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Tsiaoussis J, Antoniou MN, Koliarakis I, Mesnage R, Vardavas CI, Izotov BN, Psaroulaki A, Tsatsakis A. Effects of single and combined toxic exposures on the gut microbiome: Current knowledge and future directions. Toxicol Lett 2019; 312:72-97. [PMID: 31034867 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human populations are chronically exposed to mixtures of toxic chemicals. Predicting the health effects of these mixtures require a large amount of information on the mode of action of their components. Xenobiotic metabolism by bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract has a major influence on human health. Our review aims to explore the literature for studies looking to characterize the different modes of action and outcomes of major chemical pollutants, and some components of cosmetics and food additives, on gut microbial communities in order to facilitate an estimation of their potential mixture effects. We identified good evidence that exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, nanoparticles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and non-caloric artificial sweeteners affect the gut microbiome and which is associated with the development of metabolic, malignant, inflammatory, or immune diseases. Answering the question 'Who is there?' is not sufficient to define the mode of action of a toxicant in predictive modeling of mixture effects. Therefore, we recommend that new studies focus to simulate real-life exposure to diverse chemicals (toxicants, cosmetic/food additives), including as mixtures, and which combine metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomic analytical methods achieving in that way a comprehensive evaluation of effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Boris N Izotov
- Department of Analytical, Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Analytical, Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Continuous Exposure to Inorganic Mercury Affects Neurobehavioral and Physiological Parameters in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:291-305. [PMID: 30251082 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with mercury is a real health issue for humans with physiological consequences. The main objective of the present study was to assess the neurotoxicological effect of inorganic mercury: HgCl2. For this, adult mice were exposed prenatally, postnatally, and during the adult period to a low level of the metal, and their behavior and antioxidant status were analyzed. First, we showed that mercury concentrations in brain tissue of treated animals showed significant bioaccumulation, which resulted in behavioral deficits in adult mice. Thus, the treated mice developed an anxiogenic state, as evidenced by open field and elevated plus maze tests. This anxiety-like behavior was accompanied by a decrease in social behavior. Furthermore, an impairment of memory in these treated mice was detected in the object recognition and Y-maze tests. The enzymatic activity of the antioxidant system was assessed in eight brain structures, including the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The results show that chronic exposure to HgCl2 caused alterations in the activity of catalase, thioredoxin reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase, accompanied by peroxidation of membrane lipids, indicating a disturbance in intracellular redox homeostasis with subsequent increased intracellular oxidative stress. These changes in oxidative stress were concomitant with a redistribution of essential heavy metals, i.e., iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium, in the brain as a possible response to homeostatic dysfunction following chronic exposure. The alterations observed in overall oxidative stress could constitute the basis of the anxiety-like state and the neurocognitive disorders observed.
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Singh N, Gupta VK, Kumar A, Sharma B. Synergistic Effects of Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Living Systems. Front Chem 2017; 5:70. [PMID: 29075624 PMCID: PMC5641569 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a widespread repeated exposure of the population to the pesticides and heavy metals of occupational and environmental origin. Such population is forced to undergo continuous stress imposed by combined exposure of the heavy metals and different classes of the pesticides used in agricultural as well as health practices. The existing reports from several workers have indicated that heavy metals and pesticides in combination may lead more severe impact on the human health when compared to their individual effects. Such a combination of pesticides and heavy metals may also change or influence the detection of exposure. Several studies in past have shown the synergistic toxic effects of heavy metals and pesticides. Such evaluations have revealed the synergistic interactions of various heavy metals and pesticides in animals as well as humans. The aim of the present article is to provide a synthesis of existing knowledge on the synergistic effects of heavy metal and pesticides in living systems. The information included in this article may be useful for different environment protection agencies and policy makers to consider the combined effects of heavy metals and pesticides on humans while designing strategies toward environmental protection and safety regulations about human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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Thakur T, Gulati K, Rai N, Ray A. Experimental studies on possible regulatory role of nitric oxide on the differential effects of chronic predictable and unpredictable stress on adaptive immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:236-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kaur I, Bhatia S, Bhati Y, Sharma V, Mediratta PK, Bhattacharya SK. Augmented primary humoral immune response and decreased cell-mediated immunity by Murraya koenigii in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 25:211-215. [PMID: 24129104 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) (curry patta: Hindi) of the family Rutaceae is used in the traditional Indian system of medicine for its immunomodulatory properties. The essential oil of the leaves of M. koenigii possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, and pesticidal activities and is used for the treatment of amebiasis, diabetes, and hepatitis. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of M. koenigii on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in rats. METHODS Aqueous extract of M. koenigii leaves was administered orally in a dose of 350 mg/kg. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by measuring foot pad thickness following sensitization by injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin and subsequent challenge by the same. Humoral immunity was assessed by measurement of hemagglutination titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). RESULTS In the humoral immune response, the administration of M. koenigii [350 mg/kg per os (p.o.)] from day 1 to day 7 after sensitization with SRBC on day 0 caused a significant increase in the primary anti-SRBC titer. However, the secondary immune response was decreased significantly (p<0.05) as shown by a decrease in secondary anti-SRBC titer measured on day 11 following a booster dose of antigen on day 8. In the delayed-type hypersensitivity test, M. koenigii (350 mg/kg, p.o.), when administered for 14 days, produced a significant (p<0.05) decrease in foot pad thickness when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Thus, these results suggest that oral administration of M. koenigii augments primary humoral immune response and decreases cell-mediated immunity.
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Halder S, Mehta AK, Mediratta PK. Augmented humoral immune response and decreased cell-mediated immunity by Aloe vera in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20:343-6. [PMID: 22477034 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was performed to explore the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on parameters of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Delayed-type hypersensitivity was assessed by measuring foot pad thickness following sensitisation by keyhole limpet haemocyanin injection and subsequently challenged by the same. Humoral immunity was assessed by measurement of haemagglutination titre to sheep red blood cells. RESULTS Aloe vera (400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant decrease in foot pad thickness compared with the control group, and also significantly enhanced the secondary humoral immune response. CONCLUSION Thus, these findings suggest that A. vera can modulate immune response by augmenting secondary humoral immunity and decreasing cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Halder
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), Delhi, India.
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Halder S, Mehta AK, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. Essential oil of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) augments the humoral immune response but decreases cell mediated immunity. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1254-6. [PMID: 21796701 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of the essential oil isolated from the buds of Eugenia caryophyllata on some immunological parameters. Humoral immunity was assessed by measuring the hemagglutination titre to sheep red blood cells and delayed type hypersensitivity was assessed by measuring foot pad thickness. Clove oil administration produced a significant increase in the primary as well as secondary humoral immune response. In addition, it also produced a significant decrease in foot pad thickness compared with the control group. Thus, these results suggest that clove oil can modulate the immune response by augmenting humoral immunity and decreasing cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Halder
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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Fukuyama T, Ueda H, Hayashi K, Tajima Y, Shuto Y, Kosaka T, Harada T. Sensitizing Potential of Chromated Copper Arsenate in Local Lymph Node Assays Differs with the Solvent Used. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5:99-106. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910802085715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Institóris L, Kovács D, Kecskeméti-Kovács I, Lukács A, Szabó A, Lengyel Z, Papp A, Nagymajtényi L, Dési I. Immunotoxicological investigation of subacute combined exposure with low doses of Pb, Hg and Cd in rats. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2006; 57:433-9. [PMID: 17278705 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.57.2006.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Detectable interactions between NOEL (No Observed Effect Level) doses of Pb, Hg and Cd in general toxicological, hematological, and immune function parameters were investigated. The metals (Pb-acetate, 20 mg/kg; HgCl2, 0.40 mg/kg; CdCl2, 1.61 mg/kg) were combined. First, the rats received the combination Pb + Hg + Cd for 4 weeks per os. Significant difference vs. control was found only in the weight of lung and popliteal lymph node (PLN). The Pb + Hg and Pb + Cd combinations significantly decreased the PLN to 100 g body weight and PLN to brain weight ratio, and Pb+Hg also decreased the relative adrenal weight. After 12 weeks treatment with the same doses, effects on the thymus, kidney, and adrenal weights in the Pb + Hg, and thymus weight in the Pb + Cd, combination were seen. Pb + Cd also affected the white and red blood cell count and hematocrit. Combined with Hg or Cd, NOEL dose Pb showed toxicity, indicating that exposure limits may be inefficient in combined exposure situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Institóris
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Institóris L, Siroki O, Undeger U, Basaran N, Dési I. Immunotoxicological investigation in rats dosed repeatedly with combinations of cypermethrin, As(III), and Hg(II). Toxicology 2002; 172:59-67. [PMID: 11844615 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the combined exposure of cypermethrin (CY), NaAsO2 (As), and HgCl2 (Hg) were investigated in male Wistar rats following 4 weeks of oral exposure. Standard toxicological (body weight gain, organ weights of brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidneys, adrenals, testes, and popliteal lymph node), haematological (white blood cell, red blood cell, haematocrit, MCV-mean volume of red blood cells, and cell content of the femoral bone marrow), and immune function (IgM-PFC response, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction) parameters were measured. The two doses selected for the combination were: a high (H) dose equal to lowest observed effect level determined in preliminary experiments (CY(H)=55.4 mg/kg, As(H)=13.3 mg/kg, Hg(H)=3.20 mg/kg), and a low (L) dose which was ineffective (non-observed effect level); CY(L)=11.1 mg/kg, As(L)=3.33 mg/kg, Hg(L)=0.40 mg/kg). CY(H) was combined with As(L) or Hg(L), and the H doses of the heavy metals were combined with CY(L). Beside vehicle control, the H dose components of the combinations were also used as internal controls. The main finding of this study was that certain combinations, when compared to H dose internal control, significantly altered the body weight gain (As(H)+CY(L)), the relative weight of adrenals and popliteal lymph node (CY(H)+As(L) and CY(H)+Hg(L)), the cell content of the femoral bone marrow (CY(H)+Hg(L)), and the time course of DTH reaction (CY(H)+As(L)). According to the present results, combined exposure with CY and the heavy metals investigated can modify the toxicity and/or the functional detection limit of the single substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Institóris
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Hungary
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