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Sagulkoo P, Suratanee A, Plaimas K. Immune-Related Protein Interaction Network in Severe COVID-19 Patients toward the Identification of Key Proteins and Drug Repurposing. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050690. [PMID: 35625619 PMCID: PMC9138873 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still an active global public health issue. Although vaccines and therapeutic options are available, some patients experience severe conditions and need critical care support. Hence, identifying key genes or proteins involved in immune-related severe COVID-19 is necessary to find or develop the targeted therapies. This study proposed a novel construction of an immune-related protein interaction network (IPIN) in severe cases with the use of a network diffusion technique on a human interactome network and transcriptomic data. Enrichment analysis revealed that the IPIN was mainly associated with antiviral, innate immune, apoptosis, cell division, and cell cycle regulation signaling pathways. Twenty-three proteins were identified as key proteins to find associated drugs. Finally, poly (I:C), mitomycin C, decitabine, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, tamoxifen, and curcumin were the potential drugs interacting with the key proteins to heal severe COVID-19. In conclusion, IPIN can be a good representative network for the immune system that integrates the protein interaction network and transcriptomic data. Thus, the key proteins and target drugs in IPIN help to find a new treatment with the use of existing drugs to treat the disease apart from vaccination and conventional antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Sagulkoo
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Apichat Suratanee
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
- Intelligent and Nonlinear Dynamics Innovations Research Center, Science and Technology Research Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Kitiporn Plaimas
- Advance Virtual and Intelligent Computing (AVIC) Center, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Omics Science and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Imanishi T, Saito T. T Cell Co-stimulation and Functional Modulation by Innate Signals. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:200-212. [PMID: 32035763 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), play a pivotal role in the initiation of innate immune responses. Certain PRRs are also expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, where they function to provide co-stimulatory signals for their activation and differentiation. Recently, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was found to be highly expressed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and to modulate T cell function. STING signaling inhibits cell growth and stimulates type I interferon (IFN-I) responses in T cells through reciprocal regulation between T cell receptor (TCR) and STING signals. Here, we propose a model whereby innate signals by TLRs and STING regulate TCR signals and T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Imanishi
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Cell Signaling, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Blanco B, Herrero-Sánchez MC, Rodríguez-Serrano C, Sánchez-Barba M, Del Cañizo MC. Profound blockade of T cell activation requires concomitant inhibition of different class I PI3K isoforms. Immunol Res 2016; 62:175-88. [PMID: 25869396 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PI3K inhibitors have emerged as potential therapeutic tools for a variety of diseases, and thus, a vast array of compounds with specificity for different PI3K isoforms is being developed. Gaining knowledge about the contribution of the different isoforms to PI3K function will allow selecting the most appropriate inhibitor for each pathology. In this study, we have addressed the effect of PI3K inhibitors with specificity for different class I PI3K isoforms on primary human T cell activation. In particular, we have analyzed proliferation, expression of activation and differentiation markers, apoptosis induction, cytokine secretion and Akt phosphorylation in T cells stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies and cultured with either one of these compounds: p110β-specific inhibitor TGX-221, p110δ-specific inhibitor IC-87114, p110γ inhibitor AS-242525 or pan-class I PI3K inhibitor BKM120. Inhibition of any of the isoforms led to an impairment of T cell activation, mainly of cytokine secretion and granzyme B expression. However, only complete blockade of class I PI3K activity with the pan-class I inhibitor effectively abrogated T cell proliferation. These results indicate that these three p110 isoforms (β, δ and γ) take part in T cell activation, but all of them are dispensable for T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Blanco
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca/Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, s/n., 37007, Salamanca, Spain,
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Scott ME, Ma Y, Farhat S, Moscicki AB. Expression of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors predicts HPV16 clearance associated with an E6-directed cell-mediated response. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:2402-8. [PMID: 25346143 PMCID: PMC4355215 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), important in rapid clearance of incident human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, may also be important in shaping the adaptive response to persistent infections. We examined here the association between TLR expression and clearance of HPV16 infections following periods of persistence, using longitudinal TLR measurements and a time-to-clearance analysis, as well as the interaction between TLRs and adaptive, cell-mediated responses involved in clearance. TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 mRNA expression were measured in cervical cytobrush samples by quantitative PCR. Responses to the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins were measured by an interferon-γ immunospot assay. Bivariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the effect of TLRs on HPV16 clearance. Higher expression of TLR3 or TLR7 at an HPV16-positive visit was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) predictor of clearance by the following visit, in both unadjusted and adjusted (for smoking and oral contraceptive use) models. In women with, but not those without, a positive response to E6, higher expression of TLR3 (hazard ratio: 1.2 [95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.39], p = 0.012), TLR7 (1.39 [1.14-1.7], p = 0.001), TLR8 (1.37 [1.11-1.69], p = 0.003), or TLR9 (1.53 [1.13-2.08], p = 0.006) was significantly associated with clearance, revealing an important link between innate and adaptive immunity in the control of HPV infections following periods of persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Scott
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Yifei Ma
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Sepideh Farhat
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Anna-Barbara Moscicki
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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Vingert B, Tamagne M, Habibi A, Pakdaman S, Ripa J, Elayeb R, Galacteros F, Bierling P, Ansart-Pirenne H, Bartolucci P, Noizat-Pirenne F. Phenotypic differences of CD4(+) T cells in response to red blood cell immunization in transfused sickle cell disease patients. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1868-79. [PMID: 25763868 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alloimmunization against red blood cells (RBCs) is the main immunological risk associated with transfusion in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, about 50-70% of SCD patients never get immunized despite frequent transfusion. In murine models, CD4(+) T cells play a key role in RBC alloimmunization. We therefore explored and compared the CD4(+) T-cell phenotypes and functions between a group of SCD patients (n = 11) who never became immunized despite a high transfusion regimen and a group of SCD patients (n = 10) who had become immunized (at least against Kidd antigen b) after a low transfusion regimen. We studied markers of CD4(+) T-cell function, including TLR, that directly control lymphocyte function, and their spontaneous cytokine production. We also tested responders for the cytokine profile in response to Kidd antigen b peptides. Low TLR2/TLR3 expression and, unexpectedly, strong expression of CD40 on CD4(+) T cells were associated with the nonresponder status, whereas spontaneous expression of IL-10 by CD4(+) T cells and weak Tbet expression were associated with the responder status. A Th17 profile was predominant in responders when stimulated by Jb(k) . These findings implicate CD4(+) T cells in alloimmunization in humans and suggest that they may be exploited to differentiate responders from nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Vingert
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France
| | - Marie Tamagne
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France
| | - Anoosha Habibi
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A, Chenevier, Service Maladies Génétiques du Globule Rouge, Créteil, France
| | - Sadaf Pakdaman
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France
| | - Julie Ripa
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France
| | - Rahma Elayeb
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Galacteros
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A, Chenevier, Service Maladies Génétiques du Globule Rouge, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Bierling
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France
| | | | - Pablo Bartolucci
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A, Chenevier, Service Maladies Génétiques du Globule Rouge, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - France Noizat-Pirenne
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
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Komori HK, Hart T, LaMere SA, Chew PV, Salomon DR. Defining CD4 T cell memory by the epigenetic landscape of CpG DNA methylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1565-79. [PMID: 25576597 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells are primed for rapid responses to Ag; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for priming remain incompletely defined. CpG methylation in promoters is an epigenetic modification, which regulates gene transcription. Using targeted bisulfite sequencing, we examined methylation of 2100 genes (56,000 CpGs) mapped by deep sequencing of T cell activation in human naive and memory CD4 T cells. Four hundred sixty-six CpGs (132 genes) displayed differential methylation between naive and memory cells. Twenty-one genes exhibited both differential methylation and gene expression before activation, linking promoter DNA methylation states to gene regulation; 6 of 21 genes encode proteins closely studied in T cells, whereas 15 genes represent novel targets for further study. Eighty-four genes demonstrated differential methylation between memory and naive cells that correlated to differential gene expression following activation, of which 39 exhibited reduced methylation in memory cells coupled with increased gene expression upon activation compared with naive cells. These reveal a class of primed genes more rapidly expressed in memory compared with naive cells and putatively regulated by DNA methylation. These findings define a DNA methylation signature unique to memory CD4 T cells that correlates with activation-induced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyomi Komori
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Traver Hart
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sarah A LaMere
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Pamela V Chew
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel R Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Lin L, Couturier J, Yu X, Medina MA, Kozinetz CA, Lewis DE. Granzyme B secretion by human memory CD4 T cells is less strictly regulated compared to memory CD8 T cells. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:36. [PMID: 25245659 PMCID: PMC4195902 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granzyme B (GrzB) is a serine proteinase expressed by memory T cells and NK cells. Methods to measure GrzB protein usually involve intracellular (flow cytometry) and extracellular (ELISA and ELISpot) assays. CD8 T cells are the main source of GrzB during immunological reactions, but activated CD4 T cells deploy GrzB as well. Because GrzB is an important mediator of cell death, tissue pathology and disease, clarification of differences of GrzB expression and secretion between CD4 and CD8 T cells is important for understanding effector functions of these cells. Results Memory CD4 and memory CD8 T cells were purified from human peripheral blood of healthy donors, and production of GrzB was directly compared between memory CD4 and memory CD8 T cells from the same donors using parallel measurements of flow cytometry (intracellular GrzB), ELISpot (single cell secretion of GrzB), and ELISA (bulk extracellular GrzB). Memory CD8 T cells constitutively stored significantly more GrzB protein (~25%) compared to memory CD4 T cells as determined by flow cytometry (~3%), and this difference remained stable after 24 hrs of activation. However, measurement of extracellular GrzB by ELISA revealed that activated memory CD4 T cells secrete similar amounts of GrzB (~1,000 pg/ml by 1x105 cells/200 μl medium) compared to memory CD8 T cells (~600 pg/ml). Measurement of individual GrzB-secreting cells by ELISpot also indicated that similar numbers of activated memory CD4 (~170/1x105) and memory CD8 (~200/1x105) T cells secreted GrzB. Expression of CD107a further indicated that Grzb is secreted similarly by activated CD4 and CD8 T cells, consistent with the ELISA and ELISpot results. However, memory CD8 T cells expressed and secreted more perforin compared to memory CD4 T cells, suggesting that perforin may be less associated with GrzB function for memory CD4 T cells. Conclusions Although measurement of intracellular GrzB by flow cytometry suggests that a larger proportion of CD8 T cells have higher capacity for GrzB production compared to CD4 T cells, ELISpot and ELISA show that similar numbers of activated CD4 and CD8 T cells secrete similar amounts of GrzB. Secretion of GrzB by activated CD8 T cells may be more tightly controlled compared to CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St,, MSB 2,112, Houston 77030, TX, USA.
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Reynolds JM, Dong C. Toll-like receptor regulation of effector T lymphocyte function. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:511-9. [PMID: 23886621 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The landmark discovery of pattern-recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), furthered our understanding on how the host rapidly responds to invading pathogens. For over a decade now, extensive research has demonstrated the crucial role of multiple TLRs in the detection of a broad range of molecules expressed by microbial pathogens as well as host-derived danger signals. TLR activation is the hallmark of the innate immune response. Recent evidence, however, demonstrates that cells of the adaptive immune response use these innate signaling pathways as well. This review discusses recent findings regarding TLR functionality in T lymphocytes with a specific emphasis on the promotion of T helper cell-dependent inflammation through direct TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Reynolds
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin, Unit 906, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Lundberg AM, Ketelhuth DF, Johansson ME, Gerdes N, Liu S, Yamamoto M, Akira S, Hansson GK. Toll-like receptor 3 and 4 signalling through the TRIF and TRAM adaptors in haematopoietic cells promotes atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:364-73. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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