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Simmons T, Levy D. Modeling the Development of Cellular Exhaustion and Tumor-Immune Stalemate. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:106. [PMID: 37733164 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellular exhaustion in various immune cells develops in response to prolonged stimulation and overactivation during chronic infections and in cancer. Marked by an upregulation of inhibitory receptors and diminished effector functions, exhausted immune cells are unable to fully eradicate the antigen responsible for the overexposure. In cancer settings, this results in a relatively small but constant tumor burden known as a localized tumor-immune stalemate. In recent years, studies have elucidated key aspects of the development and progression of cellular exhaustion and have re-addressed previous misconceptions. Biological publications have also provided insight into the functional capabilities of exhausted cells. Complementing these findings, the model presented here serves as a mathematical framework for the establishment of cellular exhaustion and the development of the localized stalemate against a solid tumor. Analysis of this model indicates that this stalemate is stable and can handle small perturbations. Additionally, model analysis also provides insight into potential targets of future immunotherapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Simmons
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Doron Levy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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2
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Liu C, Liu T, Hu Y, Zeng X, Alimu X, Song S, Lu S, Song Y, Wang P. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 56 Characterizes CTLs and Reflects the Progression of Lung Cancer Patients. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:683-692. [PMID: 37378668 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
CTLs play important roles in host immune responses to tumors. CD4 CTLs are characterized by their ability to secrete cytotoxic effector molecules, such as granzyme B and perforin, and kill target cells in a MHC class II-restricted manner. However, the cell surface markers of CD4 CTLs remain unknown, which hinders their separation and research on their function. In this study, we performed a bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation that revealed that G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) is a cell surface marker that can be used to characterize CD4 CTLs. We found that GPR56 and granzyme B were coexpressed in extremely high levels in human peripheral blood T cells, and that anti-GPR56 stimulation significantly upregulated the expression of granzyme B in both CD4+GPR56+ and CD8+GPR56+ T cells. These findings suggest that GPR56 expression and the GPR56 signaling pathway could contribute directly to the toxic function of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. We also used GPR56 as a biomarker to investigate the clinical significance of CD4 CTLs. GPR56+ T cell levels were increased in patients with lung cancer, and GPR56 expression was significantly correlated with lung cancer progression. A further analysis revealed an increase in exhausted cell states in lung cancer patients because of upregulation of programmed cell death protein 1 expression in GPR56+ T cells. The findings of this study suggest that GPR56 characterizes the cytotoxic states of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianci Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhe Hu
- Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyue Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiayidan Alimu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Songsong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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3
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Jung K, Pawluk MA, Lane M, Nabai L, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Related Skin Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C170-C189. [PMID: 35442832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The predominant function of the skin is to serve as a barrier - to protect against external insults and to prevent water loss. Junctional and structural proteins in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are critical to the integrity of the epidermal barrier as it balances ongoing outward migration, differentiation, and desquamation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. As such, epidermal barrier function is highly susceptible to upsurges of proteolytic activity in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Granzyme B is a serine protease scarce in healthy tissues but present at high levels in tissues encumbered by chronic inflammation. Discovered in the 1980s, Granzyme B is currently recognized for its intracellular roles in immune cell-mediated targeted apoptosis as well as extracellular roles in inflammation, chronic injuries, tissue remodeling, and processing of cytokines, matrix proteins, and autoantigens. Increasing evidence has emerged in recent years supporting a role for Granzyme B in promoting barrier dysfunction in the epidermis by direct cleavage of barrier proteins and eliciting immunoreactivity. Likewise, Granzyme B contributes to impaired epithelial function of the airways, retina, gut and vessels. In the present review, the role of Granzyme B in cutaneous epithelial dysfunction is discussed in the context of specific conditions with an overview of underlying mechanisms as well as utility of current experimental and therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan A Pawluk
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Lane
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Layla Nabai
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Temizkan MC, Sonmez G. Are owned dogs or stray dogs more prepared to diseases? A comparative study of immune system gene expression of perforin and granzymes. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35238799 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stray dogs are inevitably exposed to more infections than owned dogs living indoor. However, no studies have investigated whether the immune system gene expression differs between owned dogs kept in better care conditions and stray dogs living outside. To investigate this, blood samples were taken from 90 dogs (45 owned and 45 stray dogs) that were checked and confirmed as healthy. By using qPCR, the amples were analyzed for the expression of the perforin, granzyme A and granzyme B genes, which are associated with the activation of apoptotic pathways in the immune system. We found that the perforin and granzyme A gene expression levels were higher in stray dogs although the differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, a 2.81 times higher and a notable difference (P < 0.001) was found in the expression level of granzyme B gene in stray dogs. These results indicate that the immune system in stray dogs might be more prepared for diseases than that of the owned dogs and the granzyme B gene plays a more dominant role in the immune response than granzyme A and perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonca Sonmez
- 2 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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5
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Zhang G, Zheng G, Jiang F, Wu T, Wu L. Granzyme B and perforin produced by SEC2 mutant-activated human CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells induce apoptosis of K562 leukemic cells by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:284-290. [PMID: 34492245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2), a classical representative of superantigens, activates T cells that produce massive cytokines. This characteristic makes SEC2 a promising candidate drug for cancer immunotherapy. Previous study showed that ST-4, a SEC2 mutant, enhanced recognition of mouse T-cell receptor Vβ regions, and activated the increased number of T cells that produced more cytokines. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and antitumor effect on human tumor cells remains unknown. Herein, we showed that ST-4 significantly activated TCR Vβ 12, 13A, 14, 15, 17, and 20 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which produced substantial amounts of granzyme B and perforin. These cytokines exhibited antitumor effect on K562 cells by promoting apoptosis and inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest. Conversely, the granzyme B inhibitor or perforin inhibitor significantly weakened antitumor effect of ST-4, accompanied by a decrease of cleaved proapoptotic BAX and cytochrome c, and an increase of antiapoptotic BCL2. Taken together, these data suggest that granzyme B and perforin produced by ST-4-activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role in inducing K562 cell apoptosis by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and support ST-4 as a potential candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Zheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Shenhe District, 110042 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengli Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhao Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Hagn M, Jahrsdörfer B. Why do human B cells secrete granzyme B? Insights into a novel B-cell differentiation pathway. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1368-1375. [PMID: 23243600 PMCID: PMC3518509 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are generally believed to operate as producers of high affinity antibodies to defend the body against microorganisms, whereas cellular cytotoxicity is considered as an exclusive prerogative of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In conflict with this dogma, recent studies have demonstrated that the combination of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation enables B cells to produce and secrete the active form of the cytotoxic serine protease granzyme B (GrB). Although the production of GrB by B cells is not accompanied by that of perforin as in the case of many other GrB-secreting cells, recent findings suggest GrB secretion by B cells may play a significant role in early antiviral immune responses, in the regulation of autoimmune responses, and in cancer immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss in detail how GrB-secreting B cells may influence a variety of immune processes. A better understanding of the role that GrB-secreting B cells are playing in the immune system may allow for the development and improvement of novel immunotherapeutic approaches against infectious, autoimmune and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne, Australia
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Li M, Guo W, Dong Y, Wang X, Dai D, Liu X, Wu Y, Li M, Zhang W, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Lin L, Kang Z, Yu T, Tian C, Qin R, Gui Y, Jiang F, Fan H, Heissmeyer V, Sarapultsev A, Wang L, Luo S, Hu D. Elevated Exhaustion Levels of NK and CD8 + T Cells as Indicators for Progression and Prognosis of COVID-19 Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580237. [PMID: 33154753 PMCID: PMC7591707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a global threat to public health. The immune system is crucial in defending and eliminating the virus and infected cells. However, immune dysregulation may result in the rapid progression of COVID-19. Here, we evaluated the subsets, phenotypic and functional characteristics of natural killer (NK) and T cells in patients with COVID-19 and their associations with disease severity. Methods Demographic and clinical data of COVID-19 patients enrolled in Wuhan Union Hospital from February 25 to February 27, 2020, were collected and analyzed. The phenotypic and functional characteristics of NK cells and T cells subsets in circulating blood and serum levels of cytokines were analyzed via flow cytometry. Then the LASSO logistic regression model was employed to predict risk factors for the severity of COVID-19. Results The counts and percentages of NK cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NKT cells were significantly reduced in patients with severe symptoms. The cytotoxic CD3-CD56dimCD16+ cell population significantly decreased, while the CD3-CD56dimCD16- part significantly increased in severe COVID-19 patients. More importantly, elevated expression of regulatory molecules, such as CD244 and programmed death-1 (PD-1), on NK cells and T cells, as well as decreased serum cytotoxic effector molecules including perforin and granzyme A, were detected in patients with COVID-19. The serum IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were significantly increased in severe patients. Moreover, the CD3-CD56dimCD16- cells were screened out as an influential factor in severe cases by LASSO logistic regression. Conclusions The functional exhaustion and other subset alteration of NK and T cells may contribute to the progression and improve the prognosis of COVID-19. Surveillance of lymphocyte subsets may in the future enable early screening for signs of critical illness and understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weina Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Dong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Die Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-Imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiquan Wu
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Kang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Tian
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjie Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gui
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Granzyme B PET Imaging of the Innate Immune Response. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25133102. [PMID: 32646038 PMCID: PMC7411671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The human immune system is a complex system which protects against invaders and maintains tissue homeostasis. It is broadly divided into the innate and adaptive branches. Granzyme B is serine protease that plays an important role in both and can serve as a biomarker for cellular activation. Because of this, a granzyme B PET agent (GZP) has recently been developed and has been shown to be able to monitor response to immunotherapy. Here, we evaluated the utility of granzyme B PET imaging to assess the innate immune response. We subcutaneously administered LPS to mice to induce inflammation and performed granzyme B PET imaging after 24 and 120 h. We dissected out tissue in the region of injection and performed granzyme B immunofluorescence (IF) to confirm specificity of the GZP radiotracer. Granzyme B PET imaging demonstrated increased uptake in the region of LPS injection after 24 h, which normalized at 120 h. Granzyme B immunofluorescence showed specific staining in tissue from the 24 h time point compared to the PBS-injected control. These findings support the use of granzyme B PET for imaging innate immunity. In certain clinical contexts, the use of GZP PET imaging may be superior to currently available agents, and we therefore suggest further preclinical studies with the ultimate goal of translation to clinical use.
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Luo YH, Li JQ, Zhang Y, Wang JR, Xu WT, Zhang Y, Feng YC, Li SZ, Jin CH. Quinalizarin induces cycle arrest and apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathways in human melanoma A375 cells. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:1040-1050. [PMID: 31432559 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quinalizarin, a bioactive and highly selective compound, is known to promote apoptosis in colon and lung cancer cells. However, studies evaluating quinalizarin-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells have not been conducted. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of antimelanoma activity of quinalizarin in human melanoma A375 cells. The MTT assay and Trypan blue staining were used to evaluate the cell viability. The flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot was used to detect the expression of cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins, MAPK, and STAT3. The results revealed a significant dose and time dependent effect of quinalizarin on inhibiting proliferation in three kinds of human melanoma cells, and had no significant toxic effects on normal cells. Moreover, quinalizarin triggered G2/M phase cell arrest by modulating the protein expression levels of CDK 1/2, cyclin A, cyclin B, p21 and p27, and induced apoptosis by down-regulating the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and upregulating the proapoptotic protein BAD, leading to the activation of caspase-3 and PARP in the caspase cascade in A375 cells. Quinalizarin treatment led to apoptosis of A375 cells via activation of MAPK and inhibition of STAT3 signaling pathways. In addition, quinalizarin increased the level of ROS, but ROS scavenger NAC inhibited quinalizarin-induced apoptosis by regulating MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways. In summary, quinalizarin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways in human melanoma A375 cells, and quinalizarin may be used as a novel and effective antimelanoma therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Luo
- Department of Animal Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin-Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia-Ru Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wan-Ting Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu-Chao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- Department of Animal Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of coarse cereals special medical food basic research, National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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10
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Turner CT, Lim D, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in skin inflammation and disease. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:126-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Spetz J, Presser AG, Sarosiek KA. T Cells and Regulated Cell Death: Kill or Be Killed. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:27-71. [PMID: 30635093 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death plays two major complementary roles in T cell biology: mediating the removal of cells that are targeted by T cells and the removal of T cells themselves. T cells serve as major actors in the adaptive immune response and function by selectively killing cells which are infected or dysfunctional. This feature is highly involved during homeostatic maintenance, and is relied upon and modulated in the context of cancer immunotherapy. The vital recognition and elimination of both autoreactive T cells and cells which are unable to recognize threats is a highly selective and regulated process. Moreover, detection of potential threats will result in the activation and expansion of T cells, which on resolution of the immune response will need to be eliminated. The culling of these T cells can be executed via a multitude of cell death pathways which are used in context-specific manners. Failure of these processes may result in an accumulation of misdirected or dysfunctional T cells, leading to complications such as autoimmunity or cancer. This review will focus on the role of cell death regulation in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis, as well as T cell-mediated elimination of infected or dysfunctional cells, and will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the cellular mechanisms which are implicated in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Spetz
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adam G Presser
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Acevedo GR, Girard MC, Gómez KA. The Unsolved Jigsaw Puzzle of the Immune Response in Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1929. [PMID: 30197647 PMCID: PMC6117404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with the different arms of the innate and adaptive host's immune response in a very complex and flowery manner. The history of host-parasite co-evolution has provided this protozoan with means of resisting, escaping or subverting the mechanisms of immunity and establishing a chronic infection. Despite many decades of research on the subject, the infection remains incurable, and the factors that steer chronic Chagas disease from an asymptomatic state to clinical onset are still unclear. As the relationship between T. cruzi and the host immune system is intricate, so is the amount and diversity of scientific knowledge on the matter. Many of the mechanisms of immunity are fairly well understood, but unveiling the factors that lead each of these to success or failure, within the coordinated response as a whole, requires further research. The intention behind this Review is to compile the available information on the different aspects of the immune response, with an emphasis on those phenomena that have been studied and confirmed in the human host. For ease of comprehension, it has been subdivided in sections that cover the main humoral and cell-mediated components involved therein. However, we also intend to underline that these elements are not independent, but function intimately and concertedly. Here, we summarize years of investigation carried out to unravel the puzzling interplay between the host and the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Jaime-Sánchez P, Catalán E, Uranga-Murillo I, Aguiló N, Santiago L, M Lanuza P, de Miguel D, A Arias M, Pardo J. Antigen-specific primed cytotoxic T cells eliminate tumour cells in vivo and prevent tumour development, regardless of the presence of anti-apoptotic mutations conferring drug resistance. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1536-1548. [PMID: 29743559 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T (Tc) cells are the main executors of transformed and cancer cells during cancer immunotherapy. The latest clinical results evidence a high efficacy of novel immunotherapy agents that modulate Tc cell activity against bad prognosis cancers. However, it has not been determined yet whether the efficacy of these treatments can be affected by selection of tumoural cells with mutations in the cell death machinery, known to promote drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Here, using a model of prophylactic tumour vaccination based on the LCMV-gp33 antigen and the mouse EL4 T lymphoma, we analysed the molecular mechanism employed by Tc cells to eliminate cancer cells in vivo and the impact of mutations in the apoptotic machinery on tumour development. First of all, we found that Tc cells, and perf and gzmB are required to efficiently eliminate EL4.gp33 cells after LCMV immunisation during short-term assays (1-4 h), and to prevent tumour development in the long term. Furthermore, we show that antigen-pulsed chemoresistant EL4 cells overexpressing Bcl-XL or a dominant negative form of caspase-3 are specifically eliminated from the peritoneum of infected animals, as fast as parental EL4 cells. Notably, antigen-specific Tc cells control the tumour growth of the mutated cells, as efficiently as in the case of parental cells. Altogether, expression of the anti-apoptotic mutations does not confer any advantage for tumour cells neither in the short-term survival nor in long-term tumour formation. Although the mechanism involved in the elimination of the apoptosis-resistant tumour cells is not completely elucidated, neither necroptosis nor pyroptosis seem to be involved. Our results provide the first experimental proof that chemoresistant cancer cells with mutations in the main cell death pathways are efficiently eliminated by Ag-specific Tc cells in vivo during immunotherapy and, thus, provide the molecular basis to treat chemoresistant cancer cells with CD8 Tc-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jaime-Sánchez
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Catalán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Dept. Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar M Lanuza
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Maykel A Arias
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julián Pardo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Dept. Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Aragon I+D Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain.
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14
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Rogers OC, Anthony L, Rosen DM, Brennen WN, Denmeade SR. PSA-selective activation of cytotoxic human serine proteases within the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic strategy to target prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22436-22450. [PMID: 29854290 PMCID: PMC5976476 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American men. While localized therapy is highly curative, treatments for metastatic prostate cancer are largely palliative. Thus, new innovative therapies are needed to target metastatic tumors. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a chymotrypsin-like protease with a unique substrate specificity that is secreted by both normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. Previous studies demonstrated the presence of high levels (μM-mM) of enzymatically active PSA is present in the extracellular fluid of the prostate cancer microenvironment. Because of this, PSA is an attractive target for a protease activated pro-toxin therapeutic strategy. Because prostate cancers typically grow very slowly, a strategy employing a proliferation-independent cytotoxic payload is preferred. Recently, it was shown that the human protease Granzyme B (GZMB), at low micromolar concentrations in the extracellular space, can cleave an array of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins thus perturbing cell growth, signaling, motility, and integrity. It is also well established that other human proteases such as trypsin can induce similar effects. Because both enzymes require N-terminal proteolytic activation, we propose to convert these proteins into PSA-activated cytotoxins. In this study, we examine the enzymatic and cell targeting parameters of these PSA-activated cytotoxic serine proteases. These pro-enzymes were activated robustly by PSA and induced ECM damage that led to the death of prostate cancer cells in vitro thus supporting the potential use of this strategy as means to target metastatic prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Rogers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lizamma Anthony
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Marc Rosen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Hegedűs C, Kovács K, Polgár Z, Regdon Z, Szabó É, Robaszkiewicz A, Forman HJ, Martner A, Virág L. Redox control of cancer cell destruction. Redox Biol 2018; 16:59-74. [PMID: 29477046 PMCID: PMC5842284 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox regulation has been proposed to control various aspects of carcinogenesis, cancer cell growth, metabolism, migration, invasion, metastasis and cancer vascularization. As cancer has many faces, the role of redox control in different cancers and in the numerous cancer-related processes often point in different directions. In this review, we focus on the redox control mechanisms of tumor cell destruction. The review covers the tumor-intrinsic role of oxidants derived from the reduction of oxygen and nitrogen in the control of tumor cell proliferation as well as the roles of oxidants and antioxidant systems in cancer cell death caused by traditional anticancer weapons (chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy). Emphasis is also put on the role of oxidants and redox status in the outcome following interactions between cancer cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Polgár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Regdon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Campos TM, Costa R, Passos S, Carvalho LP. Cytotoxic activity in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:733-740. [PMID: 29091132 PMCID: PMC5661895 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic disease caused by species of the protozoan Leishmania and characterised by the presence of ulcerated skin lesions. Both parasite and host factors affect the clinical presentation of the disease. The development of skin ulcers in CL is associated with an inflammatory response mediated by cells that control parasite growth but also contribute to pathogenesis. CD8+ T cells contribute to deleterious inflammatory responses in patients with CL through cytotoxic mechanisms. In addition, natural killer cells also limit Leishmania infections by production of interferon-γ and cytotoxicity. In this review, we focus on studies of cytotoxicity in CL and its contribution to the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís M Campos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Rúbia Costa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Sara Passos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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17
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Mangan MS, Melo-Silva CR, Luu J, Bird CH, Koskinen A, Rizzitelli A, Prakash M, Scarff KL, Müllbacher A, Regner M, Bird PI. A pro-survival role for the intracellular granzyme B inhibitor Serpinb9 in natural killer cells during poxvirus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:884-894. [PMID: 28722018 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular serpins are proposed to inactivate proteases released from lysosome-related organelles into the host cell interior, preventing cell death. Serpinb9 opposes the immune cytotoxic protease, granzyme B, and in a number of settings protects cells against granzyme B-mediated cell death. Using a knockout mouse line engineered to express green fluorescent protein under the serpbinb9 promoter, we demonstrate that serpinb9 is vital for host survival during Ectromelia virus infection by maintaining both mature natural killer NK) cells, and activated CD8+ T cells. Serpinb9 expression parallels granzyme B expression within both populations during infection. Maturing serpinb9-null NK cells exhibit higher levels of granzyme B-mediated apoptosis during infection; hence there are fewer mature NK cells, and these cells also have lower cytotoxic potential. Thus the serpinb9-granzyme B axis is important for homeostasis of both major cytotoxic effector cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Mangan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jennii Luu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherina H Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aulikki Koskinen
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rizzitelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina L Scarff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arno Müllbacher
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Molloy CT, Andonian JS, Seltzer HM, Procario MC, Watson ME, Weinberg JB. Contributions of CD8 T cells to the pathogenesis of mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection. Virology 2017; 507:64-74. [PMID: 28410483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells are key components of the immune response to viruses, but their roles in the pathogenesis of adenovirus respiratory infection have not been characterized. We used mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) to define CD8 T cell contributions to the pathogenesis of adenovirus respiratory infection. CD8 T cell deficiency in β2m-/- mice had no effect on peak viral replication in lungs, but clearance of virus was delayed in β2m-/- mice. Virus-induced weight loss and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total protein, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, CCL2, and CCL5 concentrations were less in β2m-/- mice than in controls. CD8 T cell depletion had similar effects on virus clearance, weight loss, and inflammation. Deficiency of IFN-γ or perforin had no effect on viral replication or inflammation, but perforin-deficient mice were partially protected from weight loss. CD8 T cells promote MAV-1-induced pulmonary inflammation via a mechanism that is independent of direct antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn T Molloy
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Harrison M Seltzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan C Procario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael E Watson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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19
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Elgizouli M, Logan C, Grychtol R, Rothenbacher D, Nieters A, Heinzmann A. Reduced PRF1 enhancer methylation in children with a history of severe RSV bronchiolitis in infancy: an association study. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:65. [PMID: 28253869 PMCID: PMC5335730 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lower respiratory tract infection is the commonest disease affecting children under five worldwide. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the most common causative pathogens. Epidemiological data suggest an association between severe viral respiratory infections in infancy and increased incidence of childhood wheeze and asthma. DNA methylation is involved in immune cell differentiation and identity. It provides an avenue for environmental influences on the genome and therefore has potential as a marker for sustained effects of infectious insults. In this study we investigated the association between DNA methylation patterns in the perforin gene (PRF1) in childhood and a history of hospitalisation for severe RSV disease in the first two years of life. Methods In this retrospective study, we explored patterns of whole blood DNA methylation at a methylation sensitive region of the proximal PRF1 enhancer in a group of children with a record of hospitalisation for severe RSV disease during infancy (n = 43) compared to healthy controls matched for age and sex with no similar hospitalisation history, no allergy and no persistent wheeze (n = 43). Univariate and bivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were conducted to test the association between PRF1 enhancer methylation and record of hospitalisation for RSV disease. Results Children with a record of hospitalisation for severe RSV bronchiolitis demonstrated markedly lower levels of DNA methylation at two cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) loci of the PRF1 proximal enhancer, corresponding to a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) responsive element, compared to controls, adjusted odds ratios of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71, 0.94) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.58, 0.92) for each 1% increase in DNA methylation. Smoking in the household showed a significant influence on DNA methylation at the assayed positions. Conclusions Our findings support an association between childhood DNA methylation patterns in PRF1 and a record of severe RSV infection in infancy. Longitudinal studies are required to establish the utility of PRF1 methylation as a marker of severe RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdeldin Elgizouli
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115 4, Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
| | - Chad Logan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ruth Grychtol
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115 4, Freiburg, D-79106, Germany.
| | - Andrea Heinzmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Zhang G, Xu M, Zhang H, Song Y, Wang J, Zhang C. Up-regulation of granzyme B and perforin by staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 mutant induces enhanced cytotoxicity in Hepa1–6 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fatehchand K, McMichael EL, Reader BF, Fang H, Santhanam R, Gautam S, Elavazhagan S, Mehta P, Buteyn NJ, Merchand-Reyes G, Vasu S, Mo X, Benson DM, Blachly JS, Carson WE, Byrd JC, Butchar JP, Tridandapani S. Interferon-γ Promotes Antibody-mediated Fratricide of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25656-25666. [PMID: 27780867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the proliferation of immature myeloid lineage blasts. Due to its heterogeneity and to the high rate of acquired drug resistance and relapse, new treatment strategies are needed. Here, we demonstrate that IFNγ promotes AML blasts to act as effector cells within the context of antibody therapy. Treatment with IFNγ drove AML blasts toward a more differentiated state, wherein they showed increased expression of the M1-related markers HLA-DR and CD86, as well as of FcγRI, which mediates effector responses to therapeutic antibodies. Importantly, IFNγ was able to up-regulate CD38, the target of the therapeutic antibody daratumumab. Because the antigen (CD38) and effector receptor (FcγRI) were both simultaneously up-regulated on the AML blasts, we tested whether IFNγ treatment of the AML cell lines THP-1 and MV4-11 could stimulate them to target one another after the addition of daratumumab. Results showed that IFNγ significantly increased daratumumab-mediated cytotoxicity, as measured both by 51Cr release and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. We also found that the combination of IFNγ and activation of FcγR led to the release of granzyme B by AML cells. Finally, using a murine NSG model of subcutaneous AML, we found that treatment with IFNγ plus daratumumab significantly attenuated tumor growth. Taken together, these studies show a novel mechanism of daratumumab-mediated killing and a possible new therapeutic strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin Fatehchand
- From the Medical Scientist Training Program.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program.,Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | | | - William E Carson
- From the Medical Scientist Training Program.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program.,Department of Internal Medicine
| | - John C Byrd
- From the Medical Scientist Training Program.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program.,Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Susheela Tridandapani
- From the Medical Scientist Training Program, .,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program.,Department of Internal Medicine.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, and
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Frenkel D, Zhang F, Guirnalda P, Haynes C, Bockstal V, Radwanska M, Magez S, Black SJ. Trypanosoma brucei Co-opts NK Cells to Kill Splenic B2 B Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005733. [PMID: 27403737 PMCID: PMC4942092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After infection with T. brucei AnTat 1.1, C57BL/6 mice lost splenic B2 B cells and lymphoid follicles, developed poor parasite-specific antibody responses, lost weight, became anemic and died with fulminating parasitemia within 35 days. In contrast, infected C57BL/6 mice lacking the cytotoxic granule pore-forming protein perforin (Prf1-/-) retained splenic B2 B cells and lymphoid follicles, developed high-titer antibody responses against many trypanosome polypeptides, rapidly suppressed parasitemia and did not develop anemia or lose weight for at least 60 days. Several lines of evidence show that T. brucei infection-induced splenic B cell depletion results from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity: i) B2 B cells were depleted from the spleens of infected intact, T cell deficient (TCR-/-) and FcγRIIIa deficient (CD16-/-) C57BL/6 mice excluding a requirement for T cells, NKT cell, or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ii) administration of NK1.1 specific IgG2a (mAb PK136) but not irrelevant IgG2a (myeloma M9144) prevented infection-induced B cell depletion consistent with a requirement for NK cells; iii) splenic NK cells but not T cells or NKT cells degranulated in infected C57BL/6 mice co-incident with B cell depletion evidenced by increased surface expression of CD107a; iv) purified NK cells from naïve C57BL/6 mice killed purified splenic B cells from T. brucei infected but not uninfected mice in vitro indicating acquisition of an NK cell activating phenotype by the post-infection B cells; v) adoptively transferred C57BL/6 NK cells prevented infection-induced B cell population growth in infected Prf1-/- mice consistent with in vivo B cell killing; vi) degranulated NK cells in infected mice had altered gene and differentiation antigen expression and lost cytotoxic activity consistent with functional exhaustion, but increased in number as infection progressed indicating continued generation. We conclude that NK cells in T. brucei infected mice kill B cells, suppress humoral immunity and expedite early mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Frenkel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick Guirnalda
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carole Haynes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Viki Bockstal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Magez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel J. Black
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chesneau M, Michel L, Dugast E, Chenouard A, Baron D, Pallier A, Durand J, Braza F, Guerif P, Laplaud DA, Soulillou JP, Giral M, Degauque N, Chiffoleau E, Brouard S. Tolerant Kidney Transplant Patients Produce B Cells with Regulatory Properties. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2588-98. [PMID: 25644114 PMCID: PMC4587683 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas a B cell-transcriptional profile has been recorded for operationally tolerant kidney graft patients, the role that B cells have in this tolerance has not been reported. In this study, we analyzed the role of B cells from operationally tolerant patients, healthy volunteers, and kidney transplant recipients with stable graft function on T cell suppression. Proliferation, apoptosis, and type I proinflammatory cytokine production by effector CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells were measured after anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation with or without autologous B cells. We report that B cells inhibit CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cell response in a dose-dependent manner. This effect required B cells to interact with T-cell targets and was achieved through a granzyme B (GzmB)-dependent pathway. Tolerant recipients harbored a higher number of B cells expressing GzmB and displaying a plasma cell phenotype. Finally, GzmB(+) B-cell number was dependent on IL-21 production, and B cells from tolerant recipients but not from other patients positively regulated both the number of IL-21(+) T cells and IL-21 production, suggesting a feedback loop in tolerant recipients that increases excessive B cell activation and allows regulation to take place. These data provide insights into the characterization of B cell-mediated immunoregulation in clinical tolerance and show a potential regulatory effect of B cells on effector T cells in blood from patients with operationally tolerant kidney grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chesneau
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and
| | - Laure Michel
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and Institute of Transplantation Urology and Nephrology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Dugast
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Institute of Transplantation Urology and Nephrology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Chenouard
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and
| | - Daniel Baron
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and
| | - Annaïck Pallier
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France
| | - Justine Durand
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and
| | - Faouzi Braza
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and
| | - Pierrick Guerif
- Institute of Transplantation Urology and Nephrology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and Institute of Transplantation Urology and Nephrology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and Institute of Transplantation Urology and Nephrology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Giral
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and Institute of Transplantation Urology and Nephrology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and
| | - Elise Chiffoleau
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Joint Research Unit 1064, French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Nantes, France; Faculty of Medicine, Nantes University, Nantes, France; and Institute of Transplantation Urology and Nephrology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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25
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Lalaoui N, Lindqvist LM, Sandow JJ, Ekert PG. The molecular relationships between apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:63-9. [PMID: 25736836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells are constantly subjected to a vast range of potentially lethal insults, which may activate specific molecular pathways that have evolved to kill the cell. Cell death pathways are defined partly by their morphology, and more specifically by the molecules that regulate and enact them. As these pathways become more thoroughly characterized, interesting molecular links between them have emerged, some still controversial and others hinting at the physiological and pathophysiological roles these death pathways play. We describe specific molecular programs controlling cell death, with a focus on some of the distinct features of the pathways and the molecular links between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Lalaoui
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Lisa M Lindqvist
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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26
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Elavazhagan S, Fatehchand K, Santhanam V, Fang H, Ren L, Gautam S, Reader B, Mo X, Cheney C, Briercheck E, Vasilakos JP, Dietsch GN, Hershberg RM, Caligiuri M, Byrd JC, Butchar JP, Tridandapani S. Granzyme B expression is enhanced in human monocytes by TLR8 agonists and contributes to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2786-95. [PMID: 25667415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
FcγRs are critical mediators of mAb cancer therapies, because they drive cytotoxic processes upon binding of effector cells to opsonized targets. Along with NK cells, monocytes are also known to destroy Ab-coated targets via Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, the precise mechanisms by which monocytes carry out this function have remained elusive. In this article, we show that human monocytes produce the protease granzyme B upon both FcγR and TLR8 activation. Treatment with TLR8 agonists elicited granzyme B and also enhanced FcγR-mediated granzyme B production in an additive fashion. Furthermore, monocyte-mediated ADCC against cetuximab-coated tumor targets was enhanced by TLR8 agonist treatment, and this enhancement of ADCC required granzyme B. Hence we have identified granzyme B as an important mediator of FcγR function in human monocytes and have uncovered another mechanism by which TLR8 agonists may enhance FcγR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Elavazhagan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kavin Fatehchand
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Vikram Santhanam
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Huiqing Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Brenda Reader
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Carolyn Cheney
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Edward Briercheck
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | | | - Michael Caligiuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John C Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jonathan P Butchar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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27
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McCarthy MK, Weinberg JB. The immunoproteasome and viral infection: a complex regulator of inflammation. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:21. [PMID: 25688236 PMCID: PMC4310299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, proper regulation of immune responses is necessary to ensure successful viral clearance with minimal host tissue damage. Proteasomes play a crucial role in the generation of antigenic peptides for presentation on MHC class I molecules, and thus activation of CD8 T cells, as well as activation of the NF-κB pathway. A specialized type of proteasome called the immunoproteasome is constitutively expressed in hematopoietic cells and induced in non-immune cells during viral infection by interferon signaling. The immunoproteasome regulates CD8 T cell responses to many viral epitopes during infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the immunoproteasome may also contribute to regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production, activation of the NF-κB pathway, and management of oxidative stress. Many viruses have mechanisms of interfering with immunoproteasome function, including prevention of transcriptional upregulation of immunoproteasome components as well as direct interaction of viral proteins with immunoproteasome subunits. A better understanding of the role of the immunoproteasome in different cell types, tissues, and hosts has the potential to improve vaccine design and facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Catalán E, Jaime-Sánchez P, Aguiló N, Simon MM, Froelich CJ, Pardo J. Mouse cytotoxic T cell-derived granzyme B activates the mitochondrial cell death pathway in a Bim-dependent fashion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6868-77. [PMID: 25605735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.631564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) use perforin and granzyme B (gzmB) to kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Recent evidence suggests that human gzmB primarily induces apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by either cleaving Bid or activating Bim leading to the activation of Bak/Bax and subsequent generation of active caspase-3. In contrast, mouse gzmB is thought to predominantly induce apoptosis by directly processing pro-caspase-3. However, in certain mouse cell types gzmB-mediated apoptosis mainly occurs via the mitochondrial pathway. To investigate whether Bim is involved under the latter conditions, we have now employed ex vivo virus-immune mouse Tc that selectively kill by using perforin and gzmB (gzmB(+)Tc) as effector cells and wild type as well as Bim- or Bak/Bax-deficient spontaneously (3T9) or virus-(SV40) transformed mouse embryonic fibroblast cells as targets. We show that gzmB(+)Tc-mediated apoptosis (phosphatidylserine translocation, mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation) was severely reduced in 3T9 cells lacking either Bim or both Bak and Bax. This outcome was related to the ability of Tc cells to induce the degradation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL, the anti-apoptotic counterparts of Bim. In contrast, gzmB(+)Tc-mediated apoptosis was not affected in SV40-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblast cells lacking Bak/Bax. The data provide evidence that Bim participates in mouse gzmB(+)Tc-mediated apoptosis of certain targets by activating the mitochondrial pathway and suggest that the mode of cell death depends on the target cell. Our results suggest that the various molecular events leading to transformation and/or immortalization of cells have an impact on their relative resistance to the multiple gzmB(+)Tc-induced death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Catalán
- From the Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon, IIS Aragon, and
| | - Paula Jaime-Sánchez
- From the Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon, IIS Aragon, and
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Departamento Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Publica, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Markus M Simon
- the Metschnikoff Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Froelich
- the NorthShore University Health Systems Research Institute, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois 60201
| | - Julián Pardo
- From the Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon, IIS Aragon, and Departamento Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Publica, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, the Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain, and the Aragon I+D Foundation, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
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29
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Hagn M, Sutton VR, Trapani JA. A colorimetric assay that specifically measures Granzyme B proteolytic activity: hydrolysis of Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl. J Vis Exp 2014:e52419. [PMID: 25489668 DOI: 10.3791/52419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine protease Granzyme B (GzmB) mediates target cell apoptosis when released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) or natural killer (NK) cells. GzmB is the most studied granzyme in humans and mice and therefore, researchers need specific and reliable tools to study its function and role in pathophysiology. This especially necessitates assays that do not recognize proteases such as caspases or other granzymes that are structurally or functionally related. Here, we apply GzmB's preference for cleavage after aspartic acid residues in a colorimetric assay using the peptide thioester Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl. GzmB is the only mammalian serine protease capable of cleaving this substrate. The substrate is cleaved with similar efficiency by human, mouse and rat GzmB, a property not shared by other commercially available peptide substrates, even some that are advertised as being suitable for this purpose. This protocol is demonstrated using unfractionated lysates from activated NK cells or CTL and is also suitable for recombinant proteases generated in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, provided the correct controls are used. This assay is a highly specific method to ascertain the potential pro-apoptotic activity of cytotoxic molecules in mammalian lymphocytes, and of their recombinant counterparts expressed by a variety of methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre;
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30
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Ding Q, Yang LY. Perforin gene mutations in 77 Chinese patients with lymphomas. World J Emerg Med 2014; 4:128-32. [PMID: 25215106 PMCID: PMC4129835 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Perforin gene (PRF1) mutations have been reported in patients with lymphoma, but the prevalence and characteristics of PRF1 mutation have not been identified in Chinese patients with lymphoma. METHODS: Seventy-seven patients with lymphoma, including 6 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and 71 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, were recruited. DNA samples from peripheral blood were used for PRF1 mutation detection by the PCR-sequencing method. RESULTS: Eleven novel PRF1 mutations were found in 8 of the 77 patients with lymphoma. Biallelic or compound monoallelic missense mutations in 3 patients indicated the severe impairment of perforin function, monoallelic missense mutations in 3 patients possibly contributed a genetic predisposition to malignancies, and synonymous mutations in 2 patients showed unknown significance. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of EBV infection was similar in lymphoma patients with PRF1 mutations and those without the mutations. The same PRF1 mutations were also found in DNA samples from nails or hair follicles from 4 patients with PRF1 mutations, suggesting that these mutations may be of germ-line origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ding
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yun Yang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Armed Police, Beijing, China
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31
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Sun LF, Han B, Wu QQ, Wang GC, Hao HF, Du YH, Zhang Y. The immune injury effects and clinical significance of eosinophils in auto-immune-related hematocytopenia. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2014; 36:128-41. [PMID: 24749926 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.908128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils (EOS) quantity, active state, peroxidase activity (POX), and HLA-DR expression in bone marrow of 176 Auto-Immune-Related Hematocytopenia (AIRH) patients were analyzed. Immunofluorescent staining (IF) is performed to observe the expression of immunizing molecules on EOS. In serum of AIRH patients the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN- γ were increased but there was no significance on IL-2 level. In marrow of AIRH, activated EOS expressed POX, and other molecules, it played various cell-mediated immunity injury roles to hemocyte. EOS might be possessed with multiple immunological fuctions, it playes an important immune effect in AIRH autoimmune pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fei Sun
- a Department of Tumor Research and Treatment Centricity , People's Liberation Army No. 148 Hospital , Zibo , Shandong Province , China
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32
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Spicer JA, Lena G, Lyons DM, Huttunen KM, Miller CK, O'Connor PD, Bull M, Helsby N, Jamieson SMF, Denny WA, Ciccone A, Browne KA, Lopez JA, Rudd-Schmidt J, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Exploration of a series of 5-arylidene-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ones as inhibitors of the cytolytic protein perforin. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9542-55. [PMID: 24195776 PMCID: PMC3865801 DOI: 10.1021/jm401604x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series of novel 5-arylidene-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ones
were
investigated as inhibitors of the lymphocyte-expressed pore-forming
protein perforin. Structure–activity relationships were explored
through variation of an isoindolinone or 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinone
subunit on a fixed 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one/thiophene core. The
ability of the resulting compounds to inhibit the lytic activity of
both isolated perforin protein and perforin delivered in situ by natural
killer cells was determined. A number of compounds showed excellent
activity at concentrations that were nontoxic to the killer cells,
and several were a significant improvement on previous classes of
inhibitors, being substantially more potent and soluble. Representative
examples showed rapid and reversible binding to immobilized mouse
perforin at low concentrations (≤2.5 μM) by surface plasmon
resonance and prevented formation of perforin pores in target cells
despite effective target cell engagement, as determined by calcium
influx studies. Mouse PK studies of two analogues showed T1/2 values of 1.1–1.2 h (dose of 5 mg/kg iv) and
MTDs of 60–80 mg/kg (ip).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Ma J, Trop S, Baer S, Rakhmanaliev E, Arany Z, Dumoulin P, Zhang H, Romano J, Coppens I, Levitsky V, Levitskaya J. Dynamics of the major histocompatibility complex class I processing and presentation pathway in the course of malaria parasite development in human hepatocytes: implications for vaccine development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75321. [PMID: 24086507 PMCID: PMC3783408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of parasite replication exerted by MHC class I restricted CD8+ T-cells in the liver is critical for vaccination-induced protection against malaria. While many intracellular pathogens subvert the MHC class I presentation machinery, its functionality in the course of malaria replication in hepatocytes has not been characterized. Using experimental systems based on specific identification, isolation and analysis of human hepatocytes infected with P. berghei ANKA GFP or P. falciparum 3D7 GFP sporozoites we demonstrated that molecular components of the MHC class I pathway exhibit largely unaltered expression in malaria-infected hepatocytes until very late stages of parasite development. Furthermore, infected cells showed no obvious defects in their capacity to upregulate expression of different molecular components of the MHC class I machinery in response to pro-inflammatory lymphokines or trigger direct activation of allo-specific or peptide-specific human CD8+ T-cells. We further demonstrate that ectopic expression of circumsporozoite protein does not alter expression of critical genes of the MHC class I pathway and its response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we identified supra-cellular structures, which arose at late stages of parasite replication, possessed the characteristic morphology of merosomes and exhibited nearly complete loss of surface MHC class I expression. These data have multiple implications for our understanding of natural T-cell immunity against malaria and may promote development of novel, efficient anti-malaria vaccines overcoming immune escape of the parasite in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Ma
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Trop
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samantha Baer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elian Rakhmanaliev
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zita Arany
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Dumoulin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hao Zhang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia Romano
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jelena Levitskaya
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Contribution of Thy1+ NK cells to protective IFN-γ production during Salmonella typhimurium infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2252-7. [PMID: 23345426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222047110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ is critical for immunity against infections with intracellular pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica. However, which of the many cell types capable of producing IFN-γ controls Salmonella infections remains unclear. Using a mouse model of systemic Salmonella infection, we observed that only a lack of all lymphocytes or CD90 (Thy1)(+) cells, but not the absence of T cells, Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)-γt-dependent lymphocytes, (NK)1.1(+) cells, natural killer T (NKT), and/or B cells alone, replicated the highly susceptible phenotype of IFN-γ-deficient mice to Salmonella infection. A combination of antibody depletions and adoptive transfer experiments revealed that early protective IFN-γ was provided by Thy1-expressing natural killer (NK) cells and that these cells improved antibacterial immunity through the provision of IFN-γ. Further analysis of NK cells producing IFN-γ in response to Salmonella indicated that less mature NK cells were more efficient at mediating antibacterial effector function than terminally differentiated NK cells. Inspired by recent reports of Thy1(+) NK cells contributing to immune memory, we analyzed their role in secondary protection against otherwise lethal WT Salmonella infections. Notably, we observed that a newly generated Salmonella vaccine strain not only conferred superior protection compared with conventional regimens but that this enhanced efficiency of recall immunity was afforded by incorporating CD4(-)CD8(-)Thy1(+) cells into the secondary response. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Thy1-expressing NK cells play an important role in antibacterial immunity.
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35
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Lee SJ, Dunmire S, McSorley SJ. MHC class-I-restricted CD8 T cells play a protective role during primary Salmonella infection. Immunol Lett 2012; 148:138-43. [PMID: 23089550 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity against Salmonella infection is known to require CD4 Th1 cells and B cells, but the role of MHC class-I-restricted CD8 T cells is less clear. Previous studies have suggested that CD8 T cells participate in secondary, but not primary, bacterial clearance. However, these studies have used experimental models that are difficult to interpret and do not clearly isolate the role of MHC class-I-restricted CD8 T cells from other cell populations. Here, we examined the role of class-I-restricted T cells in protection against Salmonella infection using mice lacking all classical MHC class-Ia molecules, perforin, or granzyme B. Immunized K(b)D(b)-, perforin-, granzyme B-, or perforin/granzyme B-deficient mice were able to resolve secondary infection with virulent Salmonella, demonstrating that class-I-restricted CTLs are not required for acquired immunity. However, during primary infection with attenuated bacteria, bacterial clearance was delayed in each of these mouse strains when compared to wild-type mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD8 T cells are not required for acquired immunity to Salmonella, but can play a protective role in resolving primary infection with attenuated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joo Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Sharron M, Hoptay CE, Wiles AA, Garvin LM, Geha M, Benton AS, Nagaraju K, Freishtat RJ. Platelets induce apoptosis during sepsis in a contact-dependent manner that is inhibited by GPIIb/IIIa blockade. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41549. [PMID: 22844498 PMCID: PMC3406039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose End-organ apoptosis is well-described in progressive sepsis and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS), especially where platelets accumulate (e.g. spleen and lung). We previously reported an acute sepsis-induced cytotoxic platelet phenotype expressing serine protease granzyme B. We now aim to define the site(s) of and mechanism(s) by which platelet granzyme B induces end-organ apoptosis in sepsis. Methods End-organ apoptosis in murine sepsis (i.e. polymicrobial peritonitis) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Platelet cytotoxicity was measured by flow cytometry following 90 minute ex vivo co-incubation with healthy murine splenocytes. Sepsis progression was measured via validated preclinical murine sepsis score. Measurements and Main Results There was evident apoptosis in spleen, lung, and kidney sections from septic wild type mice. In contrast, there was a lack of TUNEL staining in spleens and lungs from septic granzyme B null mice and these mice survived longer following induction of sepsis than wild type mice. In co-incubation experiments, physical separation of septic platelets from splenocytes by a semi-permeable membrane reduced splenocyte apoptosis to a rate indistinguishable from negative controls. Chemical separation by the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor eptifibatide decreased apoptosis by 66.6±10.6% (p = 0.008). Mice treated with eptifibatide in vivo survived longer following induction of sepsis than vehicle control mice. Conclusions In sepsis, platelet granzyme B-mediated apoptosis occurs in spleen and lung, and absence of granzyme B slows sepsis progression. This process proceeds in a contact-dependent manner that is inhibited ex vivo and in vivo by the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor eptifibatide. The GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors and other classes of anti-platelet drugs may be protective in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sharron
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Claire E. Hoptay
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Wiles
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Garvin
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Mayya Geha
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Angela S. Benton
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Robert J. Freishtat
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang LF, Wang F, Li JT, Wen WH, Zhao J, Jia LT, Meng YL, Cao YX, Yao LB, Chen SY, Xu YM, Yang AG. Ectopically expressed perforin-1 is proapoptotic in tumor cell lines by increasing caspase-3 activity and the nuclear translocation of cytochrome C. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40639. [PMID: 22829880 PMCID: PMC3400674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin-1 (PRF), a cytotoxic lymphocyte pore-forming protein, plays an important role in the action of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells in that it causes the lysis of abnormal body cells and the elimination of virus-infected cells and tumors. Upon degranulation, PRF inserts itself into the target cell's plasma membrane, forming a pore. The subsequent translocation of pro-apoptotic granzymes (including granzyme B, A, M et al.) into the cytoplasm provides the proteases with access to numerous protein substrates that promote apoptosis after cleavage. These proteases are believed to be the main executioners of target cell apoptosis. Although the PRF and granzyme components are both critical to this process and in some way involved in inducing cell death in target cells, the inhibition of tumor growth could still be efficient in granzyme-deficient mice. It is unclear whether PRF alone can suppress tumors. In this study, we discovered that forced ectopic expression of PRF alone, in the absence of granzymes, could mediate cell death in cancer cells. Notably, transient expression of both full-length and truncated active-form PRF in human Hep G2, SK-BR-3, and HeLa cells was found to induce apparent cell growth inhibition and cell death, as evidenced by chromosome condensation and DNA fragmentation, increased caspase-3 activity, and the release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c from the mitochondria. This PRF-induced cell death could be abrogated by pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD) and mitochondria protector (TAT-BH4). The implication of these results is that ectopically expressed PRF has apoptosis-inducing abilities, and PRF alone is sufficient to induce apoptotic cell death in cells with ectopic expression. Taking this into consideration, our results suggest the possibility of using PRF as a pro-apoptotic gene for tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun-Tang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei-Hong Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin-Tao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan-Ling Meng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yun-Xin Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li-Bo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail: (A-GY); (Y-MX)
| | - An-Gang Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (A-GY); (Y-MX)
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Hagn M, Belz GT, Kallies A, Sutton VR, Thia KY, Tarlinton DM, Hawkins ED, Trapani JA. Activated mouse B cells lack expression of granzyme B. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3886-92. [PMID: 22427643 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that human B cells express and secrete the cytotoxic protease granzyme B (GrB) after stimulation with IL-21 and BCR cross-linking. To date, there are few clues on the function of GrB in B cell biology. As experimental transgenic murine systems should provide insights into these issues, we assayed for GrB in C57BL/6 B cells using an extensive array of physiologically relevant stimuli but were unable to detect either GrB expression or its proteolytic activity, even when Ag-specific transgenic BCRs were engaged. Similar results were also obtained with B cells from DBA/2, CBA, or BALB/c mice. In vivo, infection with either influenza virus or murine γ-herpesvirus induced the expected expression of GrB in CTLs, but not in B cell populations. We also investigated a possible role of GrB on the humoral immune response to the model Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, but GrB-deficient mice produced normal amounts of Ab with typical affinity maturation and a heightened secondary response, demonstrating conclusively the redundancy of GrB for Ab responses. Our results highlight the complex evolutionary differences that have shaped the immune systems of mice and humans. The physiological consequences of GrB expression in human B cells remain unclear, and the current study suggests that experimental mouse models will not be helpful in addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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Phosphorylation of the myosin IIA tailpiece regulates single myosin IIA molecule association with lytic granules to promote NK-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 2012; 118:5862-71. [PMID: 22123909 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-344846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that provide critical defense against virally infected and transformed cells. NK-cell cytotoxicity requires the formation of an F-actin rich immunologic synapse (IS), as well as the polarization of perforin-containing lytic granules to the IS and secretion of their contents at the IS. It was reported previously that NK-cell cytotoxicity requires nonmuscle myosin IIA function and that granule-associated myosin IIA mediates the interaction of granules with F-actin at the IS. In the present study, we evaluate the nature of the association of myosin IIA with lytic granules. Using NK cells from patients with mutations in myosin IIA, we found that the nonhelical tailpiece is required for NK-cell cytotoxicity and for the phosphorylation of granule-associated myosin IIA. Ultra-resolution imaging techniques demonstrated that single myosin IIA molecules associate with NK-cell lytic granules via the nonhelical tailpiece. Phosphorylation of myosin IIA at residue serine 1943 (S1943) in the tailpiece is needed for this linkage. This defines a novel mechanism for myosin II function, in which myosin IIA can act as a single-molecule actin motor, claiming granules as cargo through tail-dependent phosphorylation for the execution of a pre-final step in human NK-cell cytotoxicity.
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40
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Chen YH, Kuo ML, Cheng PJ, Hsaio HS, Lee PT, Lin SJ. Regulation of CD28 expression on umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood CD8+ T cells by interleukin(IL)-15/IL-21. Cytokine 2012; 58:40-6. [PMID: 22261234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21, both belonging to common γ-chain-signaling cytokine family, have an important role to maintain homeostatic proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. CD28, an essential co-stimulatory molecule on T cells, may be a marker of replicative senescence. We investigated the effect of IL-15 and IL-21, alone or in combination, on activation, apoptosis, cytokine production and cytotoxic function of magnetic bead purified umbilical cord blood (UCB) and adult peripheral blood (APB) CD8(+) T cells with regards to their CD28 expression. We established that (1) IL-15-induced CD8(+) T cell proliferation was associated with a preferential expansion of CD28(-) population in UCB, which could be partially counteracted by IL-21; (2) UCB CD8(+) T cells were more readily responsive to IL-15 compared to their adult counterparts in terms of CD69 expression, with the majority of CD69-bearing CD8(+) T cells were CD28(-); (3) IL-21 further promoted interferon-gamma, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from IL-15 treated CD8(+) T cells; (4) IL-21 also synergized with IL-15 to enhance perforin and granzyme B expression of CD8(+) T cells, especially in APB CD8(+)CD28(-) subsets; (5) IL-21 resulted in CD8(+) T cells apoptosis both in APB and UCB cells, mainly in CD8(+)CD28(-) subsets. Taken together, we demonstrate differential IL-15/IL-21 response in UCB CD8(+) T cells with regards to CD28 expression. Our results suggest that combining IL-21 and IL-15 immunotherapy may be better than IL-15 alone to ameliorate graft-versus-host disease while preserving antitumor effect in the post-UCB transplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chen
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Spicer JA, Huttunen KM, Miller CK, Denny WA, Ciccone A, Browne KA, Trapani JA. Inhibition of the pore-forming protein perforin by a series of aryl-substituted isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1319-36. [PMID: 22244072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An aryl-substituted isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one lead compound was identified from a high throughput screen designed to find inhibitors of the lymphocyte pore-forming protein perforin. A series of analogs were then designed and prepared, exploring structure-activity relationships through variation of 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one and furan subunits on an isobenzofuranone core. The ability of the resulting compounds to inhibit the lytic activity of both isolated perforin protein and perforin delivered in situ by intact KHYG-1 natural killer effector cells was determined. Several compounds showed excellent activity at concentrations that were non-toxic to the killer cells. This series represents a significant improvement on previous classes of compounds, being substantially more potent and largely retaining activity in the presence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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42
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Gordy C, He YW. Endocytosis by target cells: an essential means for perforin- and granzyme-mediated killing. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 9:5-6. [PMID: 21927017 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gordy
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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43
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A novel expression and purification system for the production of enzymatic and biologically active human granzyme B. J Immunol Methods 2011; 371:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chaitanya GV, Eeka P, Munker R, Alexander JS, Babu PP. Role of cytotoxic protease granzyme-b in neuronal degeneration during human stroke. Brain Pathol 2011; 21:16-30. [PMID: 20825413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of leukocytes into post-ischemic cerebrum is a well-described phenomenon in stroke injury. Because CD-8(+) T-lymphocytes secrete cytotoxic proteases, including granzyme-b (Gra-b) that exacerbates post-ischemic brain damage, we investigated roles of Gra-b in human stroke. To study the role of Gra-b in stroke, ischemic and non-ischemic tissues (from post-mortem stroke patients) were analyzed using immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, terminal deoxy uridine nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Annexin-V immunostaining, and in vitro neuron survival assays. Activated CG-SH cells and supernatants were used to model leukocyte-dependent injury. Non-ischemic brain tissues were used as non-pathological controls. Non-activated CG-SH cells and supernatants were used as controls for in vitro experiments. Human stroke (ischemic) samples contained significantly higher levels of Gra-b and interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10) than non-ischemic controls. In stroke, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and heat shock protein-70 were cleaved to canonical proteolytic "signature" fragments by Gra-b. Gra-b was also found to bind to Bid and caspase-3. Gra-b also co-localized with Annexin-V(+) /TUNEL(+) in degenerating neurons. Importantly, Gra-b inhibition protected both normal and ischemia-reperfused neurons against in vitro neurotoxicity mediated by activated CG-SH cells and supernatants. These results suggest that increased leukocyte infiltration and elevated Gra-b levels in the post-stroke brain can induce contact-dependent and independent post-ischemic neuronal death to aggravate stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganta Vijay Chaitanya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, La, USA
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Maltose-binding protein enhances secretion of recombinant human granzyme B accompanied by in vivo processing of a precursor MBP fusion protein. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14404. [PMID: 21203542 PMCID: PMC3008669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apoptosis-inducing serine protease granzyme B (GrB) is an important factor contributing to lysis of target cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Expression of enzymatically active GrB in recombinant form is a prerequisite for functional analysis and application of GrB for therapeutic purposes. METHODS AND FINDINGS We investigated the influence of bacterial maltose-binding protein (MBP) fused to GrB via a synthetic furin recognition motif on the expression of the MBP fusion protein also containing an N-terminal α-factor signal peptide in the yeast Pichia pastoris. MBP markedly enhanced the amount of GrB secreted into culture supernatant, which was not the case when GrB was fused to GST. MBP-GrB fusion protein was cleaved during secretion by an endogenous furin-like proteolytic activity in vivo, liberating enzymatically active GrB without the need of subsequent in vitro processing. Similar results were obtained upon expression of a recombinant fragment of the ErbB2/HER2 receptor protein or GST as MBP fusions. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that combination of MBP as a solubility enhancer with specific in vivo cleavage augments secretion of processed and functionally active proteins from yeast. This strategy may be generally applicable to improve folding and increase yields of recombinant proteins.
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Riederer I, Sievert W, Eissner G, Molls M, Multhoff G. Irradiation-induced up-regulation of HLA-E on macrovascular endothelial cells confers protection against killing by activated natural killer cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15339. [PMID: 21179573 PMCID: PMC3002963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from the platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1, CD31), endoglin (CD105) and a positive factor VIII-related antigen staining, human primary and immortalized macro- and microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) differ in their cell surface expression of activating and inhibitory ligands for natural killer (NK) cells. Here we comparatively study the effects of irradiation on the phenotype of ECs and their interaction with resting and activated NK cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Primary macrovascular human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) only express UL16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related protein MIC-A (MIC-A) as activating signals for NK cells, whereas the corresponding immortalized EA.hy926 EC cell line additionally present ULBP3, membrane heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 (CD54) and HLA-E. Apart from MIC-B, the immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC, resembles the phenotype of EA.hy926. Surprisingly, primary HUVECs are more sensitive to Hsp70 peptide (TKD) plus IL-2 (TKD/IL-2)-activated NK cells than their immortalized EC counterpatrs. This finding is most likely due to the absence of the inhibitory ligand HLA-E, since the activating ligands are shared among the ECs. The co-culture of HUVECs with activated NK cells induces ICAM-1 (CD54) and HLA-E expression on the former which drops to the initial low levels (below 5%) when NK cells are removed. Sublethal irradiation of HUVECs induces similar but less pronounced effects on HUVECs. Along with these findings, irradiation also induces HLA-E expression on macrovascular ECs and this correlates with an increased resistance to killing by activated NK cells. Irradiation had no effect on HLA-E expression on microvascular ECs and the sensitivity of these cells to NK cells remained unaffected. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These data emphasize that an irradiation-induced, transient up-regulation of HLA-E on macrovascular ECs might confer protection against NK cell-mediated vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Riederer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sievert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Günther Eissner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Molls
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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Identification of the BCL2/adenovirus E1B-19K protein-interacting protein 2 (BNIP-2) as a granzyme B target during human natural killer cell-mediated killing. Biochem J 2010; 431:423-31. [PMID: 20704564 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes eliminate infected cells and tumours via the perforin-mediated delivery of pro-apoptotic serine proteases known as granzymes. Granzyme B triggers apoptosis via the cleavage of a repertoire of cellular proteins, leading to caspase activation and mitochondrial depolarization. A simple bioinformatics strategy identified a candidate granzyme B cleavage site in the widely expressed BNIP-2 (BCL2/adenovirus E1B-19K protein-interacting protein 2). Granzyme B cleaved recombinant BNIP-2 in vitro and endogenous BNIP-2 was cleaved during the NK (natural killer) cell-mediated killing of tumour cells. Cleavage required the site identified in the bioinformatics screen and was caspase-independent. Expression of either full-length BNIP-2 or a truncated molecule mimicking the granzyme B cleaved form was pro-apoptotic and led to the caspase-dependent cleavage of BNIP-2 at a site distinct from granzyme B cleavage. Inhibition of BNIP-2 expression did not affect the susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing. Furthermore, target cells in which BID (BH3-interacting domain death agonist) expression was inhibited also remained highly susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing, revealing redundancy in the pro-apoptotic response to human cytotoxic lymphocytes. Such redundancy reduces the opportunity for escape from apoptosis induction and maximizes the chances of immune-mediated clearance of infected cells or tumour cells.
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Mutations of perforin gene in Chinese patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2010; 35:196-9. [PMID: 20638125 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To address whether mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in perforin gene (PRF1) are correlated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Chinese, we screened mutations in codon region of PRF1 in 111 ALL patients, and correlated the results with patients' immunophenotype, karyotype and fusion genes. Four novel monoallelic missense and two novel monoallelic synonymous mutations (G198R, R225Q, D486G, R509K, S388S and Q540Q) were identified in 9 B-ALL, of whom 7 cases carried BCR-ABL gene, one carried MLL-AF4 fusion gene, and one lost two chromosomes. Our results suggest that mutations in PRF1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of B-ALL.
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Navigating barriers: the challenge of directed secretion at the natural killer cell lytic immunological synapse. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:358-63. [PMID: 20191315 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural killer (NK) cells have an inherent ability to recognize and destroy a wide array of cells rendered abnormal by stress or disease. NK cells can kill a targeted cell by forming a tight interface-the lytic immunological synapse. This represents a dynamic molecular arrangement that over time progresses through a series of steps to ultimately deliver the contents of specialized organelles known as lytic granules. DISCUSSION In order to mediate cytotoxicity, the NK cell faces the challenge of mobilizing the lytic granules, polarizing them to the targeted cell, facilitating their approximation to the NK cell membrane, and releasing their contents. CONCLUSION This review is focused upon the final steps in accessing function through the lytic immunological synapse.
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