1
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Salami A, Bettadapura S, Wang S. Gasdermin D kills bacteria. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127383. [PMID: 37062105 PMCID: PMC10192060 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogen- or damage- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) signals a series of coordinated responses as part of innate immunity or host cell defense during infection. The inflammasome is an assemblage of multiprotein complexes in the cytosol that activate inflammatory caspases and release pro-inflammatory mediators. This review examines the two-edged sword activity of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Since its discovery in 2015, GSDMD has played a crucial role in the programmed necrotic type of cell death called pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is an important response in host self-protection against danger signals and infection. Although excessive pyroptosis has a deleterious effect on the host, it proves to have a game-changing therapeutic application against pathogenic invasion when controlled. Here, we explore the mechanism utilized by GSDMD, the best studied member of the gasdermin protein family, in host immune defense against many bacteria. While the protein contributes to the clearance of some bacteria, we also discussed results from previous studies and research, that its presence might hinder effective immunity against other pathogens, thus aiding pathogenic invasion and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abosede Salami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States
| | - Sahana Bettadapura
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, United States
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States.
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2
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He Z, Wang C, Wang J, Zheng K, Ding N, Yu M, Li W, Tang Y, Li Y, Xiao J, Liang M, Wu Y. Chlamydia psittaci inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating P2X7 receptor expression. Int J Med Microbiol 2022; 312:151571. [PMID: 36511277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2022.151571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) survives and multiplies in human neutrophils by activating P2X7, a nonselective cationic channel receptor expressed constitutively on the surface of these cells. Findings illustrated that P2X7 receptor expression was enhanced in C. psittaci-infected neutrophils. C. psittaci was able to inhibite spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils through mitochondrial-induced ATP release and IL-8 production. Importantly, inhibiting ATP activation of the P2X7 receptor with AZ10606120 promotes apoptosis, while stimulating P2X7 receptor expression with BzATP delayed spontaneous apoptosis of human neutrophils, suggesting that C. psittaci inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating P2X7 receptor. This study reveals new insights into the survival advantages of the latent persistent state of C. psittaci and the mechanism by which it evades the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangping He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Maoying Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of laboratory medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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3
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Wang J, Lu S, Zheng K, He Z, Li W, Liu J, Guo N, Xie Y, Chen D, Xu M, Wu Y. Treponema pallidum delays the apoptosis of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Mol Immunol 2022; 147:157-169. [PMID: 35597181 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Treponema pallidum is a "stealth pathogen" responsible for infectious sexually transmitted diseases. Although neutrophils are usually present in skin lesions of early syphilis, the role of these cells in T. pallidum infection has barely been investigated. Neutrophils are short-lived cells that undergo constitutive apoptosis, and phagocytosis usually accelerates this process. Here, we demonstrated that human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (hPMNs) could phagocytose T. pallidum in vitro. An unexpected discovery was that T. pallidum inhibited hPMNs apoptosis markedly in an opsonin-independent manner. Furthermore, this phenomenon was not affected by bacterial viability, as detected by annexin V, morphology studies, and TUNEL staining. Exploration of the underlying mechanism showed that expression of the cleaved forms of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and effector caspase activity were diminished significantly in T. pallidum-infected hPMNs. T. pallidum also impaired staurosporine- and anti-Fas-induced signaling for neutrophil apoptosis. Of note, these effects were accompanied by inducing the autocrine production of the anti-apoptotic cytokine IL-8. Taken together, our data revealed that T. pallidum could inhibit the apoptosis of hPMNs through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and provide new insights for understanding the pathogenicity mechanisms of T. pallidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Wang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Simin Lu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhangping He
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ningyuan Guo
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dejun Chen
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Man Xu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Yimou Wu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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4
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Kolman JP, Pagerols Raluy L, Müller I, Nikolaev VO, Trochimiuk M, Appl B, Wadehn H, Dücker CM, Stoll FD, Boettcher M, Reinshagen K, Trah J. NET Release of Long-Term Surviving Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815412. [PMID: 35242132 PMCID: PMC8887621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—as double-edged swords of innate immunity—are involved in numerous processes such as infection, inflammation and tissue repair. Research on neutrophil granulocytes is limited because of their short lifetime of only a few hours. Several attempts have been made to prolong the half-life of neutrophils using cytokines and bacterial products and have shown promising results. These long-term surviving neutrophils are reported to maintain phagocytic activity and cytokine release; however, little is known regarding their capability to release NETs. Methods We analysed the prolongation of neutrophil survival in vitro under various culture conditions using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by flow cytometry and a viability assay. Additionally, we assessed NET formation following stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) by immunofluorescence staining, myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA sandwich-ELISA and fluorometric assays for cell-free DNA (cfDNA), neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Results Untreated neutrophils could form NETs after stimulation with PMA for up to 24 h. Incubation with LPS extended their ability to form NETs for up to 48 h. At 48 h, NET release of neutrophils cultured with LPS was significantly higher compared to that of untreated cells; however, no significantly different enzymatic activity of NE and MPO was observed. Similarly, incubation with G-CSF resulted in significantly higher NET release at 48 h compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, NETs showed significantly higher enzymatic activity of NE and MPO after incubation with G-CSF. Lastly, incubation with TNF-α had no influence on NET release compared to untreated cells although survival counts were altered by TNF-α. Conclusions G-CSF, LPS or TNF-α each at low concentrations lead to prolonged survival of cultured neutrophils, resulting in considerable differences in NET formation and composition. These results provide new information for the use of neutrophils in long-term experiments for NET formation and provide novel insights for neutrophil behaviour under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Kolman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laia Pagerols Raluy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Müller
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Trochimiuk
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Appl
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Wadehn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Maria Dücker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian David Stoll
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Trah
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Kubelkova K, Macela A. Francisella and Antibodies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102136. [PMID: 34683457 PMCID: PMC8538966 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to intracellular pathogens depend largely upon the activation of T helper type 1-dependent mechanisms. The contribution of B cells to establishing protective immunity has long been underestimated. Francisella tularensis, including a number of subspecies, provides a suitable model for the study of immune responses against intracellular bacterial pathogens. We previously demonstrated that Francisella infects B cells and activates B-cell subtypes to produce a number of cytokines and express the activation markers. Recently, we documented the early production of natural antibodies as a consequence of Francisella infection in mice. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the innate and acquired humoral immune responses initiated by Francisella infection and their relationships with the immune defense systems.
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6
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Venkataranganayaka Abhilasha K, Kedihithlu Marathe G. Bacterial lipoproteins in sepsis. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152128. [PMID: 34488139 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are membrane proteins derived from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. They seem to have diverse functions not only on bacterial growth, but also play an important role in host's virulence. Bacterial lipoproteins exert their action on host immune cells via TLR2/1 or TLR2/6. Therefore, bacterial lipoproteins also need to be considered while addressing bacterial pathogenicity besides classical bacterial endotoxin like LPS and other microbial associated molecular patterns such as LTA, and peptidoglycans. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of general bacterial lipoprotein biosynthesis and the need to understand the lipoprotein-mediated pathogenicity in diseases like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandahalli Venkataranganayaka Abhilasha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India; Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India.
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7
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He Z, Xiao J, Wang J, Lu S, Zheng K, Yu M, Liu J, Wang C, Ding N, Liang M, Wu Y. The Chlamydia psittaci Inclusion Membrane Protein 0556 Inhibits Human Neutrophils Apoptosis Through PI3K/AKT and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694573. [PMID: 34484191 PMCID: PMC8414580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion membrane proteins (Incs) play an important role in the structure and stability of chlamydial inclusion and the interaction between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts. Following Chlamydia infection through the respiratory tract, human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (hPMN) not only act as the primary immune cells reaching the lungs, but also serve as reservoir for Chlamydia. We have previously identified a Chlamydia psittaci hypothetical protein, CPSIT_0556, as a medium expressed inclusion membrane protein. However, the role of inclusion membrane protein, CPSIT_0556 in regulating hPMN functions remains unknown. In the present study, we found that CPSIT_0556 could not only inhibit hPMN apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways by releasing IL-8, but also delays procaspase-3 processing and inhibits caspase-3 activity in hPMN. Up-regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and down-regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax could also inhibit the translocalization of Bax in the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, as well as induce the transfer of p65 NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Overall, our findings demonstrate that CPSIT_0556 could inhibit hPMN apoptosis through PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways and provide new insights towards understanding a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and immune escape mechanisms of C. psittaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangping He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Simin Lu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Maoying Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaihua Hospital of University of South China, Huaihua, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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8
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Vozza EG, Mulcahy ME, McLoughlin RM. Making the Most of the Host; Targeting the Autophagy Pathway Facilitates Staphylococcus aureus Intracellular Survival in Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667387. [PMID: 34220813 PMCID: PMC8242348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of Staphylococcus aureus as a human commensal and an opportunistic pathogen relies on its ability to adapt to several niches within the host. The innate immune response plays a key role in protecting the host against S. aureus infection; however, S. aureus adeptness at evading the innate immune system is indisputably evident. The “Trojan horse” theory has been postulated to describe a mechanism by which S. aureus takes advantage of phagocytes as a survival niche within the host to facilitate dissemination of S. aureus to secondary sites during systemic infection. Several studies have determined that S. aureus can parasitize both professional and non-professional phagocytes by manipulating the host autophagy pathway in order to create an intracellular survival niche. Neutrophils represent a critical cell type in S. aureus infection as demonstrated by the increased risk of infection among patients with congenital neutrophil disorders. However, S. aureus has been repeatedly shown to survive intracellularly within neutrophils with evidence now supporting a pathogenic role of host autophagy. By manipulating this pathway, S. aureus can also alter the apoptotic fate of the neutrophil and potentially skew other important signalling pathways for its own gain. Understanding these critical host-pathogen interactions could lead to the development of new host directed therapeutics for the treatment of S. aureus infection by removing its intracellular niche and restoring host bactericidal functions. This review discusses the current findings surrounding intracellular survival of S. aureus within neutrophils, the pathogenic role autophagy plays in this process and considers the therapeutic potential for targeting this immune evasion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio G Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Mulcahy
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Allen LAH, Criss AK. Cell intrinsic functions of neutrophils and their manipulation by pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:124-129. [PMID: 31302568 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are a crucial first line of defense against infection, migrating rapidly into tissues where they deploy granule components and toxic oxidants for efficient phagocytosis and microbe killing. Subsequent apoptosis and clearance of dying neutrophils are essential for control of infection and resolution of the inflammatory response. A subset of microbial pathogens survive exposure to neutrophils by manipulating phagocytosis, phagosome-granule fusion, oxidant production, and lifespan. Elucidating how they accomplish this unusual feat provides new insights into normal neutrophil function. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries about the ways in which neutrophils use cell-intrinsic mechanisms to control infection, and how these defenses are subverted by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ann H Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; The Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
| | - Alison K Criss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, United States.
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10
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Rungelrath V, Kobayashi SD, DeLeo FR. Neutrophils in innate immunity and systems biology-level approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 12:e1458. [PMID: 31218817 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and essential to the innate immune response against invading pathogens. Compared to the acquired immune response, which requires time to develop and is dependent on previous interaction with specific microbes, the ability of neutrophils to kill microorganisms is immediate, nonspecific, and not dependent on previous exposure to microorganisms. Historically, studies of PMN-pathogen interaction focused on the events leading to killing of microorganisms, such as recruitment/chemotaxis, transmigration, phagocytosis, and activation, whereas postphagocytosis sequelae were infrequently considered. In addition, it was widely accepted that human neutrophils possessed limited capacity for new gene transcription and thus, relatively little biosynthetic capacity. This notion has changed dramatically within the past 20 years. Further, there is now more effort directed to understand the events occurring in PMNs after killing of microbes. Herein, we give an updated review of the systems biology-level approaches that have been used to gain an enhanced view of the role of neutrophils during host-pathogen interaction and neutrophil-mediated diseases. We anticipate that these and future systems-level studies will continue to provide information important for understanding, treatment, and control of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Organismal Responses to Environment Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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11
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Driouich A, Smith C, Ropitaux M, Chambard M, Boulogne I, Bernard S, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M, Moore J. Root extracellular traps versus neutrophil extracellular traps in host defence, a case of functional convergence? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1685-1700. [PMID: 31134732 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The root cap releases cells that produce massive amounts of mucilage containing polysaccharides, proteoglycans, extracellular DNA (exDNA) and a variety of antimicrobial compounds. The released cells - known as border cells or border-like cells - and mucilage secretions form networks that are defined as root extracellular traps (RETs). RETs are important players in root immunity. In animals, phagocytes are some of the most abundant white blood cells in circulation and are very important for immunity. These cells combat pathogens through multiple defence mechanisms, including the release of exDNA-containing extracellular traps (ETs). Traps of neutrophil origin are abbreviated herein as NETs. Similar to phagocytes, plant root cap-originating cells actively contribute to frontline defence against pathogens. RETs and NETs are thus components of the plant and animal immune systems, respectively, that exhibit similar compositional and functional properties. Herein, we describe and discuss the formation, molecular composition and functional similarities of these similar but different extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Science Faculty, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Marc Ropitaux
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie Chambard
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 1 Rue Thomas Becket, 76000, Rouen, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche « Normandie-Végétal » - FED4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - John Moore
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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12
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Contributions of TolC Orthologs to Francisella tularensis Schu S4 Multidrug Resistance, Modulation of Host Cell Responses, and Virulence. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00823-18. [PMID: 30670554 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00823-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia. Previous studies with the attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) identified a role for the outer membrane protein TolC in modulation of host cell responses during infection and virulence in the mouse model of tularemia. TolC is an integral part of efflux pumps that export small molecules and type I secretion systems that export a range of bacterial virulence factors. In this study, we analyzed TolC and its two orthologs, FtlC and SilC, present in the fully virulent F. tularensis Schu S4 strain for their contributions to multidrug efflux, suppression of innate immune responses, and virulence. We found that each TolC ortholog participated in multidrug efflux, with overlapping substrate specificities for TolC and FtlC and a distinct substrate profile for SilC. In contrast to their shared roles in drug efflux, only TolC functioned in the modulation of macrophage apoptotic and proinflammatory responses to Schu S4 infection, consistent with a role in virulence factor delivery to host cells. In agreement with previous results with the LVS, the Schu S4 ΔtolC mutant was highly attenuated for virulence in mice by both the intranasal and intradermal routes of infection. Unexpectedly, FtlC was also critical for Schu S4 virulence, but only by the intradermal route. Our data demonstrate a conserved and critical role for TolC in modulation of host immune responses and Francisella virulence and also highlight strain- and route-dependent differences in the pathogenesis of tularemia.
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13
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Chatfield SM, Thieblemont N, Witko-Sarsat V. Expanding Neutrophil Horizons: New Concepts in Inflammation. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:422-431. [PMID: 30257246 DOI: 10.1159/000493101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into neutrophil biology in the last 10 years has uncovered a number of unexpected aspects of this still mysterious innate immune cell. Advances in technology have allowed visualisation of neutrophil trafficking to sites of inflammation, and, remarkably, neutrophils have been observed to depart from the scene in what has been termed reverse migration. There has also been increasing appreciation of the heterogeneity of neutrophils with ongoing categorisation of neutrophil subsets, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells and low-density granulocytes. Newly recognised neutrophil functions include the ability to release novel immune mediators such as extracellular DNA and microvesicles. Finally, studies of neutrophil cell death, both apoptotic and non-apoptotic, have revealed remarkable differences compared to other cell types. This review will highlight important discoveries in these facets of neutrophil biology and how the new findings will inform treatment of diseases where neutrophils are implicated.
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14
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Edmisson JS, Tian S, Armstrong CL, Vashishta A, Klaes CK, Miralda I, Jimenez-Flores E, Le J, Wang Q, Lamont RJ, Uriarte SM. Filifactor alocis modulates human neutrophil antimicrobial functional responses. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12829. [PMID: 29377528 PMCID: PMC5980721 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Filifactor alocis is a newly appreciated pathogen in periodontal diseases. Neutrophils are the predominant innate immune cell in the gingival crevice. In this study, we examined modulation of human neutrophil antimicrobial functions by F. alocis. Both non-opsonised and serum-opsonised F. alocis were engulfed by neutrophils but were not efficiently eliminated. Challenge of neutrophils with either non-opsonised or serum-opsonised F. alocis induced a minimal intracellular as well as extracellular respiratory burst response compared to opsonised Staphylococcus aureus and fMLF, respectively. However, pretreatment or simultaneous challenge of neutrophils with F. alocis did not affect the subsequent oxidative response to a particulate stimulus, suggesting that the inability to trigger the respiratory response was only localised to F. alocis phagosomes. In addition, although neutrophils engulfed live or heat-killed F. alocis with the same efficiency, heat-killed F. alocis elicited a higher intracellular respiratory burst response compared to viable organisms, along with decreased surface expression of CD35, a marker of secretory vesicles. F. alocis phagosomes remained immature by delayed and reduced recruitment of specific and azurophil granules, respectively. These results suggest that F. alocis withstands neutrophil antimicrobial responses by preventing intracellular ROS production, along with specific and azurophil granule recruitment to the bacterial phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Edmisson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shifu Tian
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Cortney L. Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Christopher K. Klaes
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emeri Jimenez-Flores
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Junyi Le
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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15
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Kinkead LC, Whitmore LC, McCracken JM, Fletcher JR, Ketelsen BB, Kaufman JW, Jones BD, Weiss DS, Barker JH, Allen LAH. Bacterial lipoproteins and other factors released by Francisella tularensis modulate human neutrophil lifespan: Effects of a TLR1 SNP on apoptosis inhibition. Cell Microbiol 2017; 20. [PMID: 29063667 PMCID: PMC5764820 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis infects several cell types including neutrophils, and aberrant neutrophil accumulation contributes to tissue destruction during tularaemia. We demonstrated previously that F. tularensis strains Schu S4 and live vaccine strain markedly delay human neutrophil apoptosis and thereby prolong cell lifespan, but the bacterial factors that mediate this aspect of virulence are undefined. Herein, we demonstrate that bacterial conditioned medium (CM) can delay apoptosis in the absence of direct infection. Biochemical analyses show that CM contained F. tularensis surface factors as well as outer membrane components. Our previous studies excluded roles for lipopolysaccharide and capsule in apoptosis inhibition, and current studies of [14C] acetate‐labelled bacteria argue against a role for other bacterial lipids in this process. At the same time, studies of isogenic mutants indicate that TolC and virulence factors whose expression requires FevR or MglA were also dispensable, demonstrating that apoptosis inhibition does not require Type I or Type VI secretion. Instead, we identified bacterial lipoproteins (BLPs) as active factors in CM. Additional studies of isolated BLPs demonstrated dose‐dependent neutrophil apoptosis inhibition via a TLR2‐dependent mechanism that is significantly influenced by a common polymorphism, rs5743618, in human TLR1. These data provide fundamental new insight into pathogen manipulation of neutrophil lifespan and BLP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Kinkead
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Laura C Whitmore
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jenna M McCracken
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joshua R Fletcher
- Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brandi B Ketelsen
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Justin W Kaufman
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David S Weiss
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason H Barker
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lee-Ann H Allen
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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