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Wan Y, Liu J, Mai Y, Hong Y, Jia Z, Tian G, Liu Y, Liang H, Liu J. Current advances and future trends of hormesis in disease. NPJ AGING 2024; 10:26. [PMID: 38750132 PMCID: PMC11096327 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-024-00155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Hormesis, an adaptive response, occurs when exposure to low doses of a stressor potentially induces a stimulatory effect, while higher doses may inhibit it. This phenomenon is widely observed across various organisms and stressors, significantly advancing our understanding and inspiring further exploration of the beneficial effects of toxins at doses both below and beyond traditional thresholds. This has profound implications for promoting biological regulation at the cellular level and enhancing adaptability throughout the biosphere. Therefore, conducting bibliometric analysis in this field is crucial for accurately analyzing and summarizing its current research status. The results of the bibliometric analysis reveal a steady increase in the number of publications in this field over the years. The United States emerges as the leading country in both publication and citation numbers, with the journal Dose-Response publishing the highest number of papers in this area. Calabrese E.J. is a prominent person with significant contributions and influence among authors. Through keyword co-occurrence and trend analysis, current hotspots in this field are identified, primarily focusing on the relationship between hormesis, oxidative stress, and aging. Analysis of highly cited references predicts that future research trends may center around the relationship between hormesis and stress at different doses, as well as exploring the mechanisms and applications of hormesis. In conclusion, this review aims to visually represent hormesis-related research through bibliometric methods, uncovering emerging patterns and areas of focus within the field. It provides a summary of the current research status and forecasts trends in hormesis-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxi Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyin Mai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinghao Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixuan Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guijie Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunzhuo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Vázquez Alberdi L, Martínez-Busi M, Arrarte E, Echeverry C, Calero M, Kun A. A low dose of curcumin-PDA nanoparticles improves viability and proliferation in endoneurial fibroblasts and Schwann cell cultures. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:81. [PMID: 38714630 PMCID: PMC11076434 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from Curcuma longa's roots. Low doses of curcumin are related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, while high doses are used for their lethality. This diversity of behaviors allows us to understand curcumin as a compound with hormetic action. Due to its strongly hydrophobic character, curcumin is often solubilized in organic compounds. In this way, we have recently reported the undesirable and occasionally irreversible effects of alcohol and DMSO on the viability of primary Schwann cell cultures. In this scenario, the use of nanoparticles as delivery systems has become a successful alternative strategy for these compounds. In the present work, we describe the structure of Polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles, loaded with a low dose of curcumin (Curc-PDA) without the use of additional organic solvents. We analyzed the curcumin released, and we found two different forms of curcumin. Small increased cell viability and proliferation were observed in endoneurial fibroblast and Schwann cell primary cultures when Curc-PDA was steadily supplied for 5 days. The increased bioavailability of this natural compound and the impact on cells in culture not only confirm the properties of curcumin at very low doses but also provide a glimpse of a possible therapeutic alternative for PNS conditions in which SCs are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vázquez Alberdi
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Sistema Nervioso Periférico, Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Laboratorio de Acústica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Física, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Marcela Martínez-Busi
- Plataforma Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eloisa Arrarte
- Área Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Echeverry
- Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Miguel Calero
- Unidad de Encefalopatías Espongiformes, UFIEC, CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Kun
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Sistema Nervioso Periférico, Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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3
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Calabrese EJ, Osakabe N, Di Paola R, Siracusa R, Fusco R, D'Amico R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Fritsch T, Abdelhameed AS, Wenzel U, Franceschi C, Calabrese V. Hormesis defines the limits of lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102074. [PMID: 37709054 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This commentary provides a novel synthesis of how biological systems adapt to a broad spectrum of environmental and age-related stresses that are underlying causes of numerous degenerative diseases and debilitating effects of aging. It proposes that the most fundamental, evolutionary-based integrative strategy to sustain and protect health is based on the concept of hormesis. This concept integrates anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and cellular repair responses at all levels of biological organization (i.e., cell, organ and organism) within the framework of biphasic dose responses that describe the quantitative limits of biological plasticity in all cells and organisms from bacteria and plants to humans. A major feature of the hormetic concept is that low levels of biological, chemical, physical and psychological stress upregulate adaptive responses that not only precondition, repair and restore normal functions to damaged tissues/organs but modestly overcompensate, reducing ongoing background damage, thereby enhancing health beyond that in control groups, lacking the low level "beneficial" stress. Higher doses of such stress often become counterproductive and eventually harmful. Hormesis is active throughout the life-cycle and can be diminished by aging processes affecting the onset and severity of debilitating conditions/diseases, especially in elderly subjects. The most significant feature of the hormetic dose response is that the limits of biological plasticity for adaptive processes are less than twice that of control group responses, with most, at maximum, being 30-60 % greater than control group values. Yet, these modest increases can make the difference between health or disease and living or dying. The quantitative features of these adaptive hormetic dose responses are also independent of mechanism. These features of the hormetic dose response determine the capacity to which systems can adapt/be protected, the extent to which biological performance (e.g., memory, resistance to injury/disease, wound healing, hair growth or lifespan) can be enhanced/extended and the extent to which synergistic interactions may occur. Hormesis defines the quantitative rules within which adaptive processes operate and is central to evolution and biology and should become transformational for experimental concepts and study design strategies, public health practices and a vast range of therapeutic strategies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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4
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Minnameyer A, Strobl V, Bruckner S, Camenzind DW, Van Oystaeyen A, Wäckers F, Williams GR, Yañez O, Neumann P, Straub L. Eusocial insect declines: Insecticide impairs sperm and feeding glands in bumblebees. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:146955. [PMID: 33957580 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are contributing to global insect declines, thereby creating demand to understand the mechanisms underlying reduced fitness. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, inclusive fitness depends on successful mating of male sexuals (drones) and efficient collaborative brood care by female workers. Therefore, sublethal insecticide effects on sperm and glands used in larval feeding (hypopharyngeal glands (HPG)) would provide key mechanisms for population declines in eusocial insects. However, while negative impacts for bumblebee colony fitness have been documented, the effects of insecticide exposure on individual physiology are less well understood. Here, we show that field-realistic concentrations (4.5-40 ng ml-1) of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam significantly impair Bombus terrestris sperm and HPGs, thereby providing plausible mechanisms underlying bumblebee population decline. In the laboratory, drones and workers were exposed to five thiamethoxam concentrations (4.5 to 1000 ng ml-1). Then, survival, food consumption, body mass, HPG development, sperm quantity and viability were assessed. At all concentrations, drones were more exposed than workers due to higher food consumption. Increased body mass was observed in drones starting at 20 ng ml-1 and in workers at 100 ng ml-1. Furthermore, environmentally realistic concentrations (4.5-40 ng ml-1) did not significantly affect survival or consumption for either sex. However, thiamethoxam exposure significantly negatively affected both sperm viability and HPG development at all tested concentrations. Therefore, the results indicate a trade-off between survival and fitness components, possibly due to costly detoxification. Since sperm and HPG are corner stones of colony fitness, the data offer plausible mechanisms for bumblebee population declines. To adequately mitigate ongoing biodiversity declines for the eusocial insects, this study suggests it is essential to evaluate the impact of insecticides on fitness parameters of both sexuals and workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Minnameyer
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Verena Strobl
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Selina Bruckner
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Domenic W Camenzind
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Geoffrey R Williams
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland.
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5
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Strobl V, Albrecht M, Villamar-Bouza L, Tosi S, Neumann P, Straub L. The neonicotinoid thiamethoxam impairs male fertility in solitary bees, Osmia cornuta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117106. [PMID: 33930781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing loss of global biodiversity is endangering ecosystem functioning and human food security. While environmental pollutants are well known to reduce fertility, the potential effects of common neonicotinoid insecticides on insect fertility remain poorly understood. Here, we show that field-realistic neonicotinoid exposure can drastically impact male insect fertility. In the laboratory, male and female solitary bees Osmia cornuta were exposed to four concentrations of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam to measure survival, food consumption, and sperm traits. Despite males being exposed to higher dosages of thiamethoxam, females revealed an overall increased hazard rate for survival; suggesting sex-specific differences in toxicological sensitivity. All tested sublethal concentrations (i.e., 1.5, 4.5 and 10 ng g-1) reduced sperm quantity by 57% and viability by 42% on average, with the lowest tested concentration leading to a reduction in total living sperm by 90%. As the tested sublethal concentrations match estimates of global neonicotinoid pollution, this reveals a plausible mechanism for population declines, thereby reflecting a realistic concern. An immediate reduction in environmental pollutants is required to decelerate the ongoing loss of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Strobl
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Laura Villamar-Bouza
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Pesticides Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Tosi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Calabrese EJ, Agathokleous E. Hormesis: Transforming disciplines that rely on the dose response. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:8-23. [PMID: 34297887 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article tells the story of hormesis from its conceptual and experimental origins, its dismissal by the scientific and medical communities in the first half of the 20th century, and its rediscovery over the past several decades to be a fundamental evolutionary adaptive strategy. The upregulation of hormetic adaptive mechanisms has the capacity to decelerate the onset and reduce the severity of a broad spectrum of common age-related health, behavioral, and performance decrements and debilitating diseases, thereby significantly enhancing the human health span. Incorporation of hormetic-based lifestyle options within the human population would have profoundly positive impacts on the public health, significantly reducing health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I-N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China
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7
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Strobl V, Camenzind D, Minnameyer A, Walker S, Eyer M, Neumann P, Straub L. Positive Correlation between Pesticide Consumption and Longevity in Solitary Bees: Are We Overlooking Fitness Trade-Offs? INSECTS 2020; 11:E819. [PMID: 33233695 PMCID: PMC7699727 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous use of pesticides is one major driver for the current loss of biodiversity, and the common practice of simultaneously applying multiple agrochemicals may further contribute. Insect toxicology currently has a strong focus on survival to determine the potential hazards of a chemical routinely used in risk evaluations. However, studies revealing no effect on survival or even indicating enhanced survival are likely to be misleading, if potential trade-offs between survival and other physiological factors are overlooked. Here, we used standard laboratory experiments to investigate the sublethal (i.e., food consumption) and lethal (i.e., survival) effects of two common agricultural pesticides (Roundup® and clothianidin) on adult female solitary bees, Osmia bicornis. The data showed no significant effect of the treatment on cumulative survival; however, a significant positive correlation between herbicide and insecticide exposure and age was revealed, i.e., bees exposed to higher dosages lived longer. As no significant differences in daily food consumption were observed across treatment groups, increased food intake can be excluded as a factor leading to the prolonged survival. While this study does not provide data on fitness effects, two previous studies using solitary bees observed significant negative effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on fitness, yet not on survival. Thus, we conjecture that the observed non-significant effects on longevity may result from a trade-off between survival and reproduction. The data suggest that a focus on survival can lead to false-negative results and it appears inevitable to include fitness or at least tokens of fitness at the earliest stage in future risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Strobl
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.C.); (A.M.); (S.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Domenic Camenzind
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.C.); (A.M.); (S.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Angela Minnameyer
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.C.); (A.M.); (S.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Stephanie Walker
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.C.); (A.M.); (S.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Michael Eyer
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.C.); (A.M.); (S.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (D.C.); (A.M.); (S.W.); (P.N.)
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8
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9
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Speakman JR. Why does caloric restriction increase life and healthspan? The 'clean cupboards' hypothesis. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1153-1156. [PMID: 34692140 PMCID: PMC8288867 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The disposable soma hypothesis explanation of the effects of caloric restriction (CR) on lifespan fails to explain why CR generates negative impacts alongside the positive effects and does not work in all species. I propose here a novel idea called the clean cupboards hypothesis which overcomes these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
- CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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10
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Dickel F, Münch D, Amdam GV, Mappes J, Freitak D. Increased survival of honeybees in the laboratory after simultaneous exposure to low doses of pesticides and bacteria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191256. [PMID: 29385177 PMCID: PMC5791986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of honeybees and bumblebees have examined combinatory effects of different stressors, as insect pollinators are naturally exposed to multiple stressors. At the same time the potential influences of simultaneously occurring agricultural agents on insect pollinator health remain largely unknown. Due to different farming methods, and the drift of applied agents and manure, pollinators are most probably exposed to insecticides but also bacteria from organic fertilizers at the same time. We orally exposed honeybee workers to sub-lethal doses of the insecticide thiacloprid and two strains of the bacterium Enterococcus faecalis, which can occur in manure from farming animals. Our results show that under laboratory conditions the bees simultaneously exposed to the a bacterium and the pesticide thiacloprid thiacloprid had significant higher survival rates 11 days post exposure than the controls, which surprisingly showed the lowest survival. Bees that were exposed to diet containing thiacloprid showed decreased food intake. General antibacterial activity is increased by the insecticide and the bacteria, resulting in a higher immune response observed in treated individuals compared to control individuals. We thus propose that caloric restriction through behavioural and physiological adaptations may have mediated an improved survival and stress resistance in our tests. However, the decreased food consumption could in long-term also result in possible negative effects at colony level. Our study does not show an additive negative impact of sub-lethal insecticide and bacteria doses, when tested under laboratory conditions. In contrast, we report seemingly beneficial effects of simultaneous exposure of bees to agricultural agents, which might demonstrate a surprising biological capacity for coping with stressors, possibly through hormetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dickel
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Daniel Münch
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Gro Vang Amdam
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States of America
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Jongbloed F, Saat TC, Verweij M, Payan-Gomez C, Hoeijmakers JHJ, van den Engel S, van Oostrom CT, Ambagtsheer G, Imholz S, Pennings JLA, van Steeg H, IJzermans JNM, Dollé MET, de Bruin RWF. A signature of renal stress resistance induced by short-term dietary restriction, fasting, and protein restriction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40901. [PMID: 28102354 PMCID: PMC5244361 DOI: 10.1038/srep40901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During kidney transplantation, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) induces oxidative stress. Short-term preoperative 30% dietary restriction (DR) and 3-day fasting protect against renal IRI. We investigated the contribution of macronutrients to this protection on both phenotypical and transcriptional levels. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed control food ad libitum, underwent two weeks of 30%DR, 3-day fasting, or received a protein-, carbohydrate- or fat-free diet for various periods of time. After completion of each diet, renal gene expression was investigated using microarrays. After induction of renal IRI by clamping the renal pedicles, animals were monitored seven days postoperatively for signs of IRI. In addition to 3-day fasting and two weeks 30%DR, three days of a protein-free diet protected against renal IRI as well, whereas the other diets did not. Gene expression patterns significantly overlapped between all diets except the fat-free diet. Detailed meta-analysis showed involvement of nuclear receptor signaling via transcription factors, including FOXO3, HNF4A and HMGA1. In conclusion, three days of a protein-free diet is sufficient to induce protection against renal IRI similar to 3-day fasting and two weeks of 30%DR. The elucidated network of common protective pathways and transcription factors further improves our mechanistic insight into the increased stress resistance induced by short-term DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jongbloed
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - T C Saat
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Verweij
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Payan-Gomez
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S van den Engel
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C T van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - G Ambagtsheer
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - J L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H van Steeg
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M E T Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - R W F de Bruin
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation and Intestinal Surgery (LETIS), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
Several mechanisms contribute to the decline of all physiologic functions during aging. As a consequence, disease incidence increases with age. Central to this multifactorial process is the increase in oxidative stress levels, which correlates with age-related disease pathogenesis in animal models and in humans. Accordingly, skeletal aging and aging-related bone diseases are also associated with accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In a variety of organs, including the skeleton, mutations in components of antioxidant defense pathways have been found to lead to progressive degenerative diseases. The molecules involved are highly conserved, can sense and respond to increases in oxidative stress levels, alterations in energy status, DNA and protein damage, and they all have a common transcriptional target, the FoxO family of Forkhead transcription factors. Oxidative stress promotes both the transcriptional activity and protein stability of FoxOs. In turn, activated FoxOs promote antioxidant defense by controlling the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response, DNA repair, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Among the FoxO isoforms, FoxO1 in osteoblasts uses a previously unrecognized mechanism to preserve redox balance by promoting protein synthesis and subsequently inhibiting cell cycle arrest. This evidence indicates that FoxO1 integrates and orchestrates responses to different stress signals to maintain bone cell function and preserve skeletal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Kousteni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The FoxO family of forkhead transcription factors is at the crossroads of many signal transduction pathways that are evolutionarily conserved. Such pathways have been co-opted in differentiated tissues for a variety of vital and specialized functions, such as differentiation, proliferation, and survival in cells as diverse as adipocytes, hepatocytes, β-cells, myoblasts, thymocytes, and cancer cells. FoxO metabolic functions are relevant to glucose metabolism, tumor suppression, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and antioxidant defense. Among the FoxO isoforms, FoxO1 is a main target of insulin signaling and regulates metabolic homeostasis and organismal survival at many different levels. FoxO1 entered into the field of skeletal biology by a property that is unique among its functions in other organs. With the osteoblast as its target cell, FoxO1 not only acts on it to regulate bone homeostasis but also through it as a transcriptional modulator of the endocrine function of the skeleton in regulating glucose metabolism. Through its direct skeletal actions, FoxO1 promotes osteoblast proliferation by maintaining protein synthesis and redox balance. Through its endocrine actions on target tissues of insulin, FoxO1 acts by way of osteocalcin to suppress glucose production by pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes and to decrease insulin production and sensitivity. These two parallel but opposing actions, one in favor of the skeleton and the other in disadvantage of glucose-regulating tissues, may signify an adaptive mechanism that integrates responses between different organs and is beneficial for whole-body physiology during stress and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Kousteni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Mimetics of hormetic agents offer a novel approach to adjust dose to minimize the risk of toxic response, and maximize the benefit of induction of at least partial physiological conditioning. Nature selected and preserved those organisms and triggers that promote tolerance to stress. The induced tolerance can serve to resist that challenge and can repair previous age, disease, and trauma damage as well to provide a more youthful response to other stresses. The associated physiological conditioning may include youthful restoration of DNA repair, resistance to oxidizing pollutants, protein structure and function repair, improved immunity, tissue remodeling, adjustments in central and peripheral nervous systems, and altered metabolism. By elucidating common pathways activated by hormetic agent's mimetics, new strategies for intervention in aging, disease, and trauma emerge. Intervention potential in cancer, diabetes, age-related diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer's disease are possible. Some hormetic mimetics exist in pathways in primitive organisms and are active or latent in humans. Peptides, oligonucleotides, and hormones are among the mimetics that activate latent resistance to radiation, physical endurance, strength, and immunity to physiological condition tolerance to stress. Co-activators may be required for expression of the desired physiological conditioning health and rejuvenation benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Smith Sonneborn
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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15
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van Ginhoven TM, Mitchell JR, Verweij M, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Ijzermans JNM, de Bruin RWF. The use of preoperative nutritional interventions to protect against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1183-91. [PMID: 19790167 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preoperative fasting was introduced in the 19th century to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia while patients were under general anesthesia. During the last decades, the value of preoperative fasting has been questioned, and more liberal guidelines have been proposed, such as the use of preoperative carbohydrate-rich drinks. Here we review both old and new evidence supporting the view that fasting slightly longer than overnight is beneficial for an entirely different purpose: protection against certain types of stress, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury. We provide a framework to explain these benefits as well as future applications and alternatives that could be used to induce the protection afforded by nutritional interventions.
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16
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Susa D, Mitchell JR, Verweij M, van de Ven M, Roest H, van den Engel S, Bajema I, Mangundap K, Ijzermans JNM, Hoeijmakers JHJ, de Bruin RWF. Congenital DNA repair deficiency results in protection against renal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Aging Cell 2009; 8:192-200. [PMID: 19338497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome and other segmental progerias with inborn defects in DNA repair mechanisms are thought to be due in part to hypersensitivity to endogenous oxidative DNA damage. The accelerated aging-like symptoms of this disorder include dysmyelination within the central nervous system, progressive sensineuronal hearing loss and retinal degeneration. We tested the effects of congenital nucleotide excision DNA repair deficiency on acute oxidative stress sensitivity in vivo. Surprisingly, we found mouse models of Cockayne syndrome less susceptible than wild type animals to surgically induced renal ischemia reperfusion injury, a multifactorial injury mediated in part by oxidative damage. Renal failure-related mortality was significantly reduced in Csb(-/-) mice, kidney function was improved and proliferation was significantly higher in the regenerative phase following ischemic injury. Protection from ischemic damage correlated with improved baseline glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and a reduced inflammatory response following injury. Protection was further associated with genetic ablation of a different Cockayne syndrome-associated gene, Csa. Our data provide the first functional in vivo evidence that congenital DNA repair deficiency can induce protection from acute stress in at least one organ. This suggests that while specific types of unrepaired endogenous DNA damage may lead to detrimental effects in certain tissues, they may at the same time elicit beneficial adaptive changes in others and thus contribute to the tissue specificity of disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Susa
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhang Y, Li S, Liang Y, Wen C, Guo Q, Su B. Potential mechanisms of neuroprotection induced by low dose total-body γ-irradiation in C57 mice administered with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Neurosci Lett 2009; 450:106-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Evidence is presented which supports the conclusion that the hormetic dose-response model is the most common and fundamental in the biological and biomedical sciences, being highly generalizable across biological model, endpoint measured and chemical class and physical agent. The paper provides a broad spectrum of applications of the hormesis concept for clinical medicine including anxiety, seizure, memory, stroke, cancer chemotherapy, dermatological processes such as hair growth, osteoporosis, ocular diseases, including retinal detachment, statin effects on cardiovascular function and tumour development, benign prostate enlargement, male sexual behaviours/dysfunctions, and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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19
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Newton IG, Forbes ME, Linville MC, Pang H, Tucker EM, Riddle DR, Brunso-Bechtold JK. Effects of aging and caloric restriction on dentate gyrus synapses and glutamate receptor subunits. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:1308-18. [PMID: 17433502 PMCID: PMC2805132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) attenuates aging-related degenerative processes throughout the body. It is less clear, however, whether CR has a similar effect in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, an area important for learning and memory processes that often are compromised in aging. In order to evaluate the effect of CR on synapses across lifespan, we quantified synapses stereologically in the middle molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) of young, middle aged and old Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats fed ad libitum (AL) or a CR diet from 4 months of age. The results indicate that synapses are maintained across lifespan in both AL and CR rats. In light of this stability, we addressed whether aging and CR influence neurotransmitter receptor levels by measuring subunits of NMDA (NR1, NR2A and NR2B) and AMPA (GluR1, GluR2) receptors in the DG of a second cohort of AL and CR rats across lifespan. The results reveal that the NR1 and GluR1 subunits decline with age in AL, but not CR rats. The absence of an aging-related decline in these subunits in CR rats, however, does not arise from increased levels in old CR rats. Instead, it is due to subunit decreases in young CR rats to levels that are sustained in CR rats throughout lifespan, but that are reached in AL rats only in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G. Newton
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - M. Elizabeth Forbes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - M. Constance Linville
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - Hui Pang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - David R. Riddle
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
- Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - Judy K. Brunso-Bechtold
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
- Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
- Corresponding Author/ Address for Proofs: Judy K. Brunso-Bechtold Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA Telephone: (336)716-4386, fax: (336)716-4534,
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20
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Abstract
It has been known for over a century that the dose-response curve for many micronutrients is non-monotonic, having an initial stage of increasing benefits with increased intake, followed by increasing costs as excesses become toxic. This phenomenon, termed Bertrand's rule, is widely assumed not to apply to caloric macronutrients. To date this assumption has been safe, owing to the considerable methodological challenges involved in coaxing animals to over-ingest macronutrients in a way that enables the effects of specific food components to be isolated. Here we report an experiment which overcomes these difficulties, to test whether the second phase (incurring costs with excessive intake) applies to carbohydrate intake by the generalist-feeding caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis. The results showed that excess carbohydrate intake caused increased mortality, thus extending Bertrand's rule to macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Raubenheimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Ecology Evolution and Behaviour Section, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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21
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Sinclair DA. Toward a unified theory of caloric restriction and longevity regulation. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:987-1002. [PMID: 15893363 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diet known as calorie restriction (CR) is the most reproducible way to extend the lifespan of mammals. Many of the early hypotheses to explain this effect were based on it being a passive alteration in metabolism. Yet, recent data from yeast, worms, flies, and mammals support the idea that CR is not simply a passive effect but an active, highly conserved stress response that evolved early in life's history to increase an organism's chance of surviving adversity. This perspective updates the evidence for and against the various hypotheses of CR, and concludes that many of them can be synthesized into a single, unifying hypothesis. This has important implications for how we might develop novel medicines that can harness these newly discovered innate mechanisms of disease resistance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sinclair
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Paster, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Ingram DK, Anson RM, de Cabo R, Mamczarz J, Zhu M, Mattison J, Lane MA, Roth GS. Development of Calorie Restriction Mimetics as a Prolongevity Strategy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1019:412-23. [PMID: 15247056 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1297.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
By applying calorie restriction (CR) at 30-50% below ad libitum levels, studies in numerous species have reported increased life span, reduced incidence and delayed onset of age-related diseases, improved stress resistance, and decelerated functional decline. Whether this nutritional intervention is relevant to human aging remains to be determined; however, evidence emerging from CR studies in nonhuman primates suggests that response to CR in primates parallels that observed in rodents. To evaluate CR effects in humans, clinical trials have been initiated. Even if evidence could substantiate CR as an effective antiaging strategy for humans, application of this intervention would be problematic due to the degree and length of restriction required. To meet this challenge for potential application of CR, new research to create "caloric restriction mimetics" has emerged. This strategy focuses on identifying compounds that mimic CR effects by targeting metabolic and stress response pathways affected by CR, but without actually restricting caloric intake. Microarray studies show that gene expression profiles of key enzymes in glucose (energy) handling pathways are modified by CR. Drugs that inhibit glycolysis (2-deoxyglucose) or enhance insulin action (metformin) are being assessed as CR mimetics. Promising results have emerged from initial studies regarding physiological responses indicative of CR (reduced body temperature and plasma insulin) as well as protection against neurotoxicity, enhanced dopamine action, and upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Further life span analyses in addition to expanded toxicity studies must be completed to assess the potential of any CR mimetic, but this strategy now appears to offer a very promising and expanding research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Ingram
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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23
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Lane MA, de Cabo R, Mattison J, Anson RM, Roth GS, Ingram DK. The Roy Walford legacy: diet restriction from molecules to mice to monkeys to man and onto mimetics. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:897-902. [PMID: 15217686 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lane
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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24
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Hamerman D. Molecular-based therapeutic approaches in treatment of anorexia of aging and cancer cachexia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57:M511-8. [PMID: 12145364 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.8.m511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of appetite, or anorexia, has profound implications for older persons, altering social interactions, reducing quality of life, and leading to weight loss with grave health consequences. Two conditions associated with anorexia considered in this article are the multidetermined anorexia of aging and the wasting syndrome termed cachexia induced by cancer. Nutritional interventions may have some benefit in the former, but are of limited value in the latter. Emerging studies at the molecular level relating to appetite regulation and energy balance may offer new approaches to arrest progressive weight loss in the anorexia of aging and cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hamerman
- Resnick Gerontology Center, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
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25
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Gray GM. Rodent cancer bioassays - is body weight depression hormetic? Hum Exp Toxicol 2000; 19:332-4. [PMID: 10962500 DOI: 10.1191/096032700678816007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Gray
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Kirkwood
- Department of Gerontology, University of Newcastle, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE46BE, UK
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Parsons
- School of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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