Psychiatric services for women

Needs of women patients with mental illness

Women patients suffer from a range of mental disorders similar to those that men may experience. However, there are some striking differences in the prevalence of specific disorders, and in their presentation and management. Some mental illnesses only occur in women. It seems that women patients may have a different experience of treatment, a consequence of differences in their needs and also of the way that health professionals perceive those needs. These differences are embedded in the wider cultural milieu in which we live. There are particular issues for women patients in relation to, for example, childhood sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence. At present, tools to measure needs of individual patients are generally not gender specific.

Do women need special secure services?

Clinicians working with women patients in secure units will already know that they are the centre of a debate not of their own making, which is about the appropriate specification of services for women patients with security needs. This paper attempts to outline the relevant issues and proposed solutions.

Part-time training and working for male and female psychiatrists

Part-time training and working have become popular acceptable options for both male and female psychiatrists, regardless of age. There are a number of reasons for this, the most common being family commitments such as those to children or elderly relatives, but also including personal ill health, wanting to reduce stress and prevent burn-out, wanting to pursue different priorities, portfolioworking or simply trying to achieve a better quality of life. The importance of providing flexible working patterns has been emphasised by the Department of Health (1998) in Working Together – Securing a Quality Workforce for the NHS.

Do men need special services?

The targeting of services to groups with special needs is today commonplace in enlightened public health policies. To list men among the ‘minorities’ in need of such special help might have the semblance of satire. This air of levity is not really reduced by listing male's shorter life expectancy, higher infant mortality and higher rates of natural and unnatural deaths in all age groups (Drever & Bunting, 1997; Kelly & Bunting, 1998).

Psychiatric hospitalizations in the Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) from 2000 to 2011

OBJECTIVE

To examine the variation in the rates of psychiatric hospitalization and the mean hospital stay time in the public health system in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the south of Brazil, from 2000 to 2011.

METHODS

This was an ecological study. Data were collected from DATASUS. The rates were obtained from diagnosis of admissions due to psychoactive substance use and to other causes, stratified by the gender of the patients. The data were analyzed using Poisson regression and Spearman correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

Increasing hospitalization rates were observed for women with disorders due to substance use (p < 0.001) and other causes (p < 0.001), and among men with disorders due to the use of alcohol or other drugs (p < 0.001). This elevation of the rates remained statistically significant and inversely correlated to the length of hospital stay (p < 0.001).

DISCUSSION

In a period of expansion of the local care networks for mental health, an increase in the occupancy of psychiatric beds in the state was noticed, with shorter length of stay and greater diversity of gender and causes of hospitalization.

Hospitalization due to drug use did not change after a decade of the Psychiatric Reform

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the psychiatric hospitalization rates due to use of psychoactive substances and average time of hospitalization suffered any changes after the first decade of effective implementation of the psychiatric reform in Brazil.

METHODS

This article examines the evolution of hospitalizations due to disorders arising from the use of alcohol or other substances in the state of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, from 2000 to 2012. This is an ecological, time-series study, which uses data from admissions obtained by the Informatics Service of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Hospitalization rates by 100,000 inhabitants and average time of occupancy of beds were estimated. Coefficients of variation of these rates were estimated by Poisson Regression.

RESULTS

The total and male hospitalization rates did not vary (p = 0.056 and p = 0.244, respectively). We observed an increase of 3.0% for the female sex (p = 0.049). We did not observe any significant variation for occupancy time of beds.

CONCLUSIONS

The deployment of services triggered by the Brazilian psychiatric reform was not accompanied by a reduction of hospitalization rates or mean occupancy time of hospitalized patients during this first decade of implementation of the reform.

'Safe enough in here?': patients' expectations and experiences of feeling safe in an acute psychiatric inpatient ward

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To understand the experience of being a patient on an acute psychiatric inpatient ward.

BACKGROUND

Acute psychiatric inpatient care is an integral part of the mental health system. A key driver for admission to acute wards is risk. Previous research indicates that people do not always feel safe when in an acute ward. Understanding the patient experience of safety can influence nursing practice, as well as policy and service development.

DESIGN

A qualitative approach was used. Patient experience was conceptualised as represented through narrative as data. Sociolinguistic theories linking narrative structure with meaning informed the development of the analytic framework.

METHODS

Thirteen patients with a variety of diagnoses were recruited from an acute ward. Unstructured interviews were carried out in participants' homes two and six weeks postdischarge. Holistic analysis of each individual's data set was undertaken. Themes running across these holistic analyses were then identified and developed.

RESULTS

Participant narratives were focused around themes of help, safety and power. This study presents findings relating to the experience of safety. Participants expected to be safe from themselves and from others. Initially, they experienced a sense of safety from the outside world. Lack of knowledge of their fellow patients made them feel vulnerable. Participants expected the nurses to keep them safe, and felt safer when there were male nurses present.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants talk about safety in terms of psychological and physical safety. A key issue was the perception of threat from other patients, highlighting the need to consider patient safety as more than physical safety.

RELEVANCE TO PRACTICE

Nurses need to be sensitive to the possibility that patients feel unsafe in the absence of obvious threat. Institutional structures that challenge patients' sense of safety must be examined.

Culture and the social construction of gender: mapping the intersection with mental health

The social construction of gender is an important concept for better understanding the determinants of mental health in women and men. Going beyond physical and physiological differences and the traditional biomedical approach, interdisciplinary study of the complex factors related to culture and society, power and politics is necessary to be able to find solutions to situations of disparity in mental health, related to both prevalence of disorders, availability and response to treatment. Gender inequality continues to be a source of suffering for many women around the world, and this can lead to adverse mental health outcomes. This review focuses on developments in the literature on culture, gender and mental health over the past decade, focusing on themes around the social construction of gender, mental health and the media, a look at cultural competence through a gender lens, gender and the body, providing some examples of the intersection between mental health and gender in low-income countries as well as the more developed world, and the impact of migration and resettlement on mental health. At the clinical level, using a bio-psycho-social-spiritual model that can integrate and negotiate between both traditional and biomedical perspectives is necessary, combined with use of a cultural formulation that takes gender identity into account. Research involving both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, and in many cases an ethnographic framework, is essential in tackling these global issues.

‘Rip That Book up, I've Changed’: Unveiling the Experiences of Women Living with and Surviving Enduring Mental Illness

The lives of women with an enduring mental illness have been little researched within occupational therapy. This study explored the experiences of five women living with enduring mental illness in their communities. The women were interviewed over a 2-year period using the life history method. Data were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data set was analysed in two ways. First, from the narrative analysis, an individual unique narrative of each woman's life was created. Secondly, the data were analysed using the constant comparative method. This paper presents the findings from the constant comparative analysis.

Six themes were identified, which lifted the veil on the experience of living with and surviving enduring mental illness. Each theme represented a section of the women's lived experiences: a specific frame of the bigger picture of their lives. The themes were present life, life roles, relationships, illness transitions, help and cultural context.

The findings highlighted the complex life roles and needs of the women over time. They unveiled how the women became agents in creating a better life for themselves and others. Practitioners have a role to play in creating meaningful and safe environments that encourage social inclusion and recovery.

Listening to women with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: a focus on risk and resilient factors

Women without intellectual disabilities are more likely to develop mental health problems as a result of physiological functioning and psychosocial risk factors. However, little is known about the mental health of women with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to explore a small group of women's perceptions of the risk and protective factors pertaining to their mental health conditions. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2007 in Northern Ireland. Thematic content analysis identified three risk factors and four protective/resilient factors. None of the women identified physiological functioning as a risk factor. Results suggest that women with intellectual disabilities experience psychosocial risk factors similar to those reported by women without intellectual disability. Additional risk factors place them at higher risk of developing mental health problems. However, more research is required.

Gender differences in psychiatric diagnoses among inpatients with and without intellectual disabilities

There are few published studies on the relationship between gender and psychiatric disorders in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Adults (N = 1,971) with and without intellectual disabilities who received inpatient services for psychiatric diagnosis and clinical issues were examined. Among individuals with intellectual disabilities, women were more likely to have a diagnosis of mood disorder and sexual abuse history; men were more likely to have a substance abuse diagnosis, legal issues, and past destructive behavior. Gender difference patterns found for individuals with intellectual disabilities were similar to those of persons without intellectual disabilities, with the exception of eating disorder and psychotic disorder diagnoses. Gender issues should receive greater attention in intellectual disabilities inpatient care.

Women with and without intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders: an examination of the literature

This article examines the literature on women with and without intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders, using a gender social model of health. Relevant empirical studies, international literature reviews and policies between 1980 and 2007 were identified from electronic databases, journals and secondary sources. Three areas were examined: psychiatric disorders, their contextual background, and their clinical presentation. There are minimal levels of research into women with intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders. However, this article hypothesizes that women with intellectual disability have higher rates of psychiatric disorders than women without. This may result from greater vulnerability related both to internal factors (;intra': cognitive deficits, poorer communication skills, limited social skills) and to the external world (;inter': lack of opportunities, stigma, poor social support networks). The article argues that such women require gender-sensitive mental health services. However, more empirical evidence is required to support this claim and to inform development and delivery of services.

Mulheres, loucura e cuidado: a condição da mulher na provisão e demanda por cuidados em saúde mental

As políticas públicas brasileiras em saúde mental incentivam, atualmente, a criação de serviços extra-hospitalares e, como resultado, o papel da família, especialmente da mulher, no cuidado informal ao portador de sofrimento mental ganha a cada dia maior relevância. Embora considerada como fundamental na prestação de cuidados no meio familiar, a mulher também adoece e torna-se, deste modo, alvo de cuidados das equipes de saúde mental. A partir dessa consideração, este artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a condição da mulher que recebe e provê cuidados em saúde mental. O artigo aborda, inicialmente, estudos que discutem a relação entre mulher e loucura, partindo de registros da Idade Antiga até estudos referentes ao início do Século XX no Brasil. Em seguida, enfoca a mulher enquanto principal prestadora de cuidados informais, em âmbito doméstico, ao portador de sofrimento mental, a partir de estudos que tratam do impacto dessa função na vida familiar. Por fim, destaca literatura sobre as necessidades específicas da mulher que demanda cuidados em saúde mental, notadamente aquela que tem filhos menores, dependentes de cuidado. Reconhecer as especificidades da condição da mulher pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas formas de cuidar, que envolvam a família não apenas como fonte de informações sobre a paciente, mas como grupo que também necessita da intervenção profissional. Mulheres com filhos pequenos e diagnosticadas com transtorno mental severo demandam suporte profissional, especialmente se houver indicação de internação ou necessidade de cuidado contínuo.

Bordering on insanity: misnomer, reviewing the case of condemned women

In the UK, there have been calls to develop gendered specific mental health services for women in an attempt to ensure privacy and dignity are achieved as and when women come into contact with services. This is a largely rhetorical policy objective. There are more fundamental factors affecting women's experience of mental health services that need addressing. This paper explores these issues in the context of mental health care for women who have been 'given' the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Borderline personality disorder effects 2% of the adult population, 75-90% of those diagnosed being women. This diagnosis continues to present considerable conceptual and therapeutic challenges for all of those involved in mental health services and it remains a categorical label that evokes a wide range of conscious and unconscious responses in mental health nurses. The paper argues that mental health nurses need to recognize the defence mechanisms involved in working with individuals who are often difficult to work with. It is only when mental health nurses can embrace and acknowledge the person in the context of their life, that the pejorative and disabling consequences of the BPD label can be eliminated, ensuring the individual's story is heard and not that which is often a pre-constituted account accompanying this diagnosis.