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Soler Palacios B, Villares R, Lucas P, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Cayuela A, Piccirillo JG, Lombardía M, Delgado Gestoso D, Fernández-García M, Risco C, Barbas C, Corrales F, Sorzano COS, Martínez-Martín N, Conesa JJ, Iborra FJ, Mellado M. Growth hormone remodels the 3D-structure of the mitochondria of inflammatory macrophages and promotes metabolic reprogramming. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200259. [PMID: 37475858 PMCID: PMC10354525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells that support tissue homeostasis through their involvement in tissue development and repair, and pathogen defense. Emerging data reveal that metabolism may control macrophage polarization and function and, conversely, phenotypic polarization may drive metabolic reprogramming. Methods Here we use biochemical analysis, correlative cryogenic fluorescence microscopy and cryo-focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. Results We demonstrate that growth hormone (GH) reprograms inflammatory GM-CSF-primed monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ) by functioning as a metabolic modulator. We found that exogenous treatment of GM-MØ with recombinant human GH reduced glycolysis and lactate production to levels similar to those found in anti-inflammatory M-MØ. Moreover, GH treatment of GM-MØ augmented mitochondrial volume and altered mitochondrial dynamics, including the remodeling of the inner membrane to increase the density of cristae. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that GH likely serves a modulatory role in the metabolism of inflammatory macrophages and suggest that metabolic reprogramming of macrophages should be considered as a new target to intervene in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Soler Palacios
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Villares
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cayuela
- Biocomputing Unit, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan G. Piccirillo
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council) (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Lombardía
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Delgado Gestoso
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council) (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-García
- Metabolomic and Bioanalysis Center (CEMBIO), Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Centre for Universitary Studies (CEU) Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Centre for Universitary Studies (CEU) Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Cristina Risco
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council) (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Metabolomic and Bioanalysis Center (CEMBIO), Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Centre for Universitary Studies (CEU) Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Martínez-Martín
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)–Autonomus University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier Conesa
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council) (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Iborra
- Príncipe Felípe Research Centre (Associated Unit to the Biomedicine Institute of Valencia), Biomedicine Institute of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology/The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Du L, Ho BM, Zhou L, Yip YWY, He JN, Wei Y, Tham CC, Chan SO, Schally AV, Pang CP, Li J, Chu WK. Growth hormone releasing hormone signaling promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3298. [PMID: 37280225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Th17 cell differentiation and pathogenicity contributes to multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Previously growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) deficient mice have been reported to be less susceptible to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Here, we show GHRH-R is an important regulator of Th17 cell differentiation in Th17 cell-mediated ocular and neural inflammation. We find that GHRH-R is not expressed in naïve CD4+ T cells, while its expression is induced throughout Th17 cell differentiation in vitro. Mechanistically, GHRH-R activates the JAK-STAT3 pathway, increases the phosphorylation of STAT3, enhances both non-pathogenic and pathogenic Th17 cell differentiation and promotes the gene expression signatures of pathogenic Th17 cells. Enhancing this signaling by GHRH agonist promotes, while inhibiting this signaling by GHRH antagonist or GHRH-R deficiency reduces, Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and Th17 cell-mediated ocular and neural inflammation in vivo. Thus, GHRH-R signaling functions as a critical factor that regulates Th17 cell differentiation and Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune ocular and neural inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Man Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Linbin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yolanda Wong Ying Yip
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Na He
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yingying Wei
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sun On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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3
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Grenda R. Growth hormone therapy in pediatric kidney transplantation-the long-term clinical benefits beyond improvement of growth after withdrawal of pre-transplant therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:699-702. [PMID: 34542702 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Grenda
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Transplantation & Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910571. [PMID: 34638910 PMCID: PMC8509076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor, previously known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. This hormone is mainly produced by endocrine cells present in the gastric mucosa. The ghrelin-producing cells are also present in other organs of the body, mainly in the digestive system, but in much smaller amount. Ghrelin exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects, such as stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, as well as regulation of glucose homeostasis and bone formation, and inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning animal and human data showing protective and therapeutic effects of ghrelin in the gut, and also presents the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in these effects. In addition, the current data on the possible influence of ghrelin on the carcinogenesis, its importance in predicting the risk of developing gastrointestinal malignances, as well as the potential usefulness of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer, have been presented.
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Chuang HC, Chen MH, Chen YM, Ciou YR, Hsueh CH, Tsai CY, Tan TH. ECP Overexpression in T Cells and Exosomes Induces IFN-γ Production and Tissue Inflammation. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 74:92-104. [PMID: 34224653 PMCID: PMC9300123 DOI: 10.1002/art.41920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum‐derived exosomes are increased in SLE patients and are correlated with disease severity. This study was undertaken to investigate whether T cell–derived exosomal proteins play a role in SLE pathogenesis. Methods We characterized proteins in T cell–derived exosomes from SLE patients and healthy controls by MACSPlex exosome analysis and proteomics. To study the potential pathogenic functions of the exosomal protein identified, we generated and characterized T cell–specific transgenic mice that overexpressed that protein in T cells. Results We identified eosinophil cationic protein (ECP, also called human RNase III) as overexpressed in SLE T cell–derived exosomes. T cell–specific ECP–transgenic mice (n = 5 per group) displayed early induction of serum interferon‐γ (IFNγ) levels (P = 0.062) and inflammation of multiple tissue types. Older T cell–specific ECP–transgenic mice (n = 3 per group) also displayed an increase in follicular helper T cell and plasma B cell numbers, and in autoantibody levels (P < 0.01). Single‐cell RNA sequencing showed the induction of IFNγ messenger RNA (P = 2.2 × 10‐13) and inflammatory pathways in ECP‐transgenic mouse T cells. Notably, adoptively transferred ECP‐containing exosomes stimulated serum autoantibody levels (P < 0.01) and tissue IFNγ levels in the recipient mice (n = 3 per group). The transferred exosomes infiltrated into multiple tissues of the recipient mice, resulting in hepatitis, nephritis, and arthritis. Conclusion Our findings indicate that ECP overexpression in T cells or T cell–derived exosomes may be a biomarker and pathogenic factor for nephritis, hepatitis, and arthritis associated with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Ciou
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Hsueh
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Lemos JP, Passos GA, Savino W. Abnormal T-Cell Development in the Thymus of Non-obese Diabetic Mice: Possible Relationship With the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:381. [PMID: 30050502 PMCID: PMC6052664 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, by direct interactions with autoreactive pancreas infiltrating T lymphocytes (PILs). One of the most important animal models for this disease is the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Alterations in the NOD mouse thymus during the pathogenesis of the disease have been reported. From the initial migratory disturbances to the accumulation of mature thymocytes, including regulatory Foxp3+ T cells, important mechanisms seem to regulate the repertoire of T cells that leave the thymus to settle in peripheral lymphoid organs. A significant modulation of the expression of extracellular matrix and soluble chemoattractant molecules, in addition to integrins and chemokine receptors, may contribute to the progressive accumulation of mature thymocytes and consequent formation of giant perivascular spaces (PVS) that are observed in the NOD mouse thymus. Comparative large-scale transcriptional expression and network analyses involving mRNAs and miRNAs of thymocytes, peripheral T CD3+ cells and PILs provided evidence that in PILs chemokine receptors and mRNAs are post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-202-3p resulting in decreased activity of these molecules during the onset of T1D in NOD mice. In this review, we discuss the abnormal T-cell development in NOD mice in the context of intrathymic expression of different migration-related molecules, peptides belonging to the family of insulin and insulin-like growth factors as well as the participation of miRNAs as post-transcriptional regulators and their possible influence on the onset of aggressive autoimmunity during the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella A. Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia P. Lemos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geraldo A. Passos
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Villares R, Criado G, Juarranz Y, Lopez-Santalla M, García-Cuesta EM, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Leceta J, Lucas P, Pablos JL, Martínez-A C, Garin MI, Gomariz RP, Mellado M. Inhibitory Role of Growth Hormone in the Induction and Progression Phases of Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1165. [PMID: 29887869 PMCID: PMC5980961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates an intimate connection between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated growth hormone (GH) involvement in immune regulation. The GH receptor is expressed by several leukocyte subpopulations, and GH modulates immune cell proliferation and activity. Here, we found that sustained GH expression protected against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA); in GH-transgenic C57BL/6 (GHTg) mice, disease onset was delayed, and its overall severity was decreased. The anti-collagen response was impaired in these mice, as were inflammatory cytokine levels. Compared to control arthritic littermates, immunized GHTg mice showed significantly lower RORγt (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma 2), IL-17, GM-CSF, IL-22, and IFNγ mRNA expression in draining lymph nodes, whereas there were no differences in IL-21, IL-6, or IL-2 mRNA levels. Data thus suggest that Th17/Th1 cell plasticity toward a pathological phenotype is reduced in these mice. Exogenous GH administration in arthritic DBA/1J mice reduced the severity of established CIA as well as the inflammatory environment, which also shows a GH effect on arthritis progression. These results indicate that GH prevents inflammatory joint destruction in CIA. Our findings demonstrate a modulatory GH role in immune system function that contributes to alleviating CIA symptoms and underlines the importance of endocrine regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villares
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Criado
- Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases Group, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Lopez-Santalla
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Rodríguez-Frade
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Leceta
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Pablos
- Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases Group, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina I Garin
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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