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Wang L, Yan Y, Wu L, Peng J. Natural products in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Novel lead discovery for drug development. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106925. [PMID: 37714392 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
With changing lifestyles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A substantial increase in the incidence, mortality, and associated burden of NAFLD-related advanced liver disease is expected. Currently, the initial diagnosis of NAFLD is still based on ultrasound and there is no approved treatment method. Lipid-lowering drugs, vitamin supplementation, and lifestyle improvement treatments are commonly used in clinical practice. However, most lipid-lowering drugs can produce poor patient compliance and specific adverse effects. Therefore, the exploration of bio-diagnostic markers and active lead compounds for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. More and more studies have reported the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of natural products (NPs), which have become an important source for new drug development to treat NAFLD due to their high activity and low side effects. At present, berberine and silymarin have been approved by the US FDA to enter clinical phase IV studies, demonstrating the potential of NPs against NAFLD. Studies have found that the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related pathways may play important roles in the process. With the continuous updating of technical means and scientific theories, in-depth research on the targets and mechanisms of NPs against NAFLD can provide new possibilities to find bio-diagnostic markers and innovative drugs. As we know, FXR agonists, PPARα agonists, and dual CCR2/5 inhibitors are gradually coming on stage for the treatment of NAFLD. Whether NPs can exert anti-NAFLD effects by regulating these targets or some unknown targets remains to be further studied. Therefore, the study reviewed the potential anti-NAFLD NPs and their targets. Some works on the discovery of new targets and the docking of active lead compounds were also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide some reference values for the development of non-invasive diagnostic markers and new drugs against NAFLD in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yonghuan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Linfang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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Yarhosseini F, Sangouni AA, Sangsefidi ZS, Hosseinzadeh M, Akhondi-Meybodi M, Ranjbar A, Fallahzadeh H, Mozaffari-Khosravi H. Effect of Cornus mas L. fruit extract on blood pressure, anthropometric and body composition indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 56:18-24. [PMID: 37344070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity is linked to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for hypertension. Some investigations have hypothesized that Cornus mas L. fruit can improve obesity and hypertension. We investigated the effect of C. mas L. fruit extract on blood pressure, anthropometric and body composition indices in patients with NAFLD. METHODS This 12-week double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on fifty patients with NAFLD. Patients received 20 cc/d C. mas L. fruit extract or placebo. We measured diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat mass (BFM), body fat percent (BFP) and fat free mass (FFM) before and after intervention. RESULTS Treatment group compared to control group showed a significant reduction in DBP (-8.62 ± 11.86 mmHg vs. 0.53 ± 8.53 mmHg; Pcrude = 0.003; Padjucted = 0.03) and SBP (-8.63 ± 14.37 mmHg vs. 0.0 ± 12.67 mmHg; Pcrude = 0.02; Padjucted = 0.02). We found no difference between groups in weight, WC, HC, WHR, BFM, BFP and FFM (P > 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, a significant reduction was observed in treatment group compared to control group in BFM (-0.2 ± 3.9 kg vs. 0.7 ± 2.4 kg; P = 0.01) and BFP (-0.2 ± 4.9% vs. 0.8 ± 2.8%; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS C. mas L. fruit extract statistically reduced blood pressure and body fat. However, it had no effect on other anthropometric and body composition indices. Studies with larger sample sizes and higher dosages of extract are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered on 30/9/2018 at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20180419039359N1 (https://www.irct.ir/trial/30707).
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Yarhosseini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Sangouni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sadat Sangsefidi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Akhondi-Meybodi
- Gastroenterology Department, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Ranjbar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Herbal Medicine Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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3
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Fang X, Song J, Zhou K, Zi X, Sun B, Bao H, Li L. Molecular Mechanism Pathways of Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:5645. [PMID: 37570615 PMCID: PMC10419790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, and its incidence continues to increase each year. Yet, there is still no definitive drug that can stop its development. This review focuses mainly on lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal flora dysbiosis to understand NAFLD's pathogenesis. In this review, we used NCBI's PubMed database for retrieval, integrating in vivo and in vitro experiments to reveal the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on NAFLD. We also reviewed the mechanisms by which the results of these experiments suggest that these compounds can protect the liver from damage by modulating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in the liver, and interacting with the intestinal microflora. The natural compounds discussed in these papers target a variety of pathways, such as the AMPK pathway and the TGF-β pathway, and have significant therapeutic effects. This review aims to provide new possible therapeutic lead compounds and references for the development of novel medications and the clinical treatment of NAFLD. It offers fresh perspectives on the development of natural compounds in preventing and treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lijing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.F.)
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Del Bo' C, Perna S, Allehdan S, Rafique A, Saad S, AlGhareeb F, Rondanelli M, Tayyem RF, Marino M, Martini D, Riso P. Does the Mediterranean Diet Have Any Effect on Lipid Profile, Central Obesity and Liver Enzymes in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Subjects? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102250. [PMID: 37242133 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet (MD) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) subjects has been evaluated in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the overall effects of MD intervention in a cohort of NAFLD patients targeting specific markers such as central obesity, lipid profile, liver enzymes and fibrosis, and intrahepatic fat (IHF). Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were explored to collect relevant studies from the last 10 years. RCTs with NAFLD subjects were included in this systematic review with a mean intervention duration from 6 weeks to 1 year, and different intervention strategies, mainly including energy restriction MD (normal or low glycaemic index), low-fat MD with increased monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and increased exercise expenditure. The outcomes measured in this meta-analysis were gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), waist circumference (WC), and liver fibrosis. Ten randomized controlled trials, which involved a total of 737 adults with NAFLD, were included. According to the results, the MD seems to decrease the liver stiffness (kPa) by -0.42 (CI95% -0.92, 0.09) (p = 0.10) and significantly reduce the TC by -0.46 mg/dl (CI95% -0.55, -0.38) (p = 0.001), while no significant findings were documented for liver enzymes and WC among patients with NAFLD. In conclusion, the MD might reduce indirect and direct outcomes linked with NAFLD severity, such as TC, liver fibrosis, and WC, although it is important to consider the variations across trials. Further RCTs are necessary to corroborate the findings obtained and provide further evidence on the role of the MD in the modulation of other disorders related to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Del Bo'
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabika Allehdan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Ayesha Rafique
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Sara Saad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Fahad AlGhareeb
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Reema F Tayyem
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Mirko Marino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Martini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Chen K, Kortesniemi MK, Linderborg KM, Yang B. Anthocyanins as Promising Molecules Affecting Energy Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes with Special Reference to Impact of Acylation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1002-1017. [PMID: 36515085 PMCID: PMC9853865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, the red-orange to blue-violet colorants present in fruits, vegetables, and tubers, have antidiabetic properties expressed via modulating energy metabolism, inflammation, and gut microbiota. Acylation of the glycosyl moieties of anthocyanins alters the physicochemical properties of anthocyanins and improves their stability. Thus, acylated anthocyanins with probiotic-like property and lower bioavailability are likely to have different biological effects from nonacylated anthocyanins on diabetes. This work highlights recent findings on the antidiabetic effects of acylated anthocyanins from the perspectives of energy metabolism, inflammation, and gut microbiota compared to the nonacylated anthocyanins and particularly emphasizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of these bioactive molecules, providing a new perspective to explore the different biological effects induced by structurally different anthocyanins. Acylated anthocyanins may have greater modulating effects on energy metabolism, inflammation, and gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes compared to nonacylated anthocyanins.
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Effect of Cornus mas L. fruit extract on lipid accumulation product and cardiovascular indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sangsefidi ZS, Mozaffari‐Khosravi H, Sarkhosh‐Khorasani S, Hosseinzadeh M. The effect of anthocyanins supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3954-3970. [PMID: 34262751 PMCID: PMC8269574 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess effect of consuming anthocyanins (ACNs; pure ACNs or products containing ACNs) on liver enzymes levels including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Although no significant impact was detected on the liver enzymes, a significant reduction was observed on ALT (WMD = -4.932 U/L, 95% CI = -9.848 to -0.015, p = .049) and AST (WMD = -3.464 U/L, 95% CI = -6.034 to -0.894, p = .008) in the studies that examined them as primary outcomes. A significant decrease was found on AST among the healthy subjects (WMD = -4.325 U/L, 95% CI = -8.516 to -0.134, p = .043) and in the studies that used products containing ACNs as intervention (WMD = -2.201 U/L, 95% CI = -4.275 to -0.127, p = .037). Although no significant relation was detected between ACNs dosage and the liver enzymes, significant associations were found between the duration of trial with ALT (ALT: slope: 0.09, 95% CI = 0.040 to 0.139, p = .0003) and AST (slope: 0.076, 95% CI = 0.037 to 0.115, p = .0001). In conclusion, although ACNs had no significant effect on the liver enzymes, a significant decrease was discovered on ALT and AST in the studies that evaluated them as primary outcomes. A significant reduction was observed in AST in the healthy individuals and in the studies used products containing ACNs as intervention. Significant relations were also found between the duration of trial with ALT and AST. Further studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sadat Sangsefidi
- Nutrition and Food Security CenterSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
- Department of NutritionSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | - Hassan Mozaffari‐Khosravi
- Nutrition and Food Security CenterSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
- Department of NutritionSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | - Sahar Sarkhosh‐Khorasani
- Nutrition and Food Security CenterSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
- Department of NutritionSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security CenterSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
- Department of NutritionSchool of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
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8
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Fonseca LRS, Silva GR, Luís Â, Cardoso HJ, Correia S, Vaz CV, Duarte AP, Socorro S. Sweet Cherries as Anti-Cancer Agents: From Bioactive Compounds to Function. Molecules 2021; 26:2941. [PMID: 34063349 PMCID: PMC8156356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are among the most appreciated fruits worldwide because of their organoleptic properties and nutritional value. The accurate phytochemical composition and nutritional value of sweet cherries depends on the climatic region, cultivar, and bioaccessibility and bioavailability of specific compounds. Nevertheless, sweet cherry extracts are highly enriched in several phenolic compounds with relevant bioactivity. Over the years, technological advances in chemical analysis and fields as varied as proteomics, genomics and bioinformatics, have allowed the detailed characterization of the sweet cherry bioactive phytonutrients and their biological function. In this context, the effect of sweet cherries on suppressing important events in the carcinogenic process, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, was widely documented. Interestingly, results from our research group and others have widened the action of sweet cherries to many hallmarks of cancer, namely metabolic reprogramming. The present review discusses the anticarcinogenic potential of sweet cherries by addressing their phytochemical composition, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of specific bioactive compounds, and the existing knowledge concerning the effects against oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, deregulated cell proliferation and apoptosis, invasion and metastization, and metabolic alterations. Globally, this review highlights the prospective use of sweet cherries as a dietary supplement or in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R. S. Fonseca
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.R.S.F.); (Â.L.); (H.J.C.); (S.C.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Gonçalo R. Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
| | - Ângelo Luís
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.R.S.F.); (Â.L.); (H.J.C.); (S.C.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Henrique J. Cardoso
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.R.S.F.); (Â.L.); (H.J.C.); (S.C.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Sara Correia
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.R.S.F.); (Â.L.); (H.J.C.); (S.C.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Cátia V. Vaz
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.R.S.F.); (Â.L.); (H.J.C.); (S.C.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Ana P. Duarte
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.R.S.F.); (Â.L.); (H.J.C.); (S.C.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.R.S.F.); (Â.L.); (H.J.C.); (S.C.); (C.V.V.)
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VandenAkker NE, Vendrame S, Tsakiroglou P, McGilvrey M, Klimis-Zacas D. Whole Red Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus)-Enriched Diet Is Hepatoprotective in the Obese Zucker Rat, a Model of the Metabolic Syndrome. J Med Food 2020; 24:817-824. [PMID: 33227217 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a major risk factor of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The effect of whole red raspberry (WRR) consumption on lipid metabolism was investigated in the obese Zucker rat (OZR), a model for the MetS. Male OZRs (n = 16) and their lean littermates (lean Zucker rat) (n = 16) at 8 weeks of age were placed on a control or an 8% WRR-enriched diet for 8 weeks. Plasma triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and non-HDL-C levels, and hepatic concentration of TG were measured. The expression of nine genes related to lipid metabolism was evaluated, both in liver and adipose tissue. A WRR-enriched diet reduced plasma cholesterol and HDL-C and increased plasma TG, while it decreased hepatic TG accumulation in the OZR. The OZR assigned to a WRR exhibited upregulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) and downregulation of fatty acid synthase (Fas) expression in the liver. Results showed a decrease in accumulation of liver TG and gene expression modulation of enzymes and transcription factors associated with lipid metabolism, suggesting a possible hepatoprotective role of a WRR-enriched diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Vendrame
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | | | - Marissa McGilvrey
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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Hirao J, Tojo A, Hatakeyama S, Satonaka H, Ishimitsu T. V-ATPase blockade reduces renal gluconeogenesis and improves insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic rats. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:1079-1088. [PMID: 32382157 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar H+-adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) stimulates vesicular acidification that may activate cytoplasmic enzymes, hormone secretion and membrane recycling of transporters. We investigated the effect of blockade of V-ATPase by bafilomycin B1 on renal gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial enzymes, and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic rats. Spontaneous type 2 diabetic Torii rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of bafilomycin B1 for 1 week, and the kidneys were examined after 24 h of starvation in metabolic cages. The renal expression and activity of V-ATPase were increased in the brush border membrane of the proximal tubules in diabetic rats. The blockade of V-ATPase by bafilomycin B1 reduced renal V-ATPase activity and urinary ammonium in diabetic rats. Treatment with bafilomycin suppressed the enhanced renal gluconeogenesis enzymes and mitochondrial electron transport enzymes in type 2 diabetic rats and reduced the renal cytoplasmic glucose levels. The insulin index and pancreatic insulin granules were decreased in diabetic rats with increased V-ATPase expression in islet cells, and treatment with bafilomycin B1 reversed these changes and increased the insulin secretion index. Hepatosteatosis in type 2 diabetic rats was ameliorated by bafilomycin treatment. As a consequence, treatment with bafilomycin B1 significantly decreased the plasma glucose level after 24 h of starvation in diabetic rats. In conclusion, a V-ATPase inhibitor improved plasma glucose levels in type 2 diabetes by inhibiting renal mitochondrial gluconeogenesis and improving insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirao
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tojo
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Saaya Hatakeyama
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satonaka
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ishimitsu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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Naseri E, Xiangyu K, Hu C, Ayaz A, Rahmani MM, Nasim M, Hamdard E, Zahir A, Zhou Q, Wang J, Hou X. Bok-choy promotes growth performance, lipid metabolism and related gene expression in Syrian golden hamsters fed with a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2020; 11:2693-2703. [PMID: 32182310 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Broadly, bok-choy is known for its potential benefits as part of a human diet. However, the effects and deeper investigations of bok-choy on human health are still insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of two cultivars of bok-choy, 'Suzhouqing' (green cultivar) and 'Ziluolan' (purple cultivar), on growth performance, lipid metabolism and related gene expressions in Syrian golden hamsters. Fifty six male Syrian golden hamsters (6-months-old) were randomly assigned into 6 groups: normal diet (A), high-fat diet (B), high-fat diet + 5% 'Suzhouqing' (C), high-fat diet + 7% 'Suzhouqing' (D), high-fat diet + 5% 'Ziluolan' (E), and high-fat diet + 7% 'Ziluolan' (F), fed for 56 consecutive days. On day 0, 28 and 56, blood and liver samples were collected to examine the lipid profile, liver enzymes, histomorphology and related gene expressions. The results showed that group B had significantly increased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, while (P < 0.05) showed impaired levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with group A. Group D, E and F had significantly reduced levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, while the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased compared with group B. Remarkably, the mRNA expressions of CEBP-α, DGAT1, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), FASN and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA) were significantly up-regulated and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2), Cyp27A1 and proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) were significantly down-regulated in group B compared with group A. However, in group D, E and F, the mRNA expression levels of CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha, DGAT1, LPL, FASN and HMG-CoA were significantly down-regulated and CPT2, Cyp27A1 and PPAR-α were significantly up-regulated compared with group B. In conclusion, different amounts of bok-choy added to the diets incredibly improved the lipid-profile, enhanced liver enzyme activities and related gene expression. The hamsters supplemented with 7% 'Ziluolan' exhibited the best performance among all the other high-fat groups, which shows that Ziluolan could be a great alternative for the reduction of fat accumulation and conserving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emal Naseri
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kong Xiangyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chunmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. and New Rural Research Institute in Lianyungang, Nanjing Agricultural University, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Aliya Ayaz
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mohammad Malyar Rahmani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Maazullah Nasim
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Enayatullah Hamdard
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ahmadullah Zahir
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. and New Rural Research Institute in Lianyungang, Nanjing Agricultural University, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Anthocyanin-enriched bilberry extract attenuates glycaemic response in overweight volunteers without changes in insulin. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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13
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Guzmán-Gerónimo RI, Herrera-Sotero M, Grijalva B, Oliart-Ros RM, Meza-Alvarado JE, Martínez-Chacón AJ, Acosta-Mesa HG, Herrera-Meza S. Impact of blackberry juice on biochemical and histopathological profile in Wistar rats fed with a high-sucrose and high-colesterol diet. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2020.1762747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brenda Grijalva
- Basic Sciences Institute, University of Veracruz, Xalapa, México
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Sangsefidi ZS, Hosseinzadeh M, Ranjbar AM, Akhondi-Meybodi M, Fallahzadeh H, Mozaffari-Khosravi H. The effect of total anthocyanin-base standardized (Cornus mas L.) fruit extract on liver function, tumor necrosis factor α, malondealdehyde, and adiponectin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver: a study protocol for a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Nutr J 2019; 18:39. [PMID: 31324181 PMCID: PMC6642510 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. Evidence showed that anthocyanins might have effects on NAFLD. Protective effects of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) extract, as an anthocyanins-rich source, on liver were reported in animal studies. However, very few clinical trials were conducted in this regard. Thus, the aim of this research will be to evaluate the effect of supplementation with total anthocyanin-base standardized cornelian cherry fruit extract on liver function (Serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cytokeratin-18 fragment M30 (CK-18 M30), as well as steatosis and fibrosis of liver), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), malondealdehyde (MDA), and adiponectin in patients with NAFLD. Methods In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 80 NAFLD patients will be studied. The patients will be randomly assigned into two groups. The intervention group will receive the cornelian cherry extract, containing 320 mg.d− 1 anthocyanins, per day for 12 weeks. The control group will also take the placebo daily for 12 weeks. Liver function (Serum levels of AST, ALT and CK-18 M30; steatosis and fibrosis of liver), serum levels of TNF-α, MDA, and adiponectin will be measured at the baseline and the end of trial for both groups and their results will be compared. Discussion Considering evidences about the useful impacts of anthocyanins on NAFLD, the effects of supplementation with cornelian cherry extract will be investigated on the important variables related to NAFLD. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20180419039359N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sadat Sangsefidi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Ranjbar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Herbal Medicine Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Akhondi-Meybodi
- Gastroentrology Department, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. .,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Rojas Á, Gallego P, Gil-Gómez A, Muñoz-Hernández R, Rojas L, Maldonado R, Gallego R, García-Valdecasas M, Del Campo JA, Bautista JD, Romero-Gómez M. Natural Extracts Abolished Lipid Accumulation in Cells Harbouring non-favourable PNPLA3 genotype. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:242-249. [PMID: 29469041 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.8642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background & aims. G-allele of PNPLA3 (rs738409) favours triglycerides accumulation and steatosis. In this study, we examined the effect of quercetin and natural extracts from mushroom and artichoke on reducing lipid accumulation in hepatic cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Huh7.5 cells were exposed to oleic acid (OA) and treated with quercetin and extracts to observe the lipid accumulation, the intracellular-TG concentration and the LD size. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1 (SREBP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα-γ) and cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) gene expression levels were analysed. RESULTS Quercetin decreased the intracellular lipids, LD size and the levels of intracellular-TG through the down-regulation of SREBP-1c, PPARγ and ACAT1 increasing PPARα. The natural-extracts suppressed OA-induced lipid accumulation and the intracellular-TG. They down-regulate the hepatic lipogenesis through SREBP-1c, besides the activation of lipolysis through the increasing of PPARα expression. CONCLUSIONS Quercetin and the aqueous extracts decrease intracellular lipid accumulation by down-regulation of lipogenesis and up-regulation of lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Rojas
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Laboratorio de Investigación clínica y traslacional en enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas y CIBERehd. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)
| | - Paloma Gallego
- Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain. UGC de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, CIBERehd
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Gil-Gómez
| | - Rocío Muñoz-Hernández
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Laboratorio de Investigación clínica y traslacional en enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas y CIBERehd. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)
| | - Lourdes Rojas
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Laboratorio de Investigación clínica y traslacional en enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas y CIBERehd. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)
| | - Rosario Maldonado
- Hospital Universitario de Valme, Seville, Spain. Unidad de Farmacología Clínica y Experimental
| | - Rocío Gallego
- Laboratorio de Investigación clínica y traslacional en enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas y CIBERehd. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS). Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta García-Valdecasas
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Laboratorio de Investigación clínica y traslacional en enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas y CIBERehd. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)
| | - José A Del Campo
- Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain. UGC de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, CIBERehd
| | - Juan D Bautista
- Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Laboratorio de Investigación clínica y traslacional en enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas y CIBERehd. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)
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Gowd V, Jia Z, Chen W. Anthocyanins as promising molecules and dietary bioactive components against diabetes – A review of recent advances. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yingying X, Caijuan W, Yenan Y, Yuqin T, Xueqin C, Zhongming W. The Effect of SIN1 and Microtubules on Insulin Induced PKC ζ Activation. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3666-3672. [PMID: 28751630 PMCID: PMC5545627 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinase C zeta (PKC ζ) plays an important role in insulin induced glycometabolism and insulin receptor (IR) associated signaling pathways. The full activation of PKC ζ depends on its translocation from cytosol to membrane and phosphorylation at Thr410. However, the mechanism of PKC ζ activation remains elusive. In this study, the effect of SIN1 and microtubules on insulin-induced PKC ζ activation was investigated. Material/Methods HepG2 cells were stimulated with insulin for co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. The immunocomplex was captured by using anti-PKC ζ, anti-SIN1 or anti-FLAG antibodies and was subjected to western blotting analysis for detecting PKC ζ, SIN1, and β-tubulin protein expression level. The cells were intervened by small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targeted exon regions of SIN1. Then the glucose uptake ratio after cells were stimulated by insulin was measured. The PKC ζ insulin receptor levels in the membranes were analyzed. Cells stained with anti-PKC ζ, anti-SIN1 antibodies and probed with molecular probes were observed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Results SIN1 interacted and co-located with PKC ζ by pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Downregulation of SIN1 severely impaired PKC ζ translocation and phosphorylation induced by insulin. PKC ζ co-immunoprecipitated with β-tubulin at different intervals upon insulin stimulus, and the activation of PKC ζ was affected by paclitaxel and nocodazole. Conclusions PKC ζ translocated from cytosol to membrane depending on SIN1, which suggested that PKC ζ may be activated directly by PI3K and the reaction probably carried out on microtubules in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yingying
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Wang Caijuan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Yenan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Tang Yuqin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Cai Xueqin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Wu Zhongming
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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Li D, Wang P, Luo Y, Zhao M, Chen F. Health benefits of anthocyanins and molecular mechanisms: Update from recent decade. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1729-1741. [PMID: 26192537 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are one of the most widespread families of natural pigments in the plant kingdom. Their health beneficial effects have been documented in many in vivo and in vitro studies. This review summarizes the most recent literature regarding the health benefits of anthocyanins and their molecular mechanisms. It appears that several signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor κB, AMP-activated protein kinase, and Wnt/β-catenin, as well as some crucial cellular processes, such as cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, and biochemical metabolism, are involved in these beneficial effects and may provide potential therapeutic targets and strategies for the improvement of a wide range of diseases in future. In addition, specific anthocyanin metabolites contributing to the observed in vivo biological activities, structure-activity relationships as well as additive and synergistic efficacy of anthocyanins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daotong Li
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Pengpu Wang
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Yinghua Luo
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Fang Chen
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
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Shin JH, Jung JH. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and flavonoids: Current perspectives. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:17-24. [PMID: 27545758 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an accumulation of fat in the liver despite a low level of alcohol intake, with signs of hepatomegaly. Although in the past, NAFLD was predominantly viewed as an aspect of metabolic syndrome, it is now considered that it should be classified as an independent condition similar to obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Therefore, new treatment strategies, not based on correcting insulin resistance, are needed for NAFLD. This work analyzes methods of prevention, therapeutic approaches, and mechanisms involved in NAFLD, focusing on the use of flavonoids (epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, anthocyanins, and isoflavones) with high antioxidant capacity. In addition, the mechanisms of cholesterol accumulation in the liver are identified as potential avenues for entirely new approaches to NAFLD treatment, contrasting the well-known relation between neutral fat and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Shin
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Joongbu University, 201 Daehak-ro, Chubu-myeon, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-Do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Jung
- Institute for Clinical Nutrition, Inje University, Mareunnae-ro 9, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Park CH, Kim JH, Lee EB, Hur W, Kwon OJ, Park HJ, Yoon SK. Aronia melanocarpa Extract Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism through PPARγ2 Downregulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169685. [PMID: 28081181 PMCID: PMC5230775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Studies have demonstrated that anthocyanin-rich foods may improve hyperlipidemia and ameliorate hepatic steatosis. Here, effects of Aronia melanocarpa (AM), known to be rich of anthocyanins, on hepatic lipid metabolism and adipogenic genes were determined. AM was treated to C57BL/6N mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) or to FL83B cells treated with free fatty acid (FFA). Changes in levels of lipids, enzymes and hormones were observed, and expressions of adipogenic genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism were detected by PCR, Western blotting and luciferase assay. In mice, AM significantly reduced the body and liver weight, lipid accumulation in the liver, and levels of biochemical markers such as fatty acid synthase, hepatic triglyceride and leptin. Serum transaminases, indicators for hepatocyte injury, were also suppressed, while superoxide dismutase activity and liver antioxidant capacity were significantly increased. In FL83B cells, AM significantly reduced FFA-induced lipid droplet accumulation. Protein synthesis of an adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) was inhibited in vivo. Furthermore, transcriptional activity of PPARγ2 was down-regulated in vitro, and mRNA expression of PPARγ2 and its downstream target genes, adipocyte protein 2 and lipoprotein lipase were down-regulated by AM both in vitro and in vivo. These results show beneficial effects of AM against hepatic lipid accumulation through the inhibition of PPARγ2 expression along with improvements in body weight, liver functions, lipid profiles and antioxidant capacity suggesting the potential therapeutic efficacy of AM on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hwa Park
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Byul Lee
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonhee Hur
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh-Joo Kwon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seung Kew Yoon
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center (CULRC), The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Song H, Lai J, Tang Q, Zheng X. Mulberry ethanol extract attenuates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet–fed mice. Nutr Res 2016; 36:710-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Akhlaghi M. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1559-1571. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz Iran
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Dajani A, AbuHammour A. Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Where do we stand? an overview. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:91-105. [PMID: 26997214 PMCID: PMC4817303 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.178527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common liver disease worldwide, the prevalence of which had progressively increased over the past 10 years where other liver diseases remained at the same prevalence rates or are expected to decrease as in the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV). The treatment of NAFLD is of prime concern to health care professionals and patients due to the significant mortality and morbidity it implies; the problem is further escalated by the fact that standard of care medications targeting NAFLD remain experimental and without evidence base. Treatment nowadays is focused on lifestyle modification and managing the comorbid associated diseases, with a possible role for some hepatic protective agents. This review presents all the medications that had been proposed and used for the treatment of NAFLD with or without scientific rationale and includes agents for weight loss, insulin sensitizers, drugs that reduce blood lipids, glucagon-mimetics, drugs that may reduce fibrosis, angiotensin receptor blockers, and medicines believed to reduce endoplasmic reticular stress such as vitamin E, ursodeoxycholic acid, and S-adenosyl methionine. A quick review of the newer agents that proved to be promising such as obeticholic acid and GFT505 and the medicines that are still in the pipeline is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Dajani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Asad Dajani Specialized Center, Sharjah, UAE,Address for correspondence: Dr. Asad Dajani, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Asad Dajani Specialized Center, P.O. Box 6328, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. E-mail:
| | - Adnan AbuHammour
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Abuhammour Medical Center, Dubai, UAE
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to its strong association with insulin resistance and obesity. At present, given that NAFLD is highly prevalent and therapies are limited, much attention is focused on identifying effective dietary strategies for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Polyphenols are a group of plant bioactive compounds whose regular consumption have been associated with a reduction in the risk of a number of metabolic disorders associated with NAFLD. Here we review the emerging and relatively consistent evidence from cell culture and rodent studies showing that select polyphenols positively modulate a variety of contributors to the NAFLD phenotype, through diverse and complementary mechanisms of action. In particular, the reduction of de novo lipogenesis (via sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c) and increased fatty acid β-oxidation, presumably involving AMP-activated protein kinase activation, will be discussed. The indirect antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols which have been reported to contribute to the amelioration of NAFLD will also be addressed. In addition to a direct study of the liver, rodent studies have provided insight into the impact of polyphenols on adipose tissue function and whole body insulin sensitivity, which are likely to in part modulate their impact on NAFLD development. Finally an overview of the limited data from clinical trials will be given along with a discussion of the dose extrapolation from animal studies to human subjects.
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Grootaert C, Kamiloglu S, Capanoglu E, Van Camp J. Cell Systems to Investigate the Impact of Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients 2015; 7:9229-55. [PMID: 26569293 PMCID: PMC4663590 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a diverse group of micronutrients from plant origin that may serve as antioxidants and that contribute to human health in general. More specifically, many research groups have investigated their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases in several animal studies and human trials. Yet, because of the excessive processing of the polyphenol structure by human cells and the residing intestinal microbial community, which results in a large variability between the test subjects, the exact mechanisms of their protective effects are still under investigation. To this end, simplified cell culture systems have been used to decrease the inter-individual variability in mechanistic studies. In this review, we will discuss the different cell culture models that have been used so far for polyphenol research in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We will also review the current trends in cell culture research, including co-culture methodologies. Finally, we will discuss the potential of these advanced models to screen for cardiovascular effects of the large pool of bioactive polyphenols present in foods and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
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Li D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun R, Xia M. Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients. J Nutr 2015; 145:742-8. [PMID: 25833778 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.205674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Anthocyanin, a natural antioxidant, has been reported to reduce oxidative stress and to attenuate insulin resistance and diabetes in animal models; however, the translation of these observations to humans has not been fully tested. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the effects of purified anthocyanins on dyslipidemia, oxidative status, and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 58 diabetic patients were given 160 mg of anthocyanins twice daily or placebo (n = 29/group) for 24 wk in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. RESULTS Anthocyanin supplementation significantly decreased serum LDL cholesterol (by 7.9%; P < 0.05), triglycerides (by 23.0%; P < 0.01), apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 (by 16.5%; P < 0.05), and apo C-III (by 11.0%; P < 0.01) and increased HDL cholesterol (by 19.4%; P < 0.05) compared with placebo after the 24-wk intervention. In addition, patients in the anthocyanin group showed higher total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power values than did patients in the placebo group (both P < 0.05). Serum concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and carbonylated proteins in patients in the anthocyanin group were significantly less than in patients in the placebo group (23.4%, 25.8%; P < 0.01 and 20%; P = 0.022, respectively). Furthermore, supplementation with anthocyanin lowered fasting plasma glucose (by 8.5%; P < 0.05) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (by 13%; P < 0.05), and elevated serum adiponectin (by 23.4%; P < 0.01) and β-hydroxybutyrate (by 42.4%; P = 0.01) concentrations compared with placebo supplementation. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that anthocyanin supplementation exerts beneficial metabolic effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes by improving dyslipidemia, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and preventing insulin resistance. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02317211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Cyanidin and malvidin in aqueous extracts of black carrots fermented with Aspergillus oryzae prevent the impairment of energy, lipid and glucose metabolism in estrogen-deficient rats by AMPK activation. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:455. [PMID: 25701199 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Black carrots (Daucus carota L.) are rich in anthocyanins which contribute many health benefits, but are limited by bioavailability and instability when exposed to oxygen, heat and light. Fermenting black carrots may improve the stability, absorption and bioactivity of its anthocyanins. Here, we examined whether and by what mechanisms the long-term consumption of unfermented black carrot extract (BC) and its extracts fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum (BCLP) or Aspergillus oryzae (BCAO) might prevent menopausal symptoms including impaired energy, glucose and lipid metabolism in estrogen-deficient animals with diet-induced obesity. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were fed four different high-fat diets containing 2 % dextrin (OVX-control), 2 % BC, 2 % BCLP, or 2 % BCAO for 12 weeks. Sham rats were fed high-fat diets containing 2 % dextrin. The contents of total anthocyanins increased in BCAO compared to BC and BCLP, whereas the contents of cyanidin-3-rutinosides, malvidin-3,5-diglycosides and delphine-3-glucoside were lower and cyanidin and malvidin were much higher in BCLP and BCAO than BC. Fat mass and weight gain were lower in descending order of OVX-control > BC and BCLP > BCAO due to increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation. However, BC, BCLP and especially BCAO all normalized HOMA-IR, an indicator of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, in OVX rats. OVX increased serum total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but BC, BCLP and BCAO significantly prevented the increases. BCAO markedly decreased hepatic triglyceride levels by increasing gene expressions of CPT-1 and PPAR-α, which are involved in fatty acid oxidation, and decreasing mRNA expressions of FAS and SREBP-1c, which are associated with fatty acid synthesis. This was related to increased pAMPK → pACC signaling and improved hepatic insulin signaling (pAkt → pFOXO-1). Cyanidin and malvidin markedly decreased fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by increasing CPT-1 and decreasing FAS and SREBP-1c expression in comparison with cyanidin-3-rutinoside and malvidin-3,5-diglycosides. In conclusion, with increasing cyanidin and malvidin, BCAO prevented the exacerbation of lipid and glucose metabolism by activating hepatic insulin signaling and AMPK activation by in OVX rats.
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28
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Hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidative effects of a new pigmented rice cultivar “Superjami” in high fat-fed mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-014-4095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aguirre L, Portillo MP, Hijona E, Bujanda L. Effects of resveratrol and other polyphenols in hepatic steatosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7366-7380. [PMID: 24966607 PMCID: PMC4064082 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease covers a wide spectrum of liver pathologies which range from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Polyphenols are members of a very large family of plant-derived compounds that can have beneficial effects on human health, and thus their study has become an increasingly important area of human nutrition research. The aim of the present review is to compile published data concerning the effects of both isolated polyphenols as well as polyphenol extracts, on hepatocyte and liver fat accumulation under different steatosis-inducing conditions. The results reported clearly show that this group of biomolecules is able to reduce fat accumulation, but further studies are needed to establish the optimal dose and treatment period length. With regard to the potential mechanisms of action, there is a good consensus. The anti-lipidogenic effect of polyphenols is mainly due to reduced fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis, increased in fatty acid oxidation, and reduced of oxidative stress and inflammation. As a general conclusion, it can be stated that polyphenols are biomolecules which produce hepatoprotective effects. To date, these beneficial effects have been demonstrated in cultured cells and animal models. Thus, studies performed in humans are needed before these molecules can be considered as truly useful tools in the prevention of liver steatosis.
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30
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Dey A, Lakshmanan J. The role of antioxidants and other agents in alleviating hyperglycemia mediated oxidative stress and injury in liver. Food Funct 2014; 4:1148-84. [PMID: 23760593 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several antioxidants and agents having similar antioxidant effects are known to exert beneficial effects in ameliorating the injurious effects of hyperglycemia on liver in different diabetic in vitro and in vivo models. The review deals with some of the agents which have been shown to exert protective effects on liver against hyperglycemic insult and the various mechanisms involved. The different classes of agents which protect the diabetic liver or decrease the severity of hyperglycemia mediated injury include flavonoids, catechins, and other polyphenolic compounds, curcumin and its derivatives, certain vitamins, hormones and drugs, trace elements, prototypical antioxidants and amino acids. Some of the pronounced changes mediated by the antioxidants in liver exposed to hyperglycemia include decreased oxidative stress, and alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Other mechanisms through which the agents ameliorate hyperglycemia mediated liver injury include decrease in oxidative DNA and protein damage, restoration of mitochondrial structural and functional integrity, decrease in inflammation and improved insulin signaling. Thus, antioxidants may prove to be an important mode of defense in maintaining normal hepatic functions in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Dey
- Life Science Division, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai 600044, India.
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31
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Pan MH, Lai CS, Tsai ML, Ho CT. Chemoprevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by dietary natural compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:147-71. [PMID: 24302567 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a wide spectrum of liver disease that is not from excess alcohol consumption, but is often associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD pathogenesis is complicated and involves oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, insulin resistance, inflammation, and excessive dietary fat intake, which increase hepatic lipid influx and de novo lipogenesis and impair insulin signaling, thus promoting hepatic triglyceride accumulation and ultimately NAFLD. Overproduction of proinflammatory adipokines from adipose tissue also affects hepatic metabolic function. Current NAFLD therapies are limited; thus, much attention has been focused on identification of potential dietary substances from fruits, vegetables, and edible plants to provide a new strategy for NAFLD treatment. Dietary natural compounds, such as carotenoids, omega-3-PUFAs, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, terpenoids, curcumin, and resveratrol, act through a variety of mechanisms to prevent and improve NAFLD. Here, we summarize and briefly discuss the currently known targets and signaling pathways as well as the role of dietary natural compounds that interfere with NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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32
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Dietary anthocyanins as nutritional therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:145421. [PMID: 24282628 PMCID: PMC3824564 DOI: 10.1155/2013/145421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined by excessive lipid accumulation in the liver, is the hepatic manifestation of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Due to the epidemics of obesity, NAFLD is rapidly becoming the leading cause of altered liver enzymes in Western countries. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from simple uncomplicated steatosis, to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Diet may affect the development of NAFLD either by increasing risk or by providing protective factors. Therefore, it is important to investigate the role of foods and/or food bioactives on the metabolic processes involved in steatohepatitis for preventive strategies. It has been reported that anthocyanins (ACNs) decrease hepatic lipid accumulation and may counteract oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation, but their impact on NAFLD has yet to be fully determined. ACNs are water-soluble bioactive compounds of the polyphenol class present in many vegetable products. Here, we summarize the evidence evaluating the mechanisms of action of ACNs on hepatic lipid metabolism in different experimental setting: in vitro, in vivo, and in human trials. Finally, a working model depicting the possible mechanisms underpinning the beneficial effects of ACNs in NAFLD is proposed, based on the available literature.
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A single supplement of a standardised bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract (36 % wet weight anthocyanins) modifies glycaemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes controlled by diet and lifestyle. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e22. [PMID: 25191571 PMCID: PMC4153034 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary strategies for alleviating health complications associated with type 2 diabetes
(T2D) are being pursued as alternatives to pharmaceutical interventions. Berries such as
bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) that are rich in polyphenols may
influence carbohydrate digestion and absorption and thus postprandial glycaemia. In
addition, berries have been reported to alter incretins as well as to have antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory properties that may also affect postprandial glycaemia. The present
study investigated the acute effect of a standardised bilberry extract on glucose
metabolism in T2D. Male volunteers with T2D (n 8; BMI 30 (sd 4)
kg/m2) controlling their diabetes by diet and lifestyle alone were given a
single oral capsule of either 0·47 g standardised bilberry extract (36 % (w/w)
anthocyanins) which equates to about 50 g of fresh bilberries or placebo followed by a
polysaccharide drink (equivalent to 75 g glucose) in a double-blinded cross-over
intervention with a 2-week washout period. The ingestion of the bilberry extract resulted
in a significant decrease in the incremental AUC for both glucose
(P = 0·003) and insulin (P = 0·03) compared with the
placebo. There was no change in the gut (glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory
polypeptide), pancreatic (glucagon, amylin) or anti-inflammatory (monocyte chemotactic
protein-1) peptides. In addition there was no change in the antioxidant (Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity, ferric-reducing ability of plasma) responses measured between the
volunteers receiving the bilberry extract and the placebo. In conclusion the present study
demonstrates for the first time that the ingestion of a concentrated bilberry extract
reduces postprandial glycaemia and insulin in volunteers with T2D. The most likely
mechanism for the lower glycaemic response involves reduced rates of carbohydrate
digestion and/or absorption.
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Gyamfi D, Everitt HE, Tewfik I, Clemens DL, Patel VB. Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by fatty acids and ethanol. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2131-45. [PMID: 23010494 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the key aspects of the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver disease particularly alterations to mitochondrial function remains to be resolved. The role of fatty acids in this regard requires further investigation due to their involvement in fatty liver disease and obesity. This study aimed to characterize the early effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids alone on liver mitochondrial function and during concomitant ethanol exposure using isolated liver mitochondria and VA-13 cells (Hep G2 cells that efficiently express alcohol dehydrogenase). Liver mitochondria or VA-13 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of palmitic or arachidonic acid (1 to 160 μM) for 24 h with or without 100 mM ethanol. The results showed that in isolated liver mitochondria both palmitic and arachidonic acids significantly reduced state 3 respiration in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.001), implicating their ionophoric activities. Increased ROS production occurred in a dose-dependent manner especially in the presence of rotenone (complex I inhibitor), which was significantly more prominent in arachidonic acid at 80 μM (+970%, P<0.001) than palmitic acid (+40%, P<0.01). In VA-13 cells, ethanol alone and both fatty acids (40 μM) were able to decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP levels and increase lipid formation. ROS production was significantly increased with arachidonic acid (+110%, P<0.001) exhibiting a greater effect than palmitic acid (+39%, P<0.05). While in the presence of ethanol, the drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular ATP levels, and increased lipid formation were further enhanced by both fatty acids, but with greater effect in the case of arachidonic acid, which also correlated with significant cytotoxicity (P<0.001). This study confirms the ability of fatty acids to promote mitochondrial injury in the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gyamfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
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35
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Salamone F, Li Volti G, Titta L, Puzzo L, Barbagallo I, La Delia F, Zelber-Sagi S, Malaguarnera M, Pelicci PG, Giorgio M, Galvano F. Moro orange juice prevents fatty liver in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3862-8. [PMID: 22876038 PMCID: PMC3413058 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish if the juice of Moro, an anthocyanin-rich orange, may improve liver damage in mice with diet-induced obesity.
METHODS: Eight-week-old mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and were administrated water or Moro juice for 12 wk. Liver morphology, gene expression of lipid transcription factors, and metabolic enzymes were assessed.
RESULTS: Mice fed HFD displayed increased body weight, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Moro juice administration limited body weight gain, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and decreased serum triglycerides and total cholesterol. Mice fed HFD showed liver steatosis associated with ballooning. Dietary Moro juice markedly improved liver steatosis by inducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and its target gene acylCoA-oxidase, a key enzyme of lipid oxidation. Consistently, Moro juice consumption suppressed the expression of liver X receptor-α and its target gene fatty acid synthase, and restored liver glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 activity.
CONCLUSION: Moro juice counteracts liver steatogenesis in mice with diet-induced obesity and thus may represent a promising dietary option for the prevention of fatty liver.
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36
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Yoshimura Y, Zaima N, Moriyama T, Kawamura Y. Different localization patterns of anthocyanin species in the pericarp of black rice revealed by imaging mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31285. [PMID: 22363605 PMCID: PMC3281930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) contains high levels of anthocyanins in the pericarp and is considered an effective health-promoting food. Several studies have identified the molecular species of anthocyanins in black rice, but information about the localization of each anthocyanin species is limited because methodologies for investigating the localization such as determining specific antibodies to anthocyanin, have not yet been developed Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is a suitable tool for investigating the localization of metabolites. In this study, we identified 7 species of anthocyanin monoglycosides and 2 species of anthocyanin diglycosides in crude extracts from black rice by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis. We also analyzed black rice sections by MALDI-IMS and found 2 additional species of anthocyanin pentosides and revealed different localization patterns of anthocyanin species composed of different sugar moieties. Anthocyanin species composed of a pentose moiety (cyanidin-3-O-pentoside and petunidin-3-O-pentoside) were localized in the entire pericarp, whereas anthocyanin species composed of a hexose moiety (cyanidin-3-O-hexoside and peonidin-3-O-hexoside) were focally localized in the dorsal pericarp. These results indicate that anthocyanin species composed of different sugar moieties exhibit different localization patterns in the pericarp of black rice. This is the first detailed investigation into the localization of molecular species of anthocyanins by MALDI-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatsuya Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
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37
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Burnside K, Lembo A, Harrell MI, Gurney M, Xue L, BinhTran NT, Connelly JE, Jewell KA, Schmidt BZ, de Los Reyes M, Tao WA, Doran KS, Rajagopal L. Serine/threonine phosphatase Stp1 mediates post-transcriptional regulation of hemolysin, autolysis, and virulence of group B Streptococcus. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44197-44210. [PMID: 22081606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how serine/threonine phosphatases regulate kinase function and bacterial virulence is critical for our ability to combat these infections. Group B streptococci (GBS) are β-hemolytic Gram-positive bacteria that cause invasive infections in humans. To adapt to environmental changes, GBS encodes signaling mechanisms comprising two component systems and eukaryotic-like enzymes. We have previously described the importance of the serine/threonine kinase Stk1 to GBS pathogenesis. However, how the presence or absence of the cognate serine/threonine phosphatase Stp1 affects Stk1 function and GBS virulence is not known. Here, we show that GBS deficient only in Stp1 expression are markedly reduced for their ability to cause systemic infections, exhibit decreased β-hemolysin/cytolysin activity, and show increased sensitivity to autolysis. Although transcription of genes important for β-hemolysin/cytolysin expression and export is similar to the wild type (WT), 294 genes (excluding stp1) showed altered expression in the stp1 mutant and included autolysin genes. Furthermore, phosphopeptide enrichment analysis identified that 35 serine/threonine phosphopeptides, corresponding to 27 proteins, were unique to the stp1 mutant. This included phosphorylation of ATP synthase, DNA and RNA helicases, and proteins important for cell division and protein synthesis. Collectively, our results indicate that Stp1 is important for appropriate regulation of Stk1 function, hemolysin activity, autolysis, and GBS virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie Burnside
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Annalisa Lembo
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Maria Isabel Harrell
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Michael Gurney
- Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Liang Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Nguyen-Thao BinhTran
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - James E Connelly
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Kelsea A Jewell
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Byron Z Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Melissa de Los Reyes
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Weiguo Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.
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