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Fotino C, Molano RD, Ben Nasr M, Umland O, Fraker CA, Ulissi U, Balasubramanian HB, Lunati ME, Usuelli V, Seelam AJ, Khalefa SA, La Sala C, Gimeno J, Mendez AJ, Ricordi C, Bayer AL, Fiorina P, Pileggi A. Reversal of Experimental Autoimmune Diabetes With an sCD39/Anti-CD3 Treatment. Diabetes 2023; 72:1641-1651. [PMID: 37625134 PMCID: PMC10588287 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular (e)ATP, a potent proinflammatory molecule, is released by dying/damaged cells at the site of inflammation and is degraded by the membrane ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. In this study, we sought to unveil the role of eATP degradation in autoimmune diabetes. We then assessed the effect of soluble CD39 (sCD39) administration in prevention and reversal studies in NOD mice as well as in mechanistic studies. Our data showed that eATP levels were increased in hyperglycemic NOD mice compared with prediabetic NOD mice. CD39 and CD73 were found expressed by both α- and β-cells and by different subsets of T cells. Importantly, prediabetic NOD mice displayed increased frequencies of CD3+CD73+CD39+ cells within their pancreata, pancreatic lymph nodes, and spleens. The administration of sCD39 into prediabetic NOD mice reduced their eATP levels, abrogated the proliferation of CD4+- and CD8+-autoreactive T cells, and increased the frequency of regulatory T cells, while delaying the onset of T1D. Notably, concomitant administration of sCD39 and anti-CD3 showed a strong synergism in restoring normoglycemia in newly hyperglycemic NOD mice compared with monotherapy with anti-CD3 or with sCD39. The eATP/CD39 pathway plays an important role in the onset of T1D, and its targeting might represent a potential therapeutic strategy in T1D. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fotino
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - R. Damaris Molano
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Oliver Umland
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ulisse Ulissi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Hari Baskar Balasubramanian
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Lunati
- Division of Endocrinology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salma Ayman Khalefa
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian La Sala
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Jennifer Gimeno
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Armando J. Mendez
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Allison L. Bayer
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Pileggi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Division of Cellular Transplantation, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Morita M, Mizui M, Masuyama S, Tsokos GC, Isaka Y. Reduction of Cell Surface T-Cell Receptor by Non-Mitogenic CD3 Antibody to Mitigate Murine Lupus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855812. [PMID: 35419004 PMCID: PMC8995471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells are critically involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Although treatment with the anti-CD3 antibody has been reported to be effective in several autoimmune disease animal models including lupus, the immunosuppressive mechanisms remain obscure because of its pleiotropic in vivo kinetics. In this study, a conventional anti-CD3 (2C11C) and a non-mitogenic anti-CD3 with a manipulated Fc region (2C11S) were compared to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. The efficacy and safety of 2C11S in vivo were demonstrated by sustained TCR reduction for a longer period as compared to 2C11C and no induction of cytokine release or T-cell depletion. Anti-CD3s were administered to NZB/W F1 (BWF1) mice at different time points for individual periods. The short-term treatment with 2C11S in the early phase of lupus suppressed the autoantibody associated with the reduction of germinal center B-cells. Treatment in the late phase attenuated lupus nephritis without affecting autoantibodies or differentiation of effector T-cells. The effect of reduced TCR in the development of autoimmunity was examined by CD3ζ heterozygous-deficient mice, in which T-cells had reduced TCR intensity but showed normal TCR signaling response. Autoantibody and lupus nephritis were attenuated significantly in CD3ζ heterozygous-deficient lupus-prone mice. Collectively, the reduction of surface TCR by non-mitogenic anti-CD3 could sufficiently suppress the development of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morita
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mizui
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Masuyama
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Garg C, khan H, Kaur A, Singh TG, Sharma VK, Singh SK. Therapeutic Implications of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Metabolic Disorders: Novel Target for Effective Treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Heydarpour F, Sajadimajd S, Mirzarazi E, Haratipour P, Joshi T, Farzaei MH, Khan H, Echeverría J. Involvement of TGF-β and Autophagy Pathways in Pathogenesis of Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review on Biological and Pharmacological Insights. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:498758. [PMID: 33041786 PMCID: PMC7522371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.498758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in clinical drugs, diabetes treatment still needs further progress. As such, ongoing research has attempted to determine the precise molecular mechanisms of the disorder. Specifically, evidence supports that several signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the development of diabetes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of diabetes still need to be explored. This study examines exciting new hallmarks for the strict involvement of autophagy and TGF-β signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetes and the design of novel therapeutic strategies. Dysregulated autophagy in pancreatic β cells due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation is associated with diabetes and accompanied by dysregulated autophagy in insulin target tissues and the progression of diabetic complications. Consequently, several therapeutic agents such as adiponectin, ezetimibe, GABA tea, geniposide, liraglutide, guava extract, and vitamin D were shown to inhibit diabetes and its complications through modulation of the autophagy pathway. Another pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, appears to play a part in the progression of diabetes, insulin resistance, and autoimmunity in both type 1 and 2 diabetes and complications in diabetes. Subsequently, drugs that target TGF-β signaling, especially naturally derived ones such as resveratrol, puerarin, curcumin, hesperidin, and silymarin, as well as Propolis, Lycopus lucidus, and Momordica charantia extracts, may become promising alternatives to current drugs in diabetes treatment. This review provides keen insights into novel therapeutic strategies for the medical care of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soraya Sajadimajd
- Departament of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Mirzarazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Haratipour
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Park JH, Park HJ, Lee SE, Kim YS, Jang GY, Han HD, Jung ID, Shin KC, Bae YM, Kang TH, Park YM. Repositioning of the antipsychotic drug TFP for sepsis treatment. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:647-658. [PMID: 30848296 PMCID: PMC6488556 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Sepsis is a disease responsible for the death of almost all critical patients. Once infected by virus or bacteria, patients can die due to systemic inflammation within a short period of time. Cytokine storm plays an essential role in causing organ dysfunction and septic shock. Thus, inhibition of cytokine secretion is considered very important in sepsis therapy. In this study, we found that TFP, an antipsychotic drug mainly used to treat schizophrenia by suppressing dopamine secretion, inhibited cytokine release from activated immune cells both in vitro and in vivo. Trifluoperazine (TFP) decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines without altering their transcription level. In LPS-induced endotoxemia and cecal content injection (CCI) models, TFP intraperitoneal administration improved survival rate. Thus, TFP was considered to inhibit the secretion of proteins through a mechanism similar to that of W7, a calmodulin inhibitor. Finally, we confirmed that TFP treatment relieved organ damage by estimating the concentrations of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the serum. Our findings were regarded as a new discovery of the function of TFP in treating sepsis patients. Key messages • TFP inhibits LPS-induced activation of DCs by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine. • Treatment of TFP increases survival of LPS-induced endotoxemia and CCI sepsis models. • TFP exerted a protective effect against tissue or organ damage in animal models. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-019-01762-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Young Seob Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Gun-Young Jang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Young Min Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea.
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju, 27478, South Korea.
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6
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Zhang ZD, Li H, Wan F, Su XY, Lu Y, Chen DF, Zhang YY. Polysaccharides extracted from the roots of Bupleurum chinense DC modulates macrophage functions. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:889-898. [PMID: 29329645 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of polysaccharides extracted from Bupleurum chinense DC (BCPs) on macrophage functions. In the in vivo experiment, 1 mL of 5% sodium thioglycollate was injected into the abdomen of the mice on Day 0 and macrophages were harvested on Day 4. The macrophages were cultured in plates and treated with different concentrations of BCPs and stimulus. Effects of BCPs on macrophage functions were assessed by chemotaxis assay, phagocytosis assay and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Our results showed the enhanced chemotaxis, phagocytosis and secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines by macrophages when treated with BCPs. However, when chemotaxis and phagocytosis were up-regulated by complement components or opsonized particles, BCPs inhibited these effects. Also, the NO production induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was suppressed by BCPs mildly. Moreover, BCPs had an inhibitory effect on the [Ca2+]i elevation of macrophages. These results suggested that BCPs exerted modulatory effects on macrophage functions, which may contribute to developing novel approaches to treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-De Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fen Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dao-Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yun-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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7
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Valle A, Barbagiovanni G, Jofra T, Stabilini A, Perol L, Baeyens A, Anand S, Cagnard N, Gagliani N, Piaggio E, Battaglia M. Heterogeneous CD3 expression levels in differing T cell subsets correlate with the in vivo anti-CD3-mediated T cell modulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2117-27. [PMID: 25646305 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The tolerogenic anti-CD3ε monoclonal Abs (anti-CD3) are promising compounds for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Anti-CD3 administration induces transient T cell depletion both in preclinical and in clinical studies. Notably, the said depletion mainly affects CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, type 1 diabetes reversal in preclinical models is accompanied by the selective expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells, which are fundamental for the long-term maintenance of anti-CD3-mediated tolerance. The mechanisms that lead to this immune-shaping by affecting mainly CD4(+) T effector cells while sparing CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells have still to be fully elucidated. This study shows that CD3 expression levels differ from one T cell subset to another. CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells contain higher amounts of CD3 molecules than do CD4(+)Foxp3(+) and CD8(+) T cells in both mice and humans. The said differences correlate with the anti-CD3-mediated immune resetting that occurs in vivo after anti-CD3 administration in diabetic NOD mice. Additionally, transcriptome analysis demonstrates that CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells are significantly less responsive than are CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells to anti-CD3 treatment at a molecular level. Thus, heterogeneity in CD3 expression seems to confer to the various T cell subsets differing susceptibility to the in vivo tolerogenic anti-CD3-mediated modulation. These data shed new light on the molecular mechanism that underlies anti-CD3-mediated immune resetting and thus may open new opportunities to improve this promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valle
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbagiovanni
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Tatiana Jofra
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Stabilini
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Louis Perol
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7211, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 932, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Baeyens
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7211, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Santosh Anand
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- INSERM Unité 580, 75015 Paris, France; Bioinformatics Platform, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7211, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 932, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 75005 Paris, France; INSERM Center of Clinical Investigation (CBT507 IGR-Curie), 75005 Paris, France; and
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; TrialNet Clinical Center, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Combining MK626, a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, and low-dose monoclonal CD3 antibody for stable remission of new-onset diabetes in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107935. [PMID: 25268801 PMCID: PMC4182446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining immune intervention with therapies that directly influence the functional state of the β-cells is an interesting strategy in type 1 diabetes cure. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors elevate circulating levels of active incretins, which have been reported to enhance insulin secretion and synthesis, can support β-cell survival and possibly stimulate β-cell proliferation and neogenesis. In the current study, we demonstrate that the DPP-4 inhibitor MK626, which has appropriate pharmacokinetics in mice, preceded by a short-course of low-dose anti-CD3 generated durable diabetes remission in new-onset diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Induction of remission involved recovery of β-cell secretory function with resolution of destructive insulitis and preservation of β-cell volume/mass, along with repair of the islet angioarchitecture via SDF-1- and VEGF-dependent actions. Combination therapy temporarily reduced the CD4-to-CD8 distribution in spleen although not in pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLN) and increased the proportion of effector/memory T cells as did anti-CD3 alone. In contrast, only combination therapy amplified Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in PLN and locally in pancreas. These findings open new opportunities for the treatment of new-onset type 1 diabetes by introducing DPP-4 inhibitors in human CD3-directed clinical trials.
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Anti-TCR therapy combined with fingolimod for reversal of diabetic hyperglycemia by β cell regeneration in the LEW.1AR1-iddm rat model of type 1 diabetes. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:743-55. [PMID: 24599515 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The therapeutic capacity of an antibody directed against the T cell receptor (anti-TCR) of the TCR/CD3 complex alone or in combination with fingolimod (FTY720) to reverse the diabetic metabolic state through suppression of autoimmunity and stimulation of β cell regeneration was analyzed in the LEW.1AR1-iddm (IDDM) rat, an animal model of human type 1 diabetes. Animals were treated with anti-TCR (0.5 mg/kg body weight for 5 days) monotherapy or in combination with fingolimod (1 mg/kg body weight for 40 days). Metabolic changes and β cell morphology were analyzed before, immediately after, and 60 days after end of therapy. Both therapies were started early after disease manifestation and led to normoglycemia in parallel with an increase of the C-peptide concentration. Combination therapy increased the β cell mass reaching a range of normoglycemic controls, decreased the apoptosis rate fivefold, and increased the proliferation rate threefold. Additionally, at 60 days after therapy, islets were virtually free of T cells, macrophages, and cytokine expression. In contrast, after anti-TCR monotherapy, β cell mass remained low with an activated immune cell infiltrate. A concomitant fivefold increased β cell apoptosis rate resulted in a complete loss of β cells. Only combination therapy yielded sustained normoglycemia with full reversal of islet infiltration and restoration of pancreatic β cell mass. KEY MESSAGE Combination therapy of anti-TCR and fingolimod was effective in the reversal of T1D. Combination therapy increased the pancreatic β cell mass to normoglycemic control levels. Combination therapy leads to a full reversal of pancreatic islet infiltration. Anti-TCR monotherapy did not abolish islet infiltration. Combination therapy was successful only immediately after diabetes manifestation.
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10
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Li L, Nishio J, van Maurik A, Mathis D, Benoist C. Differential response of regulatory and conventional CD4⁺ lymphocytes to CD3 engagement: clues to a possible mechanism of anti-CD3 action? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:3694-704. [PMID: 23986534 PMCID: PMC3932531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several clinical trials have shown anti-CD3 treatment to be a promising therapy for autoimmune diabetes, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are likely to be involved, but through unknown mechanistic pathways. We profiled the transcriptional consequences in CD4(+) Tregs and conventional T cells (Tconvs) in the first hours and days after anti-CD3 treatment of NOD mice. Anti-CD3 treatment led to a transient transcriptional response, terminating faster than most Ag-induced responses. Most transcripts were similarly induced in Tregs and Tconvs, but several were differential, in particular, those encoding the IL-7R and transcription factors Id2/3 and Gfi1, upregulated in Tregs but repressed in Tconvs. Because IL-7R was a plausible candidate for driving the homeostatic response of Tregs to anti-CD3, we tested its relevance by supplementation of anti-CD3 treatment with IL-7/anti-IL-7 complexes. Although ineffective alone, IL-7 significantly improved the rate of remission induced by anti-CD3. Four anti-human CD3 mAbs exhibited the same differential effect on IL-7R expression in human as in mouse cells, suggesting that the mechanism also underlies therapeutic effect in human cells, and perhaps a rationale for testing a combination of anti-CD3 and IL-7 for the treatment of recent-onset human type 1 diabetes. Thus, systems-level analysis of the response to anti-CD3 in the early phase of the treatment demonstrates different responses in Tregs and Tconvs, and provides new leads to a mechanistic understanding of its mechanism of action in reverting recent-onset diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junko Nishio
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - André van Maurik
- Immuno Inflammation, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Grant CW, Moran-Paul CM, Duclos SK, Guberski DL, Arreaza-Rubín G, Spain LM. Testing agents for prevention or reversal of type 1 diabetes in rodents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72989. [PMID: 24023664 PMCID: PMC3758263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of an independent laboratory's tests of novel agents to prevent or reverse type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, BioBreeding diabetes prone (BBDP) rat, and multiple autoimmune disease prone (MAD) rat models. Methods were developed to better mimic human clinical trials, including: prescreening, randomization, blinding, and improved glycemic care of the animals. Agents were suggested by the research community in an open call for proposals, and selected for testing by an NIDDK appointed independent review panel. Agents selected for testing to prevent diabetes at later stages of progression in a rodent model were a STAT4 antagonist (DT22669), alpha1 anti-trypsin (Aralast NP), celastrol (a natural product with anti-inflammatory properties), and a Macrophage Inflammatory Factor inhibitor (ISO-092). Agents tested for reversal of established T1D in rodent models were: alpha1 anti-trypsin (Aralast NP), tolerogenic peptides (Tregitopes), and a long-acting formulation of GLP-1 (PGC-GLP-1). None of these agents were seen to prevent or reverse type 1 diabetes, while the positive control interventions were effective: anti-CD3 treatment provided disease reversal in the NOD mouse, dexamethasone prevented T1D induction in the MAD rat, and cyclosporin prevented T1D in the BBDP rat. For some tested agents, details of previous formulation, delivery, or dosing, as well as laboratory procedure, availability of reagents and experimental design, could have impacted our ability to confirm prior reports of efficacy in preclinical animal models. In addition, the testing protocols utilized here provided detection of effects in a range commonly used in placebo controlled clinical trials (for example, 50% effect size), and thus may have been underpowered to observe more limited effects. That said, we believe the results compiled here, showing good control and repeatability, confirm the feasibility of screening diverse test agents in an independent laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Grant
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Moran-Paul
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shane K. Duclos
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennis L. Guberski
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Arreaza-Rubín
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Spain
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Azzi J, Moore RF, Elyaman W, Mounayar M, El Haddad N, Yang S, Jurewicz M, Takakura A, Petrelli A, Fiorina P, Ruckle T, Abdi R. The novel therapeutic effect of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ inhibitor AS605240 in autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:1509-18. [PMID: 22403300 PMCID: PMC3357271 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains a major health problem worldwide, with a steadily rising incidence yet no cure. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ), a member of a family of lipid kinases expressed primarily in leukocytes, has been the subject of substantial research for its role in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of PI3Kγ inhibition in suppressing autoimmune T1D remains to be explored. We tested the role of the PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240 in preventing and reversing diabetes in NOD mice and assessed the mechanisms by which this inhibition abrogates T1D. Our data indicate that the PI3Kγ pathway is highly activated in T1D. In NOD mice, we found upregulated expression of phosphorylated Akt (PAkt) in splenocytes. Notably, T regulatory cells (Tregs) showed significantly lower expression of PAkt compared with effector T cells. Inhibition of the PI3Kγ pathway by AS605240 efficiently suppressed effector T cells and induced Treg expansion through the cAMP response element-binding pathway. AS605240 effectively prevented and reversed autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice and suppressed T-cell activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines by autoreactive T cells in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate the key role of the PI3Kγ pathway in determining the balance of Tregs and autoreactive cells regulating autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert F. Moore
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marwan Mounayar
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Najib El Haddad
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunmi Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mollie Jurewicz
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ayumi Takakura
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessandra Petrelli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Ruckle
- Therapeutic Area Neurodegenerative Diseases, Merck Serono S.A., Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Reza Abdi,
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Kawamoto K, Pahuja A, Nettles A, Honkanen-Scott M, Bansal-Pakala P. Downregulation of TGF-βRII in T effector cells leads to increased resistance to TGF-β-mediated suppression of autoimmune responses in type I diabetes. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:310-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.664667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Bhatt S, Fung JJ, Lu L, Qian S. Tolerance-inducing strategies in islet transplantation. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:396524. [PMID: 22675353 PMCID: PMC3366204 DOI: 10.1155/2012/396524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation is a promising approach for restoring normoglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients. Current use of immunosuppressive therapies for management of islet transplant recipients can be counterintuitive to islet function and can lead to complications in the long term. The induction of donor-specific tolerance eliminates the dependency on immunosuppression and allows recipients to retain responses to foreign antigens. The mechanisms by which tolerance is achieved involve the deletion of donor-reactive T cells, induction of T-cell anergy, immune deviation, and generation of regulatory T cells. This review will outline the various methods used for inducing donor-specific tolerance in islet transplantation and will highlight the previously unforeseen potential of tissue stromal cells in promoting islet engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantha Bhatt
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John J. Fung
- Department of General Surgery, Transplant Center, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lina Lu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Transplant Center, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shiguang Qian
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Transplant Center, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- *Shiguang Qian:
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15
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Sprangers B, Van der Schueren B, Gillard P, Mathieu C. Otelixizumab in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:1303-16. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD3 antibodies have been demonstrated in both animal and human studies to be able to reverse autoimmune diseases; for example Type 1 diabetes. Not only does treatment with anti-CD3 antibodies result in the removal of pathogenic T cells but evidence suggests that a state of operational tolerance can be induced through the effects on regulatory T cells. The clinical use of anti-CD3 antibodies has been hampered by their safety profile. However, the introduction of humanized, nonmitogenic, aglycosylated anti-CD3 antibodies, such as otelixizumab, and promising results reported in newly-diagnosed patients with Type 1 diabetes, have renewed the interest for these antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sprangers
- Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 811, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine & Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Gillard
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine & Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine & Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Penaranda C, Tang Q, Bluestone JA. Anti-CD3 therapy promotes tolerance by selectively depleting pathogenic cells while preserving regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2015-22. [PMID: 21742976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-CD3 Abs have been used clinically for two decades to reverse steroid-resistant acute graft rejection. In autoimmune diabetes, short course treatment with FcR-nonbinding (FNB) anti-CD3 mAb in mice with recent onset of diabetes induces long-term disease remission. Induction of tolerogenic regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been implicated to be one of the mechanisms of action by FNB anti-CD3 mAb in these settings. In this study, we examined the effect of FNB anti-CD3 mAb treatment on the homeostasis of naive, effector, and regulatory T cells in vivo. Anti-CD3 treatment induced a transient systemic rise in the percentage but not absolute number of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs due to selective depletion of CD4(+)Foxp3(-) conventional T cells. T cell depletion induced by FNB anti-CD3 mAb was independent of the proapoptotic proteins Fas, caspase-3, and Bim and was not inhibited by overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. Tregs were not preferentially expanded and we found no evidence of conversion of conventional T cells into Tregs, suggesting that the pre-existing Tregs are resistant to anti-CD3-induced cell death. Interestingly, expression of the transcription factor Helios, which is expressed by thymus-derived natural Tregs, was increased in Tregs after FNB anti-CD3 mAb treatment, suggesting that the anti-CD3 treatment can alter, and potentially stabilize, Treg function. Taken together, the results suggest that FNB anti-CD3 therapy promotes tolerance by restoring the balance between pathogenic and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Penaranda
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Ke Y, Jiang G, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. Anti-CD3 antibody ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis by inducing both IL-10 and TGF-β dependent regulatory T cells. Clin Immunol 2011; 138:311-20. [PMID: 21256812 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic/recurrent autoimmune (idiopathic) uveitis is difficult to treat and they account for approximately 10% of legal blindness in the Western world. As it has been reported that anti-CD3 antibody can enhance T cell regulatory function, we investigated its effects in vivo on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model for autoimmune uveitis in humans. B10RIII mice immunized with an uveitogenic peptide were treated with the F(ab')(2) fragment of anti-CD3 mAb either before or at clinical disease onset. Evaluation of EAU and cellular responses showed that disease was inhibited and the activation and expansion of pathogenic T cells selectively reduced, whereas functions of Treg in vivo were enhanced. Moreover, mice treated with anti-CD3 mAb were resistant to a second challenge with antigen and thus protected from recurrence of disease. Our results demonstrate that anti-CD3 mAb is a potent inhibitor of autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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18
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Nishio J, Feuerer M, Wong J, Mathis D, Benoist C. Anti-CD3 therapy permits regulatory T cells to surmount T cell receptor-specified peripheral niche constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1879-89. [PMID: 20679403 PMCID: PMC2931163 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with anti-CD3 is a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diabetes, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells may be involved, but the evidence has been conflicting. We investigated this issue in mice derived from the NOD model, which were engineered so that T reg populations were perturbed, or could be manipulated by acute ablation or transfer. The data highlighted the involvement of Foxp3+ cells in anti-CD3 action. Rather than a generic influence on all T reg cells, the therapeutic effect seemed to involve an ∼50–60-fold expansion of previously constrained T reg cell populations; this expansion occurred not through conversion from Foxp3− conventional T (T conv) cells, but from a proliferative expansion. We found that T reg cells are normally constrained by TCR-specific niches in secondary lymphoid organs, and that intraclonal competition restrains their possibility for conversion and expansion in the spleen and lymph nodes, much as niche competition limits their selection in the thymus. The strong perturbations induced by anti-CD3 overcame these niche limitations, in a process dependent on receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nishio
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The identification of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as regulators of immunological self-tolerance has stimulated tremendous interest in the field. Over the past 12 months, new studies have added greatly to our understanding of the role of Tregs in autoimmune disease, details of which are presented here. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, the mechanism of action of Tregs, their antigen specificity and their frequency and function in different autoimmune diseases is explored. Currently available data on the role of transforming growth factor-beta, the reciprocal relationship between Tregs and Th17 cells, Treg markers, and current therapeutic approaches are evaluated. Other regulatory cells, which have been recently identified to play a significant role in autoimmunity, are described. SUMMARY Increasing insights into understanding the complex mechanisms of action of Tregs have already led to exciting therapeutic advances. This review provides an in-depth analysis of recent advances in the field of Tregs in autoimmunity. It highlights targets for future immunomodulatory therapy that may treat and potentially cure autoimmune disease, and it identifies areas for future research.
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Anti-CD3 antibodies modulate anti-factor VIII immune responses in hemophilia A mice after factor VIII plasmid-mediated gene therapy. Blood 2009; 114:4373-82. [PMID: 19770362 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-217315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One major obstacle in gene therapy is the generation of immune responses directed against transgene product. Five consecutive anti-CD3 treatments concomitant with factor VIII (FVIII) plasmid injection prevented the formation of inhibitory antibodies against FVIII and achieved persistent, therapeutic levels of FVIII gene expression in treated hemophilia A mice. Repeated plasmid gene transfer is applicable in tolerized mice without eliciting immune responses. Anti-CD3 treatment significantly depleted both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas increased transforming growth factor-beta levels in plasma and the frequency of both CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the initial few weeks after treatment. Although prior depletion of CD4+CD25+ cells did not abrogate tolerance induction, adoptive transfer of CD4+ cells from tolerized mice at 6 weeks after treatment protected recipient mice from anti-FVIII immune responses. Anti-CD3-treated mice mounted immune responses against both T-dependent and T-independent neo-antigens, indicating that anti-CD3 did not hamper the immune systems in the long term. Concomitant FVIII plasmid + anti-CD3 treatment induced long-term tolerance specific to FVIII via a mechanism involving the increase in transforming growth factor-beta levels and the generation of adaptive FVIII-specific CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells at the periphery. Furthermore, anti-CD3 can reduce the titers of preexisting anti-FVIII inhibitory antibodies in hemophilia A mice.
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Bresson D, Fradkin M, Manenkova Y, Rottembourg D, von Herrath M. Genetic-induced variations in the GAD65 T-cell repertoire governs efficacy of anti-CD3/GAD65 combination therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Mol Ther 2009; 18:307-16. [PMID: 19690518 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance efficacy of forthcoming type 1 diabetes (T1D) clinical trials, combination therapies (CTs) are envisaged. In this study, we showed that efficacy of a CT, using anti-CD3 antibody and glutamic acid decarboxylase of 65 kd (GAD65)-expressing plasmid, to reverse new-onset T1D was dependent upon the genetic background. Synergism between both treatments was only observed in the RIP-LCMV-GP but not in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) or RIP-LCMV-NOD models. Efficacy was associated with an expansion of bystander suppressor regulatory T cells (Tregs) recognizing the C-terminal region of GAD65 and secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In addition, we found that frequency and epitope specificity of GAD65-reactive CD4(+) T cells during antigen priming at diabetes onset and Tregs detected after CT correlated. Consequently, NOD mice harbored significantly lower levels of GAD65-reactive CD4(+) T cells than RIP-LCMV-GP before and after treatment. Our results demonstrate that antigen-specific T cells available at treatment may differ between various major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and genetic backgrounds. These cells play a major role in shaping T-cell responses following antigen-specific immune intervention and determine whether a beneficial Tregs response is generated. Our findings hold important implications to understand and predict the success of antigen-based clinical trials, where responsiveness to immunotherapy might vary from patient to patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bresson
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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22
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Chen G, Han G, Wang J, Wang R, Xu R, Shen B, Qian J, Li Y. Natural killer cells modulate overt autoimmunity to homeostasis in nonobese diabetic mice after anti-CD3 F(ab')2 antibody treatment through secreting transforming growth factor-beta. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1086-94. [PMID: 19644014 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the anti-CD3 antibody has been shown to be a promising candidate for the efficient treatment of overt autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Our previous studies demonstrated that natural killer (NK)T cells and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta were key elements in anti-CD3 F(ab')(2)-mediated re-establishment of glucose homeostasis and restoration of self tolerance to islets in type 1 diabetes. In this report, we further investigate the regulatory pathways involved, especially the cellular source of TGF-beta production. The treatment of new-onset nonobese diabetic mice with anti-CD3 F(ab')(2) resulted in a significant increase in the numbers of NK cells in spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes that secrete TGF-beta. Depletion of this cell population with a specific anti-AsGM1 antibody abrogated anti-CD3 F(ab')(2) therapeutic effects and splenic TGF-beta production. When fractionated from recovered mice after CD3 antibody therapy, these NK cells actively suppressed diabetogenic cell proliferation and prevented the cotransfer of diabetes into nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient mice in a TGF-beta-dependent manner. In addition, the regulatory NKT cells from remitting mice were capable of causing NK cells to exhibit a TGF-beta-producing phenotype by the secretion of the T helper 2 cytokines interleukins 4 and 10. Overall, these data indicate that NK cells are the main source of TGF-beta production after anti-CD3 F(ab')(2) treatment, which are controlled by a population of T helper 2-like NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road No. 27, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Miyara M, Wing K, Sakaguchi S. Therapeutic approaches to allergy and autoimmunity based on FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell activation and expansion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:749-55; quiz 756-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sarangi PP, Kim B, Rouse BT. Non-mitogenic anti-CD3F(ab')2 monoclonal antibody: a novel approach to control herpetic stromal keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:5425-33. [PMID: 18689698 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment with anti-CD3 antibody has been shown to ameliorate and reverse an existing immunopathological condition by inducing tolerance. The purpose of this study is to assess the therapeutic potential of non-Fc receptor (FcR) binding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), CD3F(ab')(2), for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced stromal keratitis (SK). METHODS Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice were ocularly infected with HSV-1 strain RE (HSV-1RE). Infected animals were treated with CD3F(ab')(2). Development of SK starting from day 5 postinfection (p.i.), infiltration of inflammatory cells into the corneas and the generation of the immune response were compared with untreated animals using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, flow cytometry, and ELISA. RESULTS In vivo administration of CD3F(ab')(2) resulted in significant reduction in the severity and incidence of SK in the infected animals compared to untreated counterparts. Infiltration of fewer pathogenic CD4(+) T cells into the cornea, along with a lower percentage of cells that could be induced to express IFN-gamma, occurred with anti-CD3F(ab')(2) treatment. Similar observations were noted in the secondary lymphoid tissues. Additionally, an increase in the frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells was noticed in both cornea and lymphoid tissues of treated animals compared to untreated animals. Treatment with CD3F(ab')(2) also reduced the number of SSIEFARL peptide-specific CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells in the secondary lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, use of this reagent was moderately effective in limiting lesions in mice with established lesions. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results show that non-FcR binding anti-CD3 treatment could be useful in limiting SK lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita P Sarangi
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Chen G, Han G, Wang J, Wang R, Xu R, Shen B, Qian J, Li Y. Induction of active tolerance and involvement of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in anti-CD3 F(ab')2 treatment-reversed new-onset diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:972-9. [PMID: 18349126 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The application of anti-CD3 F(ab')(2) monoclonal antibodies has recently been expanded to treat established autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying their effect remains largely unclear. We report that short-phase administration of anti-CD3 F(ab')(2) antibodies efficiently allowed 80% of new-onset, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice to significantly regain both normoglycemia and pancreatic beta cell-specific autoantigen (ie, glutamic acid decarboxylase and insulin) tolerance, with both effects lasting more than 40 weeks. The responsible mechanism appears to involve the induction and maintenance of a population of immunoregulatory CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells, which were marked by an enhanced Th2 response and secretion of elevated levels of interleukin-10. In vivo neutralization of interleukin-4 and/or interleukin-10 bioactivity abrogated this anti-CD3-mediated effect. Importantly, when the cotransfer of NKT cells from the livers of anti-CD3-treated mice and splenocytes from untreated, acutely diabetic NOD mice was performed in NOD-severe combined immunodeficient mice, the NKT cells were sufficient to either delay or prevent the onset of diabetes compared with controls where only splenocytes were introduced. These data suggest that CD1d-restricted NKT cells may play a critical role in anti-CD3 antibody-induced diabetes remission and the restoration of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road No. 27, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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