play a key role in HCA-induced mucosal injury.
CONCLUSION: Exposure to HCA caused intestinal miRNA dysregulation and barrier dysfunction in swine. These altered miRNAs might be related to the protection or destruction of the intestinal barrier.
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TNF receptors: signaling pathways and contribution to renal dysfunction. Kidney Int 2014; 87:281-96. [PMID: 25140911 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), initially reported to induce tumor cell apoptosis and cachexia, is now considered a central mediator of a broad range of biological activities from cell proliferation, cell death and differentiation to induction of inflammation and immune modulation. TNF exerts its biological responses via interaction with two cell surface receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2. (TNFRs). These receptors trigger shared and distinct signaling pathways upon TNF binding, which in turn result in cellular outputs that may promote tissue injury on one hand but may also induce protective, beneficial responses. Yet the role of TNF and its receptors specifically in renal disease is still not well understood. This review describes the expression of the TNFRs, the signaling pathways induced by them and the biological responses of TNF and its receptors in various animal models of renal diseases, and discusses the current outcomes from use of TNF biologics and TNF biomarkers in renal disorders.
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Yang Q, Zheng FP, Zhan YS, Tao J, Tan SW, Liu HL, Wu B. Tumor necrosis factor-α mediates JNK activation response to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4925-4934. [PMID: 23946597 PMCID: PMC3740422 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i30.4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mediates ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced intestinal mucosal injury through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation.
METHODS: In this study, intestinal I/R was induced by 60-min occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery in rats followed by 60-min reperfusion, and the rats were pretreated with a TNF-α inhibitor, pentoxifylline, or the TNF-α antibody infliximab. After surgery, part of the intestine was collected for histological analysis. The mucosal layer was harvested for RNA and protein extraction, which were used for further real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analyses. The TNF-α expression, intestinal mucosal injury, cell apoptosis, activation of apoptotic protein and JNK signaling pathway were analyzed.
RESULTS: I/R significantly enhanced expression of mucosal TNF-α at both the mRNA and protein levels, induced severe mucosal injury and cell apoptosis, activated caspase-9/caspase-3, and activated the JNK signaling pathway. Pretreatment with pentoxifylline markedly downregulated TNF-α at both the mRNA and protein levels, whereas infliximab pretreatment did not affect the expression of TNF-α induced by I/R. However, pretreatment with pentoxifylline or infliximab dramatically suppressed I/R-induced mucosal injury and cell apoptosis and significantly inhibited the activation of caspase-9/3 and JNK signaling.
CONCLUSION: The results indicate there was a TNF-α-mediated JNK activation response to intestinal I/R injury.
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Wang WZ, Jones AW, Wang M, Durante W, Korthuis RJ. Preconditioning with soluble guanylate cyclase activation prevents postischemic inflammation and reduces nitrate tolerance in heme oxygenase-1 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H521-32. [PMID: 23771693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00810.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that, unlike wild-type mice (WT), heme oxygenase-1 knockout (HO-1-/-) mice developed nitrate tolerance and were not protected from inflammation caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) when preconditioned with a H2S donor. We hypothesized that stimulation (with BAY 41-2272) or activation (with BAY 60-2770) of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) would precondition HO-1-/- mice against an inflammatory effect of I/R and increase arterial nitrate responses. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize leukocyte rolling and adhesion to postcapillary venules of the small intestine in anesthetized mice. Relaxation to ACh and BAY compounds was measured on superior mesenteric arteries isolated after I/R protocols. Preconditioning with either BAY compound 10 min (early phase) or 24 h (late phase) before I/R reduced postischemic leukocyte rolling and adhesion to sham control levels and increased superior mesenteric artery responses to ACh, sodium nitroprusside, and BAY 41-2272 in WT and HO-1-/- mice. Late-phase preconditioning with BAY 60-2770 was maintained in HO-1-/- and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice pretreated with an inhibitor (dl-propargylglycine) of enzymatically produced H2S. Pretreatment with BAY compounds also prevented the I/R increase in small intestinal TNF-α. We speculate that increasing sGC activity and related PKG acts downstream to H2S and disrupts signaling processes triggered by I/R in part by maintaining low cellular Ca²⁺. In addition, BAY preconditioning did not increase sGC levels, yet increased the response to agents that act on reduced heme-containing sGC. Collectively these actions would contribute to increased nitrate sensitivity and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Z Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Mechanisms of adhesion and subsequent actions of a haematopoietic stem cell line, HPC-7, in the injured murine intestinal microcirculation in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59150. [PMID: 23554986 PMCID: PMC3595270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) migrate to injured gut, therapeutic success clinically remains poor. This has been partially attributed to limited local HSC recruitment following systemic injection. Identifying site specific adhesive mechanisms underpinning HSC-endothelial interactions may provide important information on how to enhance their recruitment and thus potentially improve therapeutic efficacy. This study determined (i) the integrins and inflammatory cyto/chemokines governing HSC adhesion to injured gut and muscle (ii) whether pre-treating HSCs with these cyto/chemokines enhanced their adhesion and (iii) whether the degree of HSC adhesion influenced their ability to modulate leukocyte recruitment. METHODS Adhesion of HPC-7, a murine HSC line, to ischaemia-reperfused (IR) injured mouse gut or cremaster muscle was monitored intravitally. Critical adhesion molecules were identified by pre-treating HPC-7 with blocking antibodies to CD18 and CD49d. To identify cyto/chemokines capable of recruiting HPC-7, adhesion was monitored following tissue exposure to TNF-α, IL-1β or CXCL12. The effects of pre-treating HPC-7 with these cyto/chemokines on surface integrin expression/clustering, adhesion to ICAM-1/VCAM-1 and recruitment in vivo was also investigated. Endogenous leukocyte adhesion following HPC-7 injection was again determined intravitally. RESULTS IR injury increased HPC-7 adhesion in vivo, with intestinal adhesion dependent upon CD18 and muscle adhesion predominantly relying on CD49d. Only CXCL12 pre-treatment enhanced HPC-7 adhesion within injured gut, likely by increasing CD18 binding to ICAM-1 and/or CD18 surface clustering on HPC-7. Leukocyte adhesion was reduced at 4 hours post-reperfusion, but only when local HPC-7 adhesion was enhanced using CXCL12. CONCLUSION This data provides evidence that site-specific molecular mechanisms govern HPC-7 adhesion to injured tissue. Importantly, we show that HPC-7 adhesion is a modulatable event in IR injury and further demonstrate that adhesion instigated by injury alone is not sufficient for mediating anti-inflammatory effects. Enhancing local HSC presence may therefore be essential to realising their clinical potential.
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The renal injury and inflammation caused by ischemia–reperfusion are reduced by genetic inhibition of TNF-αR1: A comparison with infliximab treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 700:134-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pratap A, Panakanti R, Yang N, Lakshmi R, Modanlou KA, Eason JD, Mahato RI. Cyclopamine attenuates acute warm ischemia reperfusion injury in cholestatic rat liver: hope for marginal livers. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:958-68. [PMID: 21491930 DOI: 10.1021/mp200115v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a significant risk factor for immediate hepatic failure due to ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in patients undergoing liver surgery or transplantation. We recently demonstrated that inhibition of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling with cyclopamine (CYA) before I/R prevents liver injury. In this study we hypothesized that Hh signaling may modulate I/R injury in cholestatic rat liver. Cholestasis was induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Seven days after BDL, rats were exposed to either CYA or vehicle for 7 days daily before being subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 4 h of reperfusion. Expression of Hh ligands (Sonic Hedgehog, Patched-1 and Glioblastoma-1), assessment of liver injury, neutrophil infiltration, cytokines, lipid peroxidation, cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined. Significant upregulation of Hh ligands was seen in vehicle treated BDL rats. I/R injury superimposed on these animals resulted in markedly elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin accompanied with increased neutrophil recruitment and lipid peroxidation. Preconditioning with CYA reduced the histological damage and serum liver injury markers. CYA also reduced neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β expression of α-smooth muscle actin and type 1 collagen resulting in reduced fibrosis. Furthermore CYA treated animals showed reduced cholangiocyte proliferation, and apoptosis. Hepatoprotection by CYA was conferred by reduced activation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Endogenous Hh signaling in cholestasis exacerbates inflammatory injury during liver I/R. Blockade of Hh pathway represents a clinically relevant novel approach to limit I/R injury in cholestatic marginal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Pratap
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Methodist University Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38140, USA
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Tumor necrosis factor is not associated with intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung inflammation. Shock 2011; 34:306-13. [PMID: 20160673 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181cdc585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury may cause acute systemic and lung inflammation. Here, we revisited the role of TNF-alpha in an intestinal I/R model in mice, showing that this cytokine is not required for the local and remote inflammatory response upon intestinal I/R injury using neutralizing TNF-alpha antibodies and TNF ligand-deficient mice. We demonstrate increased neutrophil recruitment in the lung as assessed by myeloperoxidase activity and augmented IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and KC levels, whereas TNF-alpha levels in serum were not increased and only minimally elevated in intestine and lung upon intestinal I/R injury. Importantly, TNF-alpha antibody neutralization neither diminished neutrophil recruitment nor any of the cytokines and chemokines evaluated. In addition, the inflammatory response was not abrogated in TNF and TNF receptors 1 and 2-deficient mice. However, in view of the damage on the intestinal barrier upon intestinal I/R with systemic bacterial translocation, we asked whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation is driving the inflammatory response. In fact, the inflammatory lung response is dramatically reduced in TLR2/4-deficient mice, confirming an important role of TLR receptor signaling causing the inflammatory lung response. In conclusion, endogenous TNF-alpha is not or minimally elevated and plays no role as a mediator for the inflammatory response upon ischemic tissue injury. By contrast, TLR2/4 signaling induces an orchestrated cytokine/chemokine response leading to local and remote pulmonary inflammation, and therefore disruption of TLR signaling may represent an alternative therapeutic target.
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Effects of thalidomide and pentoxyphylline over local and remote organ injury after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1624-6. [PMID: 20620488 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of thalidomide alone or in combination with pentoxyphylline upon intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty male Wistar rats were randomized into 5 groups: sham-operated (SHAM), control (CTL), thalidomide (400 mg/kg) treatment (THAL), pentoxyphylline (50 mg/kg) treatment and a combination group (THAL + POX). I/R was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 45 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. We measured serum concentrations of aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as well as lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status. Intestinal samples were morphologically analyzed, and dry to wet (W/D) ratios calculated in intestinal, lung and liver samples, as a measurement of tissue edema. RESULTS Serum concentrations of AST, LDH, and TNF-alpha were increased after I/R in the CTL compared with the SHAM group (P < .05). Lipid peroxidation was also increased, and antioxidant capacity in serum, decreased (P < .05). The W/D ratio was elevated in all tissue samples as well (P < .05). Both thalidomide and pentoxyphylline effectively reduced AST, LDH, TNF-alpha, and lipid peroxidation levels, as well as attenuated tissue edema and intestinal injury induced by I/R (P < .05). Combination treatment showed only modest additive effects on lung W/D ratio and TNF-alpha levels. CONCLUSION Both drugs protected the intestine, lungs, and liver against intestinal I/R injury, probably by inhibition of TNF-alpha and lipid peroxidation. However, combination treatment showed small, additive effects.
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Latanich CA, Toledo-Pereyra LH. Searching for NF-kappaB-based treatments of ischemia reperfusion injury. J INVEST SURG 2010; 22:301-15. [PMID: 19842907 DOI: 10.1080/08941930903040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When a tissue becomes ischemic, a host of changes occur at the cellular level that lead to a shift in transcriptional activity of many inflammatory and cytoprotective compounds, a process which is extensively controlled through a family of transcription factors known as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB). This shift in activity paradoxically results in both a cytoprotective effect at the cellular level and upon reperfusion, a generally destructive inflammatory response, a phenomenon referred to as ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. To date, a number of methods of modifying the activity of NF-kappaB through either physiologic or pharmacologic manipulation have been developed and studied in animal models of IR injury and in some cases in human clinical trials. Nearly every method of NF-kappaB antagonism has demonstrated a discrete protective effect allowing investigators to reduce myocardial infarct sizes by 60% and cerebral infarct sizes by 57% relative to untreated control animals. The problem of IR injury is all too common and represents a discrete threat not only to the tissues directly involved in the ischemic event, but also to distal sites as well as is seen in the evolution of acute respiratory distress and severe inflammatory response syndromes. In the course of this review, the nature of NF-kappaB and its involvement in IR injury is examined along with the efficacy of the various NF-kappaB-based investigational treatment developed to date.
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Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Galuppo M, Cuzzocrea S. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in ileum tight junction alteration in mouse model of restraint stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G488-505. [PMID: 19556362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00023.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Restraint stress induces permeability changes in the small intestine, but little is known about the role of endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) ligand in the defects of the tight junction function. In the present study, we used PPAR-alpha knockout mice to understand the roles of endogenous PPAR-alpha on ileum altered permeability function in models of immobilization stress. The absence of a functional PPAR-alpha gene in PPAR-alpha knockout mice resulted in a significant augmentation of the degree of 1) TNF-alpha production in ileum tissues; 2) the alteration of zonula occludens-1, occludin, and beta-catenin (immunohistochemistry); and 3) apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining, Bax, Bcl-2 expression). Taken together, our results demonstrate that endogenous PPAR-alpha ligands reduce the degree of tight junction permeability in the ileum tissues associated with immobilization stress, suggesting a possible role of endogenous PPAR-alpha ligands on ileum barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mazzon
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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TLR ligand decreases mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion injury-induced gut damage through TNF-alpha signaling. Shock 2009; 30:563-70. [PMID: 18317407 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31816a3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic gut contributes to the development of sepsis and organ failure in critically ill patients. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been reported to mediate the pathophysiology of organ damage following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesize that LPS, a ligand for TLR4, decreases mesenteric I/R injury-induced gut damage through tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) signaling. First, wild-type (WT) mice were fed with oral antibiotics for 4 weeks to deplete the intestinal commensal microflora. At week 3, drinking water was supplemented with LPS (10 microg/microL) to trigger TLRs. The intestinal mucosa was harvested for TLR4 protein, caspase 3 activity, and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase labeling assay. Second, WT and Tnfrsf1a mice received 30-min ischemia and 30-min reperfusion (30I-30R) or 30I-180R of the intestine; intestinal permeability and lipid peroxidation of the intestine were examined. Third, WT and Tnfrsf1a mice were fed with oral antibiotics with or without LPS and received 30I-180R of the intestine. The intestinal mucosa was harvested for lipid peroxidation; glutathione (GSH) level; nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and AP-1 DNA-binding activity; Bcl-w, TNF-alpha, and CXCR2 mRNA expression; and HSP70 protein assay. Commensal depletion increased caspase 3 activity as well as villi apoptosis and decreased TLR4 expression of the intestinal mucosa. LPS increased TLR4 expression and decreased villi apoptosis. Commensal depletion augmented 30I-180R-induced intestine permeability as well as lipid peroxidation and decreased GSH level in WT mice but not in Tnfrsf1a mice. LPS decreased 30I-180R-induced intestinal permeability as well as lipid peroxidation and increased GSH level of the intestinal mucosa in WT mice but not in Tnfrsf1a mice. Commensal depletion with 30I-180R increased NF-kappaB and AP-1 DNA-binding activity, HSP70 protein expression, and decreased Bcl-w and TNF-alpha mRNA expression of the intestinal mucosa in WT mice but not in Tnfrsf1a mice. Collectively, commensal microflora induces TLR4 expression and decreases apoptosis of the intestinal mucosa. Commensal depletion enhances I/R-induced gut damage. LPS prevents I/R-induced intestinal permeability, lipid peroxidation, and decrease in GSH level. Given that the preventive effect of LPS on I/R-induced gut damage and NF-kappaB activity of the intestine is abolished in Tnfrsf1a mice, we conclude that TLR ligand decreases mesenteric I/R injury-induced gut damage through TNF-alpha signaling.
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Utilization of donors who have suffered cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation in intestinal transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 86:941-6. [PMID: 18852660 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181852f9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a person destined to become an organ donor has been associated with overall poor donor quality, especially for the intestinal donor, as splanchnic vasoconstriction that is intended to preserve coronary and cerebral blood flow may result in clinically relevant intestinal ischemia. Outcomes of recipients who receive intestine grafts that have suffered CPR are unknown. We sought to analyze our clinical experience in using intestinal grafts from donors who suffered cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation and to evaluate the outcome of recipients of organs coming from resuscitated donors when compared with recipients of nonresuscitated donors. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the donor and recipient charts of all of our intestinal transplants with regard to the performance of donor CPR. RESULTS Sixty-seven intestinal transplants were performed in 65 patients from November 2003 to December 2007. Twelve donors (18%) were identified as having suffered cardiac arrest and subsequent CPR. Mean duration of CPR was 19.3+/-12.7 min. Terminal laboratory profiles of CPR donors and non-CPR donors were similar. Of the 12 resuscitated grafts, two were used for multivisceral, one for a modified multivisceral, seven for liver-intestine, and two for isolated intestinal transplant. There were no significant differences in outcome parameters such as operative time, blood use, ventilation days, length of stay, time to enteral independence, rejection, enteric bacteremia, and survival between the 12 resuscitated grafts and the 55 nonresuscitated grafts. CONCLUSION A donor history of cardiac arrest should not automatically exclude the use of the intestine graft for transplantation.
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Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Esposito E, Crisafulli C, Bramanti P, Salvemini D. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Fumonisin B1, an Inhibitor of Ceramide Synthase, in a Rodent Model of Splanchnic Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:45-57. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.139808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mazzon E, Cuzzocrea S. Role of TNF-alpha in ileum tight junction alteration in mouse model of restraint stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G1268-80. [PMID: 18308862 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00014.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Restraint stress induces permeability changes in the small intestine, but little is known about the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the defects of the TJ function. In the present study, we used tumor necrosis factor-R1 knockout mice (TNF-alpha-R1KO) to understand the roles of TNF-alpha on ileum altered permeability function in models of immobilization stress. The genetic TNF-alpha inhibition significantly reduced the degree of 1) TNF-alpha production in ileum tissues; 2) the alteration of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-2, claudin-4, claudin-5, and beta-catenin (immunohistochemistry); and 3) apoptosis (TUNEL staining, Bax, Bcl-2 expression). Taken together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of TNF-alpha reduces the tight junction permeability in the ileum tissues associated with immobilization stress, suggesting a possible role of TNF-alpha on ileum barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mazzon
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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