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Li Y, Luo X, Hua Z, Xue X, Wang X, Pang M, Wang T, Lyu A, Liu Y. Apolipoproteins as potential communicators play an essential role in the pathogenesis and treatment of early atherosclerosis. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4493-4510. [PMID: 37781031 PMCID: PMC10535700 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis as the leading cause of the cardiovascular disease is closely related to cholesterol deposition within subendothelial areas of the arteries. Significantly, early atherosclerosis intervention is the critical phase for its reversal. As atherosclerosis progresses, early foam cells formation may evolve into fibrous plaques and atheromatous plaque, ulteriorly rupture of atheromatous plaque increases risks of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, resulting in high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Notably, amphiphilic apolipoproteins (Apos) can concomitantly combine with lipids to form soluble lipoproteins that have been demonstrated to associate with atherosclerosis. Apos act as crucial communicators of lipoproteins, which not only can mediate lipids metabolism, but also can involve in pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic processes of atherosclerosis via affecting subendothelial retention and aggregation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidative modification of LDL, foam cells formation and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in macrophage cells. Correspondingly, Apos can be used as endogenous and/or exogenous targeting agents to effectively attenuate the development of atherosclerosis. The article reviews the classification, structure, and relationship between Apos and lipids, how Apos serve as communicators of lipoproteins to participate in the pathogenesis progression of early atherosclerosis, as well as how Apos as the meaningful targeting mass is used in early atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenglai Hua
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingshi Pang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Nezos A, Skarlis C, Psarrou A, Markakis K, Garantziotis P, Papanikolaou A, Gravani F, Voulgarelis M, Tzioufas AG, Koutsilieris M, Moutsopoulos HM, Kotsifaki E, Mavragani CP. Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A Novel Contributor in Sjögren's Syndrome-Related Lymphoma? Front Immunol 2021; 12:683623. [PMID: 34220834 PMCID: PMC8253309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (B-NHL) is one of the major complications of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). Chronic inflammation and macrophages in SS minor salivary glands have been previously suggested as significant predictors for lymphoma development among SS patients. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)—a product mainly of tissue macrophages—is found in the circulation associated with lipoproteins and has been previously involved in cardiovascular, autoimmune, and malignant diseases, including lymphoma. Objective The purpose of the current study was to investigate the contributory role of Lp-PLA2 in B-NHL development in the setting of primary SS. Methods Lp-PLA2 activity in serum samples collected from 50 primary SS patients with no lymphoma (SS-nL), 9 primary SS patients with lymphoma (SS-L), and 42 healthy controls (HC) was determined by detection of [3H]PAF degradation products by liquid scintillation counter. Moreover, additional sera from 50 SS-nL, 28 SS-L, and 32 HC were tested for Lp-PLA2 activity using a commercially available ELISA kit. Lp-PLA2 mRNA, and protein expression in minor salivary gland (MSG) tissue samples derived from SS-nL, SS-L patients, and sicca controls (SC) were analyzed by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Results Serum Lp-PLA2 activity was significantly increased in SS-L compared to both SS-nL and HC by two independent methods implemented [mean ± SD (nmol/min/ml): 62.0 ± 13.4 vs 47.6 ± 14.4 vs 50.7 ± 16.6, p-values: 0.003 and 0.04, respectively, and 19.4 ± 4.5 vs 15.2 ± 3.3 vs 14.5 ± 3.0, p-values: <0.0001, in both comparisons]. ROC analysis revealed that the serum Lp-PLA2 activity measured either by radioimmunoassay or ELISA has the potential to distinguish between SS-L and SS-nL patients (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.8022, CI [95%]: 0.64–0.96, p-value: 0.004 for radioimmunoassay, and AUC: 0.7696, CI [95%]: 0.66–0.88, p-value: <0.0001, for ELISA). Lp-PLA2 expression in MSG tissues was also increased in SS-L compared to SS-nL and SC at both mRNA and protein level. ROC analysis revealed that both MSG mRNA and protein Lp-PLA2 have the potential to distinguish between SS-nL and SS-L patients (area under the curve [AUC] values of 0.8490, CI [95%]: 0.71–0.99, p-value: 0.0019 and 0.9444, CI [95%]: 0.79–1.00, p- value: 0.0389 respectively). No significant difference in either serum Lp-PLA2 activity or MSG tissue expression was observed between SS-nL and HC. Conclusions Lp-PLA2 serum activity and MSG tissue mRNA/protein expression could be a new biomarker and possibly a novel therapeutic target for B-cell lymphoproliferation in the setting of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianos Nezos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Skarlis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Psarrou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Garantziotis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Fotini Gravani
- Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital of Athens "G.Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Voulgarelis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Haralampos M Moutsopoulos
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Chair Medical Sciences/Immunology, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kotsifaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio P Mavragani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, O'Neil A, Maes M, Puri BK. The lipid paradox in neuroprogressive disorders: Causes and consequences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:35-57. [PMID: 34118292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in an environment of low low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low total cholesterol and with the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive disorders. The causes and consequences of this lipid paradox are explored. Circulating activated neutrophils can release inflammatory molecules such as myeloperoxidase and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Since activated neutrophils are associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, it seems reasonable to hypothesise that the inflammatory molecules released by them may act as mediators of the link between systemic inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis in neuroprogressive disorders. This hypothesis is tested by considering the association at a molecular level of systemic inflammation with increased LDL oxidation; increased small dense LDL levels; increased lipoprotein (a) concentration; secretory phospholipase A2 activation; cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation; increased platelet activation; decreased apolipoprotein A1 levels and function; decreased paroxonase-1 activity; hyperhomocysteinaemia; and metabolic endotoxaemia. These molecular mechanisms suggest potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sato A, Watanabe H, Yamazaki M, Sakurai E, Ebina K. Interaction of Native- and Oxidized-Low-Density Lipoprotein with Human Estrogen Sulfotransferase. Protein J 2021; 40:192-204. [PMID: 33665770 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E) mainly catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of estrogens, which decrease atherosclerosis progression. Recently we reported that a YKEG sequence in human SULT1E1 (hSULT1E1) corresponding to residues 61-64 can bind specifically to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; its major oxidative lipid component lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and its structurally similar lipid, platelet-activating factor (PAF). In this study, we investigated the effect of Ox-LDL on the sulfating activity of hSULT1E1. In vivo experiments using a mouse model of atherosclerosis showed that the protein expression of SULT1E1 was higher in the aorta of mice with atherosclerosis compared with that in control animals. Results from a sulfating activity assay of hSULT1E1 using 1-hydroxypyrene as the substrate demonstrated that Ox-LDL, LPC, and PAF markedly decreased the sulfating activity of hSULT1E1, whereas native LDL and 1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) as one of the oxidized phosphatidylcholines showed the opposite effect. The sulfating activity greatly changed in the presence of LPC, PAF, and POVPC in their concentration-dependen manner (especially above their critical micelle concentrations). Moreover, Ox-LDL specifically recognized dimeric hSULT1E1. These results suggest that the effects of Ox-LDL and native LDL on the sulfating activity of hSULT1E1 might be helpful in elucidating the novel mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, involving the relationship between estrogen metabolism, LDL, and Ox-LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan. .,Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan.
| | - Hinako Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakurai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ebina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan
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5
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Sato A, Yamazaki M, Watanabe H, Sakurai E, Ebina K. Human estrogen sulfotransferase and its related fluorescently labeled decapeptides specifically interact with oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3274. [PMID: 32633098 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E) mainly catalyzes the sulfation of estrogens, which are known to prevent the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recently, we found that peptides with a YKDG sequence specifically bind to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the interaction between human SULT1E1 (hSULT1E1), which has a YKEG sequence (residues 61-64) unlike other human SULTs, and Ox-LDL. Results from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting demonstrated that hSULT1E1 specifically binds to Ox-LDL and its major lipid component (lysophosphatidylcholine; LPC), and platelet-activating factor (PAF), which bears a marked resemblance to LPC in terms of structure and activity. Moreover, an N-terminally fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled decapeptide (MIYKEGDVEK; FITC-hSULT1E1-P10) corresponding to residues 59-68 of hSULT1E1 specifically binds to Ox-LDL, LPC, and PAF. Unveiling the specific interaction between hSULT1E1 and Ox-LDL, LPC, and PAF provides important information regarding the mechanisms underlying various diseases caused by Ox-LDL, LPC, and PAF, such as atherosclerosis. In addition, FITC-hSULT1E1-P10 could be used as an efficient fluorescent probe for the detection of Ox-LDL, LPC, and PAF, which could facilitate the mechanistic study, identification, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hinako Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakurai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ebina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Iryo Sosei University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
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6
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A Method for In Vitro Measurement of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Blood, Using Its Antibody, Fluorescence-Labeled Heptapeptide and Polyethylene Glycol. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:1985-1993. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Sato A. Development of Novel Diagnostic Agents for Atherosclerosis Using Fluorescence-labeled Peptides. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 136:1367-1372. [PMID: 27725385 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, probes for detection of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in atherosclerotic plaques and plasma are expected to be useful for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Recently, we found that four fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled heptapeptides (Lys-Trp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Gly-Asp, KP6)-(FITC)KP6 and (FITC-AC)KP6- and then substitution with D-Lys at the N-terminus-(FITC)dKP6 and (FITC-AC)dKP6- bind with high specificity and high affinity to two oxidized forms of LDL, heavily oxidized LDL and minimally modified LDL (MM-LDL), through binding to lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized phosphatidylcholine, present abundantly in heavily oxidized LDL and MM-LDL. Moreover, (FITC)dKP6 and (FITC-AC)dKP6 were more stable than (FITC)KP6 and (FITC-AC)KP6 in plasma in vitro. (FITC)KP6 could detect foam cells in atherosclerotic aortic plaques of apoE-knockout mice. These results suggest that four fluorescence-labeled heptapeptides could be efficient fluorescent probes for the specific detection of ox-LDL, and can therefore contribute to the identification, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University
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8
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A Fluorescence-Labeled Heptapeptide, (FITC)KP6, as an Efficient Probe for the Specific Detection of Oxidized and Minimally Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:1141-50. [PMID: 27063871 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two oxidized forms of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) and minimally modified LDL (MM-LDL), are believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recently, we reported that a heptapeptide (Lys-Trp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Gly-Asp, KP6) coupled through the ε-amino group of N-terminus Lys to fluorescein isothiocyanate, (FITC)KP6, bound to ox-LDL but not to LDL. In the present study, we investigated whether (FITC)KP6 could be used as a fluorescent probe for the specific detection of MM-LDL and ox-LDL. Results from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and surface plasmon resonance proved that (FITC)KP6 could efficiently bind to MM-LDL as well as ox-LDL in a dose-dependent manner and with high affinity (K D = 3.16 and 3.54 ng/mL protein for MM-LDL and ox-LDL, respectively). (FITC) KP6 bound to lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized phosphatidylcholine, both present abundantly in ox-LDL and MM-LDL, respectively. In vitro, (FITC)KP6 was detected on the surface and/or in the cytosol of human THP-1-derived macrophages incubated with ox-LDL and MM-LDL, but not LDL. These results suggest that (FITC)KP6 could be an efficient fluorescent probe for the specific detection of ox-LDL and MM-LDL and can therefore contribute to the identification, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Gruppen EG, Connelly MA, Dullaart RPF. Higher circulating GlycA, a pro-inflammatory glycoprotein biomarker, relates to lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass in nondiabetic subjects but not in diabetic or metabolic syndrome subjects. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 10:512-8. [PMID: 27206938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a cardiovascular risk marker, which is in part complexed to low-density lipoproteins, where it exerts pro-inflammatory properties. GlycA is a pro-inflammatory proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarker whose signal originates from a subset of N-acetylglucosamine residues on the most abundant glycosylated acute-phase proteins. OBJECTIVE We compared plasma GlycA and Lp-PLA2 mass between subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and subjects with T2DM and/or MetS. We also tested the relationship of GlycA with Lp-PLA2 in each group. METHODS Plasma GlycA, Lp-PLA2 mass, high-sensitivity C-reactivity protein (hsCRP) and lipids were measured in 40 subjects with neither T2DM nor MetS (group 1) and in 58 subjects with T2DM and/or MetS (group 2). RESULTS GlycA and hsCRP were higher (P < .01 for each), whereas Lp-PLA2 was lower in group 2 vs group 1 (P < .001). GlycA was positively related to hsCRP in each group (P < .001). In contrast, GlycA was correlated positively with Lp-PLA2 in group 1 (r = 0.384, P = .015), but not in group 2 (r = 0.045; P = .74; interaction term for difference: P = .059). Although Lp-PLA2 was correlated positively with non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in each group (P ≤ .02), its inverse relationship with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in group 1 (r = -0.381, P = .013) was absent in group 2 (r = -0.101, P = .42). CONCLUSIONS A pro-inflammatory glycoprotein biomarker, GlycA, is higher in subjects with either T2DM, MetS, or both. The normally present positive relationship of GlycA with Lp-PLA2 is blunted in subjects with T2DM and/or MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eke G Gruppen
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Sabnis N, Bowman WP, Lacko AG. Lipoprotein based drug delivery: Potential for pediatric cancer applications. World J Pharmacol 2015; 4:172-179. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v4.i2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While survival rates for patients with childhood cancers have substantially improved, the quality of life of the survivors is often adversely impacted by the residual effects of chemo and radiation therapy. Because of the existing metabolic and physiological disparities between pediatric and adult patients, the treatment of pediatric cancer patients poses special challenges to oncologists. While numerous clinical trials being conducted, to improve treatment outcomes for pediatric cancer patients, new approaches are required to increase the efficacy and to minimize the drug related toxic side effects. Nanotechnology is a potentially effective tool to overcome barriers to effective cancer therapeutics including poor bioavailability and non-specific targeting. Among the nano-delivery approaches, lipoprotein based formulations have shown particularly strong promise to improve cancer therapeutics. The present article describes the challenges faced in the treatment of pediatric cancers and reviews the potential of lipoprotein-based therapeutics for these malignancies.
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11
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Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and arterial stiffness evaluation in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:936-44. [PMID: 24529818 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The association between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains equivocal. Arterial stiffness, as assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) are surrogates of CVD risk. AIM The aim of this study was to assess carotid-femoral PWV and Lp-PLA2 in patients with IBD without history of CVD. METHODS Established CVD risk factors, IBD characteristics, PWV and Lp-PLA2 activity were assessed in 44 patients with IBD, 29 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 15 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 44 matched controls. RESULTS IBD patients had lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. There was no difference in PWV between patients and controls (6.8 vs. 6.4m/s), but patients with CD had higher PWV compared to those with UC (7 vs. 6.3m/s; p=0.044), and to controls. Smoking rates were significantly higher among CD patients. Factors associated with PWV were age, mean arterial pressure and smoking. Lp-PLA2 activity was significantly lower in patients with IBD (46.8 vs. 53.9 nmol/mL/min; p=0.011). There was no difference in Lp-PLA2 between CD and UC patients. LDL-C was the only significant predictor of Lp-PLA2. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed lower Lp-PLA2 activity in patients with IBD compared with controls, reflecting lower LDL-C in the former. There was no difference in PWV between the two groups. Arterial stiffness was higher in patients with CD, which is likely related to higher smoking rates. These findings challenge a possible association between IBD and CVD, but further studies are required.
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Dullaart RP, van Pelt LJ, Kwakernaak AJ, Dikkeschei BD, van der Horst IC, Tio RA. Plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass is elevated in STEMI compared to non-STEMI patients but does not discriminate between myocardial infarction and non-cardiac chest pain. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 424:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Burchardt P, Zurawski J, Zuchowski B, Kubacki T, Murawa D, Wiktorowicz K, Wysocki H. Low-density lipoprotein, its susceptibility to oxidation and the role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase lipases in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9:151-8. [PMID: 23515030 PMCID: PMC3598136 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.33176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a very well established risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD). Unoxidized LDL is an inert transport vehicle of cholesterol and other lipids in the body and is thought to be atherogenic. Recently it has been appreciated that oxidized products of LDL are responsible for plaque formation properties previously attributed to the intact particle. The goal of this article is to review the recent understanding of the LDL oxidation pathway. The role of oxidized products and key enzymes (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and carboxyl ester lipase) are also extensively discussed in the context of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Burchardt
- Division of Cardiology-Intensive Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Ohkawa R, Nakamura K, Thuboi S, Ogita M, Miyazaki T, Nishino A, Yokoyama K, Kurata T, Yatomi Y, Daida H. Higher lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels are associated with coronary atherosclerosis documented by coronary angiography. Ann Clin Biochem 2012; 49:527-33. [PMID: 22933444 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2012.011252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) has been proposed as an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular disease. The present study investigates associations between Lp-PLA2 and other important biomarkers in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS We measured Lp-PLA2 levels in 141 consecutive patients (age 62.6 ± 3.8 years; men 69.2%) with angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease (acute coronary syndrome [ACS]; n = 38), stable angina pectoris (SAP; n = 72) or with angiographically normal coronary arteries (NCA; n = 31). RESULTS Levels of Lp-PLA2 significantly correlated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = 0.302), homocysteine (r = 0.528) and paraoxonase (r = 0.401) in all patients (all P < 0.01). Levels of Lp-PLA2 were significantly higher in patients with coronary atherosclerosis (ACS and SAP) than with NCA (P < 0.05). Levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein were significantly higher in patients with ACS than with SAP and NCA (both P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that higher Lp-PLA2 levels were independently associated with coronary atherosclerosis (odds ratio: 1.058; 95% confidence interval: 1.012-1.121; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher Lp-PLA2 levels are associated with coronary atherosclerosis independently of traditional coronary risk factors. Thus, Lp-PLA2 is a novel biomarker of coronary atherosclerosis in Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Yu X, Li X, Zhao G, Xiao J, Mo Z, Yin K, Jiang Z, Fu Y, Zha X, Tang C. OxLDL up-regulates Niemann-Pick type C1 expression through ERK1/2/COX-2/PPARα-signaling pathway in macrophages. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:119-28. [PMID: 22232299 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) is located mainly in the membranes of the late endosome/lysosome and controls the intracellular cholesterol trafficking from the late endosome/lysosome to the plasma membrane. It has been reported that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) can up-regulate NPC1 expression. However, the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of oxLDL stimulation on NPC1 expression in THP-1 macrophages. Our results showed that oxLDL up-regulated NPC1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. In addition, oxLDL also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Treatment with oxLDL significantly increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression in the macrophages, and these increases were suppressed by the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 or ERK1/2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment. OxLDL up-regulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) at the mRNA and protein levels, which could be abolished by COX-2 siRNA or COX-2 inhibitor NS398 treatment in these macrophages. OxLDL dramatically elevated cellular cholesterol efflux, which was abrogated by inhibiting ERK1/2 and/or COX-2. In addition, oxLDL-induced NPC1 expression and cellular cholesterol efflux were reversed by PPARα siRNA or GW6471, an antagonist of PPARα. Taken together, these results provide the evidence that oxLDL can up-regulate the expression of the NPC1 through ERK1/2/COX-2/PPARα-signaling pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Constantinides A, Kappelle PJ, Lambert G, Dullaart RP. Plasma Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 Is Inversely Correlated with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-kexin Type 9. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:11-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Constantinides A, van Pelt LJ, van Leeuwen JJJ, de Vries R, Tio RA, van der Horst ICC, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RPF. Carotid intima media thickness is associated with plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass in nondiabetic subjects but not in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:820-7. [PMID: 21281278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent meta-analysis showed that both plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2) ) mass and activity independently predict cardiovascular events. Notably, Lp-PLA(2) activity but not mass was found to be a determinant of cardiovascular outcome in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We questioned whether relationships of carotid intima media thickness (IMT), a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis, with Lp-PLA(2) mass differ between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relationships of IMT with plasma Lp-PLA(2) mass (turbidimetric immunoassay) were compared in 74 patients with type 2 diabetes and in 64 nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS IMT was increased (P=0·016), but plasma Lp-PLA(2) mass was decreased in patients with diabetes compared to nondiabetic subjects (277±66 vs. 327±62μgL(-1) , P<0·001). In nondiabetic subjects, IMT was correlated positively with Lp-PLA(2) (r=0·325, P<0·009); multiple linear regression analysis confirmed an independent association of IMT with Lp-PLA(2) (ß=0·192, P=0·048). In contrast, IMT was unrelated to Lp-PLA(2) in patients with diabetes (r=0·021, P=0·86), and the relationship of IMT with Lp-PLA(2) was different in diabetic and control subjects (P<0·001). The relationship of Lp-PLA(2) with the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio also differed between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects (P<0·001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma Lp-PLA(2) may relate to early stages of atherosclerosis development. In diabetes mellitus, in contrast, the association of IMT with plasma Lp-PLA(2) mass is abolished, which could be partly ascribed to redistribution of Lp-PLA(2) mass from apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins towards HDL. These findings raise questions about the usefulness of plasma Lp-PLA(2) mass measurement as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Constantinides
- Department of Endocrinology Department of Cardiology Laboratory Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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