1
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Zheng S, Guo Y, Wu Z, Cheng J. Theory of Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Rhinitis and Asthma (Lipid Droplets). Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01469-5. [PMID: 39097558 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are important for the storage of neutral lipids in cells; moreover, they participate in a variety of activities in cells and are multifunctional organelles. In the past few decades, lipid droplets have been extensively studied and found to play important roles in cellular energy balance, signal regulation and metabolic regulation. In particular, the formation and function of lipid droplets in adipocytes and mast cells have received much attention. This article reviews the formation, structure and function of lipid droplets in mast cells and elaborates on the relationship between lipid droplets and both adipocyte metabolism and mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation, to provide ideas for the treatment of allergic inflammation by targeting lipid droplets. This study provides important evidence for the role of lipid metabolism disorders in rhinitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zheng
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yijia Guo
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoyan Wu
- Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Otolaryngology Teaching and Research Group of Clinical Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Perilipins: A family of five fat-droplet storing proteins that play a significant role in fat homeostasis. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30579. [PMID: 38747370 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are organelles with unique spherical structures. They consist of a hydrophobic neutral lipid core that varies depending on the cell type and tissue. These droplets are surrounded by phospholipid monolayers, along with heterogeneous proteins responsible for neutral lipid synthesis and metabolism. Additionally, there are specialized lipid droplet-associated surface proteins. Recent evidence suggests that proteins from the perilipin family (PLIN) are associated with the surface of lipid droplets and are involved in their formation. These proteins have specific roles in hepatic lipid droplet metabolism, such as protecting the lipid droplets from lipase action and maintaining a balance between lipid storage and utilization in specific cells. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets in more than 5% of the hepatocytes. This accumulation can progress into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets in the liver is associated with the progression of MASLD and other diseases such as sarcopenic obesity. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the role of perilipins in this accumulation, as these proteins are key targets for developing novel therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the structure and characteristics of PLIN proteins, as well as their pathogenic role in the development of hepatic steatosis and fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Jin Y, Tan Y, Wu J, Ren Z. Lipid droplets: a cellular organelle vital in cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:254. [PMID: 37474495 PMCID: PMC10359296 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles comprising a core of neutral lipids (glycerides, sterols) encased within a single phospholipid membrane, responsible for storing surplus lipids and furnishing cellular energy. LDs engage in lipid synthesis, catabolism, and transport processes by interacting with other organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria), and they play critical roles in regulating cellular stress and immunity. Recent research has uncovered that an elevated number of LDs is a hallmark of cancer cells, attributable to their enhanced lipid uptake and synthesis capacity, with lipids stored as LDs. Depletion of LDs in cancer cells induces apoptosis, prompting the emergence of small molecule antitumor drugs targeting LDs or key factors (e.g., FASN, SCD1) within the lipid synthesis pathway. Advancements in LD isolation and artificial synthesis have demonstrated their potential applicability in antitumor research. LDs extracted from murine adipose tissue and incubated with lipophilic antitumor drugs yield drug-coated LDs, which promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, LDs have been employed as biological lenses to augment the resolution of subcellular structures (microfilaments, microtubules), facilitating the observation of intricate structures within thicker cells, including cancer cells. This review delineates the functional and metabolic mechanisms of LDs in cancer cells and encapsulates recent progress in LD-centered antitumor research, offering novel insights for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, P. R. China.
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4
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Bosch M, Sweet MJ, Parton RG, Pol A. Lipid droplets and the host-pathogen dynamic: FATal attraction? J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202104005. [PMID: 34165498 PMCID: PMC8240858 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ongoing conflict between eukaryotic cells and pathogens, lipid droplets (LDs) emerge as a choke point in the battle for nutrients. While many pathogens seek the lipids stored in LDs to fuel an expensive lifestyle, innate immunity rewires lipid metabolism and weaponizes LDs to defend cells and animals. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites directly and remotely manipulate LDs to obtain substrates for metabolic energy, replication compartments, assembly platforms, membrane blocks, and tools for host colonization and/or evasion such as anti-inflammatory mediators, lipoviroparticles, and even exosomes. Host LDs counterattack such advances by synthesizing bioactive lipids and toxic nucleotides, organizing immune signaling platforms, and recruiting a plethora of antimicrobial proteins to provide a front-line defense against the invader. Here, we review the current state of this conflict. We will discuss why, when, and how LDs efficiently coordinate and precisely execute a plethora of immune defenses. In the age of antimicrobial resistance and viral pandemics, understanding innate immune strategies developed by eukaryotic cells to fight and defeat dangerous microorganisms may inform future anti-infective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Rahman MA, Kumar R, Sanchez E, Nazarko TY. Lipid Droplets and Their Autophagic Turnover via the Raft-Like Vacuolar Microdomains. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8144. [PMID: 34360917 PMCID: PMC8348048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although once perceived as inert structures that merely serve for lipid storage, lipid droplets (LDs) have proven to be the dynamic organelles that hold many cellular functions. The LDs' basic structure of a hydrophobic core consisting of neutral lipids and enclosed in a phospholipid monolayer allows for quick lipid accessibility for intracellular energy and membrane production. Whereas formed at the peripheral and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, LDs are degraded either in the cytosol by lipolysis or in the vacuoles/lysosomes by autophagy. Autophagy is a regulated breakdown of dysfunctional, damaged, or surplus cellular components. The selective autophagy of LDs is called lipophagy. Here, we review LDs and their degradation by lipophagy in yeast, which proceeds via the micrometer-scale raft-like lipid domains in the vacuolar membrane. These vacuolar microdomains form during nutrient deprivation and facilitate internalization of LDs via the vacuolar membrane invagination and scission. The resultant intra-vacuolar autophagic bodies with LDs inside are broken down by vacuolar lipases and proteases. This type of lipophagy is called microlipophagy as it resembles microautophagy, the type of autophagy when substrates are sequestered right at the surface of a lytic compartment. Yeast microlipophagy via the raft-like vacuolar microdomains is a great model system to study the role of lipid domains in microautophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arifur Rahman
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Enrique Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.A.R.); (E.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Taras Y. Nazarko
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.A.R.); (E.S.)
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6
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Mashek DG. Hepatic lipid droplets: A balancing act between energy storage and metabolic dysfunction in NAFLD. Mol Metab 2020; 50:101115. [PMID: 33186758 PMCID: PMC8324678 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined by the abundance of lipid droplets (LDs) in hepatocytes. While historically considered simply depots for energy storage, LDs are increasingly recognized to impact a wide range of biological processes that influence cellular metabolism, signaling, and function. While progress has been made toward understanding the factors leading to LD accumulation (i.e. steatosis) and its progression to advanced stages of NAFLD and/or systemic metabolic dysfunction, much remains to be resolved. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review covers many facets of LD biology. We provide a brief overview of the major pathways of lipid accretion and degradation that contribute to steatosis and how they are altered in NAFLD. The major focus is on the relationship between LDs and cell function and the detailed mechanisms that couple or uncouple steatosis from the severity and progression of NAFLD and systemic comorbidities. The importance of specific lipids and proteins within or on LDs as key components that determine whether LD accumulation is linked to cellular and metabolic dysfunction is presented. We discuss emerging areas of LD biology and future research directions that are needed to advance our understanding of the role of LDs in NAFLD etiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Impairments in LD breakdown appear to contribute to disease progression, but inefficient incorporation of fatty acids (FAs) into LD-containing triacylglycerol (TAG) and the consequential changes in FA partitioning also affect NAFLD etiology. Increased LD abundance in hepatocytes does not necessarily equate to cellular dysfunction. While LD accumulation is the prerequisite step for most NAFLD cases, the protein and lipid composition of LDs are critical factors in determining the progression from simple steatosis. Further defining the detailed molecular mechanisms linking LDs to metabolic dysfunction is important for designing effective therapeutic approaches targeting NAFLD and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Suite 6-155, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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7
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Jarc E, Petan T. A twist of FATe: Lipid droplets and inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochimie 2020; 169:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Aldan JT, Jansen C, Speck M, Maaetoft-Udsen K, Cordasco EA, Faiai M, Shimoda LM, Greineisen WE, Turner H, Stokes AJ. Insulin-induced lipid body accumulation is accompanied by lipid remodelling in model mast cells. Adipocyte 2019; 8:265-279. [PMID: 31311389 PMCID: PMC6768188 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1636624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell lipid bodies are key to initiation, maintenance and resolution of inflammatory responses in tissue. Mast cell lines, primary bone marrow-derived mast cells and peripheral blood basophils present a ‘steatotic’ phenotype in response to chronic insulin exposure, where cells become loaded with lipid bodies. Here we show this state is associated with reduced histamine release, but increased capacity to release bioactive lipids. We describe the overall lipid phenotype of mast cells in this insulin-induced steatotic state and the consequences for critical cellular lipid classes involved in stages of inflammation. We show significant insulin-induced shifts in specific lipid classes, especially arachidonic acid derivatives, MUFA and PUFA, the EPA/DHA ratio, and in cardiolipins, especially those conjugated to certain DHA and EPAs. Functionally, insulin exposure markedly alters the FcϵRI-induced release of Series 4 leukotriene LTC4, Series 2 prostaglandin PGD2, Resolvin-D1, Resolvin-D2 and Resolvin-1, reflecting the expanded precursor pools and impact on both the pro-inflammation and pro-resolution bioactive lipids that are released during mast cell activation. Chronic hyperinsulinemia is a feature of obesity and progression to Type 2 Diabetes, these data suggest that mast cell release of key lipid mediators is altered in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny T. Aldan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Chad Jansen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Mark Speck
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Edward A. Cordasco
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Mata’Uitafa Faiai
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lori M.N. Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - William E. Greineisen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Helen Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alexander J. Stokes
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA
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9
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Petan T, Jarc E, Jusović M. Lipid Droplets in Cancer: Guardians of Fat in a Stressful World. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081941. [PMID: 30081476 PMCID: PMC6222695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess remarkable abilities to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. Their survival during severe nutrient and oxidative stress depends on their capacity to acquire extracellular lipids and the plasticity of their mechanisms for intracellular lipid synthesis, mobilisation, and recycling. Lipid droplets, cytosolic fat storage organelles present in most cells from yeast to men, are emerging as major regulators of lipid metabolism, trafficking, and signalling in various cells and tissues exposed to stress. Their biogenesis is induced by nutrient and oxidative stress and they accumulate in various cancers. Lipid droplets act as switches that coordinate lipid trafficking and consumption for different purposes in the cell, such as energy production, protection against oxidative stress or membrane biogenesis during rapid cell growth. They sequester toxic lipids, such as fatty acids, cholesterol and ceramides, thereby preventing lipotoxic cell damage and engage in a complex relationship with autophagy. Here, we focus on the emerging mechanisms of stress-induced lipid droplet biogenesis; their roles during nutrient, lipotoxic, and oxidative stress; and the relationship between lipid droplets and autophagy. The recently discovered principles of lipid droplet biology can improve our understanding of the mechanisms that govern cancer cell adaptability and resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Eva Jarc
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Maida Jusović
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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10
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Abstract
A portfolio is presented documenting economic, high-resolution correlative focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) in routine, comprising: (i) the use of custom-labeled slides and coverslips, (ii) embedding of cells in thin, or ultra-thin resin layers for correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) and (iii) the claim to reach the highest resolution possible with FIB/SEM in xyz. Regions of interest (ROIs) defined in light microscope (LM), can be relocated quickly and precisely in SEM. As proof of principle, HeLa cells were investigated in 3D context at all stages of the cell cycle, documenting ultrastructural changes during mitosis: nuclear envelope breakdown and reassembly, Golgi degradation and reconstitution and the formation of the midzone and midbody.
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11
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Cho KA, Park M, Kim YH, Choo HYP, Lee KH. Benzoxazole derivatives suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced mast cell activation. Mol Med Rep 2018. [PMID: 29532895 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are central regulators of allergic inflammation that function by releasing various proallergic inflammatory mediators, including histamine, eicosanoids and proinflammatory cytokines. Occasionally, bacterial infections may initiate or worsen allergic inflammation. A number of studies have indicated that activation of lipoxygenase in mast cells positive regulates allergic inflammatory responses by generating leukotrienes and proinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, the effects of benzoxazole derivatives on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, production of histamine and surface expression of co‑stimulatory molecules on bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were studied. The benzoxazole derivatives significantly reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑13, tumor necrosis factor‑α, perilipin (PLIN) 2, and PLIN3 in BMMCs treated with LPS. Furthermore, histamine production was suppressed in BMMCs treated with LPS, or treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/ionomycin. Benzoxazole derivatives marginally affected the surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)80 and CD86 on BMMCs in the presence of LPS, although LPS alone did not increase the expression of those proteins. Therefore, benzoxazole derivatives inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells and may be potential candidate anti‑allergic agents to suppress mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhwa Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Young Park Choo
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon‑si 14647, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abstract
SummaryLipid droplets (LDs) are the main energy resource for porcine preimplantation embryonic development. PLIN3 has been implicated in LD formation and regulation. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the dynamic pattern of PLIN3 in pig oocytes and cumulus cells (CC) during in vitro maturation (IVM), and to determine the relationship between PLIN3 and LD content. IVM with cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEO), cumulus-denuded oocytes (DO) and the CCs denuded from the corresponding oocytes (DCC) was performed in porcine follicular fluid (PFF) or PFF-free optimized medium. DO and the DCC were cultured together under the same conditions as described above, while the DO was named DTO and the DCC was named DTCC in this group. Firstly, our results revealed LDs distributed widely in oocytes and CC, while the PLIN3 protein coated these LDs and spread out ubiquitously in the cytoplasm. Secondly, not only the mRNA level but also at protein level of PLIN3 in immature naked oocytes (IO) was higher than that in matured CEO, DO and DTO. Although PLIN3 was expressed at lower levels in CC from immature oocytes (ICC), the protein level of PLIN3 was comparably higher in the ECC and DCC groups. The triglyceride (TG) content in CEO and DO was significantly less abundant compared with that in IO. Therefore, our results indicated that co-culturing of oocytes and CC might affect PLIN3 expression levels in CC but not in oocytes. Lipid accumulation in pig oocytes during maturation might be affected by PLIN3 cross-talk between oocytes and CC.
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13
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Kovanen PT, Bot I. Mast cells in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Activators and actions. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Riederer M, Lechleitner M, Köfeler H, Frank S. Reduced expression of adipose triglyceride lipase decreases arachidonic acid release and prostacyclin secretion in human aortic endothelial cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:249-253. [PMID: 28368219 PMCID: PMC5942144 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1309052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial cells represent an important source of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived mediators involved in the generation of anti- or proatherogenic environments. Evidence emerged (in mast cells), that in addition to phospholipases, neutral lipid hydrolases as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) also participate in this process. OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of ATGL on AA-release from cellular phospholipids (PL) and on prostacyclin secretion in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). METHODS AND RESULTS siRNA-mediated silencing of ATGL promoted lipid droplet formation and TG accumulation in HAEC (nile red stain). ATGL knockdown decreased the basal and A23187 (calcium ionophore)-induced release of 14C-AA from (14C-AA-labeled) HAEC. In A23187-stimulated ATGL silenced cells, this was accompanied by a decreased content of 14C-AA in cellular PL and a decreased secretion of prostacyclin (determined by 6-keto PGF1α EIA). CONCLUSIONS In vascular endothelial cells, the efficiency of stimulus-induced AA release and prostacyclin secretion is dependent on ATGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Riederer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
- CONTACT Monika Riederer
| | - Margarete Lechleitner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Frank
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Graz, Austria
- Saša FrankInstitute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010Graz, Austria
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15
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Welte MA, Gould AP. Lipid droplet functions beyond energy storage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1260-1272. [PMID: 28735096 PMCID: PMC5595650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are cytoplasmic organelles that store neutral lipids and are critically important for energy metabolism. Their function in energy storage is firmly established and increasingly well characterized. However, emerging evidence indicates that lipid droplets also play important and diverse roles in the cellular handling of lipids and proteins that may not be directly related to energy homeostasis. Lipid handling roles of droplets include the storage of hydrophobic vitamin and signaling precursors, and the management of endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Roles of lipid droplets in protein handling encompass functions in the maturation, storage, and turnover of cellular and viral polypeptides. Other potential roles of lipid droplets may be connected with their intracellular motility and, in some cases, their nuclear localization. This diversity highlights that lipid droplets are very adaptable organelles, performing different functions in different biological contexts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
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16
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Jurewicz A, Domowicz M, Galazka G, Raine CS, Selmaj K. Multiple sclerosis: Presence of serum antibodies to lipids and predominance of cholesterol recognition. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1984-1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurewicz
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | | | - Grazyna Galazka
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - Cedric S. Raine
- Department of Pathology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; New York USA
| | - Krzysztof Selmaj
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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17
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Itabe H, Yamaguchi T, Nimura S, Sasabe N. Perilipins: a diversity of intracellular lipid droplet proteins. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:83. [PMID: 28454542 PMCID: PMC5410086 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) are found in a wide variety of cell types and have been recognized as organelles with unique spherical structures. Although LDs are not stable lipid-depots, they are active sites of neutral lipid metabolism, and comprise neutral lipid or cholesterol cores surrounded by phospholipid monolayers containing specialized proteins. However, sizes and protein compositions vary between cell and tissue types. Proteins of the perilipin family have been associated with surfaces of LDs and all carry a conserved 11-mer repeat motif. Accumulating evidence indicates that all perilipins are involved in LD formation and that all play roles in LD function under differing conditions. In this brief review, we summarize current knowledge of the roles of perilipins and lipid metabolizing enzymes in a variety of mammalian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Present address: College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyaka-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Satomi Nimura
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Sasabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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18
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Vukman KV, Försönits A, Oszvald Á, Tóth EÁ, Buzás EI. Mast cell secretome: Soluble and vesicular components. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:65-73. [PMID: 28189858 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are multifunctional master cells implicated in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Their role has been best characterized in allergy and anaphylaxis; however, emerging evidences support their contribution to a wide variety of human diseases. Mast cells, being capable of both degranulation and subsequent recovery, have recently attracted substantial attention as also being rich sources of secreted extracellular vesicles (including exosomes and microvesicles). Along with secreted de novo synthesized soluble molecules and secreted preformed granules, the membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles represent a previously unexplored part of the mast cell secretome. In this review article we summarize available data regarding the different soluble molecules and membrane-enclosed structures secreted by mast cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the release mechanisms including degranulation, piecemeal degranulation, transgranulation, and secretion of different types of extracellular vesicles. Finally, we aim to give a summary of the known biological functions associated with the different mast cell-derived secretion products. The increasingly recognized complexity of mast cell secretome may provide important novel clues to processes by which mast cells contribute to the development of different pathologies and are capable of orchestrating immune responses both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina V Vukman
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Försönits
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Oszvald
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Á Tóth
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.
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19
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Chen HY, Chiang DML, Lin ZJ, Hsieh CC, Yin GC, Weng IC, Guttmann P, Werner S, Henzler K, Schneider G, Lai LJ, Liu FT. Nanoimaging granule dynamics and subcellular structures in activated mast cells using soft X-ray tomography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34879. [PMID: 27748356 PMCID: PMC5066221 DOI: 10.1038/srep34879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in allergic responses. During activation, these cells undergo degranulation, a process by which various kinds of mediators stored in the granules are released. Granule homeostasis in mast cells has mainly been studied by electron microscopy (EM), where the fine structures of subcellular organelles are partially destroyed during sample preparation. Migration and fusion of granules have not been studied in detail in three dimensions (3D) in unmodified samples. Here, we utilized soft X-ray tomography (SXT) coupled with fluorescence microscopy to study the detailed structures of organelles during mast cell activation. We observed granule fission, granule fusion to plasma membranes, and small vesicles budding from granules. We also detected lipid droplets, which became larger and more numerous as mast cells were activated. We observed dramatic morphological changes of mitochondria in activated mast cells and 3D-reconstruction revealed the highly folded cristae inner membrane, features of functionally active mitochondria. We also observed giant vesicles containing granules, mitochondria, and lipid droplets, which we designated as granule-containing vesicles (GCVs) and verified their presence by EM in samples prepared by cryo-substitution, albeit with a less clear morphology. Thus, our studies using SXT provide significant insights into mast cell activation at the organelle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Zi-Jing Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Gung-Chian Yin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Werner
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Henzler
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lee-Jene Lai
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Dermatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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20
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Cop N, Decuyper II, Faber MA, Sabato V, Bridts CH, Hagendorens MM, De Winter BY, De Clerck LS, Ebo DG. Phenotypic and functional characterization ofin vitrocultured human mast cells. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:348-354. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Cop
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - II Decuyper
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - MA Faber
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - V Sabato
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - CH Bridts
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - MM Hagendorens
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - BY De Winter
- Department of Pediatrics; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - LS De Clerck
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
| | - DG Ebo
- Department of Immunology; Allergology, Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp 2610 Belgium
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21
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Greineisen WE, Maaetoft-Udsen K, Speck M, Balajadia J, Shimoda LMN, Sung C, Turner H. Chronic Insulin Exposure Induces ER Stress and Lipid Body Accumulation in Mast Cells at the Expense of Their Secretory Degranulation Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130198. [PMID: 26263026 PMCID: PMC4532411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LB) are reservoirs of precursors to inflammatory lipid mediators in immunocytes, including mast cells. LB numbers are dynamic, increasing dramatically under conditions of immunological challenge. We have previously shown in vitro that insulin-influenced lipogenic pathways induce LB biogenesis in mast cells, with their numbers attaining steatosis-like levels. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo hyperinsulinemia resulting from high fat diet is associated with LB accumulation in murine mast cells and basophils. We characterize the lipidome of purified insulin-induced LB, and the shifts in the whole cell lipid landscape in LB that are associated with their accumulation, in both model (RBL2H3) and primary mast cells. Lipidomic analysis suggests a gain of function associated with LB accumulation, in terms of elevated levels of eicosanoid precursors that translate to enhanced antigen-induced LTC4 release. Loss-of-function in terms of a suppressed degranulation response was also associated with LB accumulation, as were ER reprogramming and ER stress, analogous to observations in the obese hepatocyte and adipocyte. Taken together, these data suggest that chronic insulin elevation drives mast cell LB enrichment in vitro and in vivo, with associated effects on the cellular lipidome, ER status and pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Greineisen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Kristina Maaetoft-Udsen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mark Speck
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Januaria Balajadia
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Lori M. N. Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Carl Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Helen Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Dichlberger A, Schlager S, Kovanen PT, Schneider WJ. Lipid droplets in activated mast cells - a significant source of triglyceride-derived arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:59-69. [PMID: 26164793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are potent effectors of immune reactions and key players in various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. The cellular defense response of mast cells represents a unique and powerful system, where external signals can trigger cell activation resulting in a stimulus-specific and highly coordinated release of a plethora of bioactive mediators. The arsenal of mediators encompasses preformed molecules stored in cytoplasmic secretory granules, as well as newly synthesized proteinaceous and lipid mediators. The release of mediators occurs in strict chronological order and requires proper coordination between the endomembrane system and various enzymatic machineries. For the generation of lipid mediators, cytoplasmic lipid droplets have been shown to function as a major intracellular pool of arachidonic acid, the precursor for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Recent studies have revealed that not only phospholipids in mast cell membranes, but also triglycerides in mast cell lipid droplets are a substrate source for eicosanoid formation. The present review summarizes current knowledge about mast cell lipid droplet biology, and discusses expansions and challenges of traditional mechanistic models for eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dichlberger
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Schlager
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Schlager S, Goeritzer M, Jandl K, Frei R, Vujic N, Kolb D, Strohmaier H, Dorow J, Eichmann TO, Rosenberger A, Wölfler A, Lass A, Kershaw EE, Ceglarek U, Dichlberger A, Heinemann A, Kratky D. Adipose triglyceride lipase acts on neutrophil lipid droplets to regulate substrate availability for lipid mediator synthesis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:837-50. [PMID: 26109679 PMCID: PMC4594763 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0515-206r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediator release depends on the hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipid droplets mediated by ATGL, a potent regulator of inflammatory diseases. In humans, mutations in ATGL lead to TG accumulation in LDs of most tissues and cells, including peripheral blood leukocytes. This pathologic condition is called Jordans’ anomaly, in which functional consequences have not been investigated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ATGL plays a role in leukocyte LD metabolism and immune cell function. Similar to humans with loss-of-function mutations in ATGL, we found that global and myeloid-specific Atgl−/− mice exhibit Jordans’ anomaly with increased abundance of intracellular TG-rich LDs in neutrophil granulocytes. In a model of inflammatory peritonitis, lipid accumulation was also observed in monocytes and macrophages but not in eosinophils or lymphocytes. Neutrophils from Atgl−/− mice showed enhanced immune responses in vitro, which were more prominent in cells from global compared with myeloid-specific Atgl−/− mice. Mechanistically, ATGL−/− as well as pharmacological inhibition of ATGL led to an impaired release of lipid mediators from neutrophils. These findings demonstrate that the release of lipid mediators is dependent on the liberation of precursor molecules from the TG-rich pool of LDs by ATGL. Our data provide mechanistic insights into Jordans’ anomaly in neutrophils and suggest that ATGL is a potent regulator of immune cell function and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schlager
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Madeleine Goeritzer
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Frei
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heimo Strohmaier
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juliane Dorow
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angelika Rosenberger
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Achim Lass
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Dichlberger
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institutes of *Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Medical Research, and Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; **Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Guijas C, Rodríguez JP, Rubio JM, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Phospholipase A2 regulation of lipid droplet formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1841:1661-71. [PMID: 25450448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical regard of lipid droplets as mere static energy-storage organelles has evolved dramatically. Nowadays these organelles are known to participate in key processes of cell homeostasis, and their abnormal regulation is linked to several disorders including metabolic diseases (diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis or hepatic steatosis), inflammatory responses in leukocytes, cancer development and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, the importance of unraveling the cell mechanisms controlling lipid droplet biosynthesis, homeostasis and degradation seems evident Phospholipase A2s, a family of enzymes whose common feature is to hydrolyze the fatty acid present at the sn-2 position of phospholipids, play pivotal roles in cell signaling and inflammation. These enzymes have recently emerged as key regulators of lipid droplet homeostasis, regulating their formation at different levels. This review summarizes recent results on the roles that various phospholipase A2 forms play in the regulation of lipid droplet biogenesis under different conditions. These roles expand the already wide range of functions that these enzymes play in cell physiology and pathophysiology.
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25
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Schreiber R, Zechner R. Lipolysis meets inflammation: arachidonic acid mobilization from fat. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2447-9. [PMID: 25332433 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.c055673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Austria
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Autophagy facilitates antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection in human pre-basophil/mast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110655. [PMID: 25329914 PMCID: PMC4199741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) infection can cause severe hemorrhagic disease in humans. Although the pathogenic mechanisms underlying severe DENV disease remain unclear, one of the possible contributing factors is antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) which occurs when sub-neutralizing antibodies derived from a previous DENV infection enhance viral infection through interaction between virus-antibody complexes and FcR-bearing cells, such as macrophages and basophil/mast cells. Although recent reports showed that DENV induces autophagy, the relationship between antibody-enhanced DENV infection and autophagy is not clear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We showed that sub-neutralizing antibodies derived from dengue patient sera enhanced DENV infection and autophagy in the KU812 pre-basophil-like cell line as well as the HMC-1 immature mast cell line. Antibody-enhanced DENV infection of KU812 cells increased the number of autophagosome vesicles, LC3 punctation, LC3-II accumulation, and p62 degradation over that seen in cells infected with DENV alone. The percentages of DENV envelope (E) protein-positive cells and LC3 puncta following antibody-enhanced DENV infection of KU812 cells were reduced by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. Antibody-enhanced DENV infection of HMC-1 cells showed co-localization of DENV E protein and dsRNA with autophagosomes, which was inhibited by 3-MA treatment. Furthermore, DENV infection and replication were reduced when KU812 cells were transfected with the autophagy-inhibiting Atg4BC74A mutant. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate a significant induction of autophagy in antibody-enhanced DENV infection of pre-basophil-like KU812 and immature mast cell-like HMC-1 cells. Also, autophagy plays an important role in DENV infection and replication in these cells. Given the importance of ADE and FcR-bearing cells such as monocytes, macrophages and basophil/mast cells in dengue disease, the results provide insights into dengue pathogenesis and therapeutic means of control.
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Activated human mast cells induce LOX-1-specific scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108352. [PMID: 25250731 PMCID: PMC4176973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Activated mast cells in atherosclerotic lesions degranulate and release bioactive compounds capable of regulating atherogenesis. Here we examined the ability of activated human primary mast cells to regulate the expression of the major scavenger receptors in cultured human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs). Results Components released by immunologically activated human primary mast cells induced a transient expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) mRNA in HMDMs, while the expression of two other scavenger receptors, MSR1 and CD36, remained unaffected. The LOX-1-inducing secretory components were identified as histamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), which exhibited a synergistic effect on LOX-1 mRNA expression. Histamine induced a transient expression of LOX-1 protein. Mast cell –induced increase in LOX-1 expression was not associated with increased uptake of oxidized LDL by the macrophages. Conclusions Mast cell-derived histamine, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 act in concert to induce a transient increase in LOX-1 expression in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The LOX-1-inducing activity potentially endows mast cells a hitherto unrecognized role in the regulation of innate immune reactions in atherogenesis.
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Dichlberger A, Schlager S, Maaninka K, Schneider WJ, Kovanen PT. Adipose triglyceride lipase regulates eicosanoid production in activated human mast cells. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2471-8. [PMID: 25114172 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m048553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mast cells (MCs) contain TG-rich cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) with high arachidonic acid (AA) content. Here, we investigated the functional role of adipose TG lipase (ATGL) in TG hydrolysis and the ensuing release of AA as substrate for eicosanoid generation by activated human primary MCs in culture. Silencing of ATGL in MCs by siRNAs induced the accumulation of neutral lipids in LDs. IgE-dependent activation of MCs triggered the secretion of the two major eicosanoids, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4). The immediate release of PGD2 from the activated MCs was solely dependent on cyclooxygenase (COX) 1, while during the delayed phase of lipid mediator production, the inducible COX-2 also contributed to its release. Importantly, when ATGL-silenced MCs were activated, the secretion of both PGD2 and LTC4 was significantly reduced. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect on the release of LTC4 was even more pronounced in ATGL-silenced MCs than in cytosolic phospholipase A2-silenced MCs. These data show that ATGL hydrolyzes AA-containing TGs present in human MC LDs and define ATGL as a novel regulator of the substrate availability of AA for eicosanoid generation upon MC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Schmetzer O, Valentin P, Smorodchenko A, Domenis R, Gri G, Siebenhaar F, Metz M, Maurer M. A novel method to generate and culture human mast cells: Peripheral CD34+ stem cell-derived mast cells (PSCMCs). J Immunol Methods 2014; 413:62-8. [PMID: 25038510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of human mast cell (MC) functions are hindered by the shortage of MC populations suitable for investigation. Here, we present a novel technique for generating large numbers of well differentiated and functional human MCs from peripheral stem cells (=peripheral stem cell-derived MCs, PSCMCs). Innovative and key features of this technique include 1) the use of stem cell concentrates, which are routinely discarded by blood banks, as the source of CD34+ stem cells, 2) cell culture in serum-free medium and 3) the addition of LDL as well as selected cytokines. In contrast to established and published protocols that use CD34+ or CD133+ progenitor cells from full blood, we used a pre-enriched cell population obtained from stem cell concentrates, which yielded up to 10(8) differentiated human MCs per batch after only three weeks of culture starting with 10(6) total CD34+ cells. The total purity on MCs (CD117+, FcεR1+) generated by this method varied between 55 and 90%, of which 4-20% were mature MCs that contain tryptase and chymase and show expression of FcεRI and CD117 in immunohistochemistry. PSCMCs showed robust histamine release in response to stimulation with anti-FcεR1 or IgE/anti-IgE, and increased proliferation and differentiation in response to IL-1β or IFN-γ. Taken together, this new protocol of the generation of large numbers of human MCs provides for an innovative and suitable option to investigate the biology of human MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schmetzer
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patricia Valentin
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Smorodchenko
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Rossana Domenis
- Department Medical and Biological Sciences, Section of Surgical Pathology, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gri
- Department Medical and Biological Sciences, Section of Surgical Pathology, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Metz
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Greineisen WE, Speck M, Shimoda LMN, Sung C, Phan N, Maaetoft-Udsen K, Stokes AJ, Turner H. Lipid body accumulation alters calcium signaling dynamics in immune cells. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:169-80. [PMID: 25016314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is well-established variability in the numbers of lipid bodies (LB) in macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Similarly to the steatosis observed in adipocytes and hepatocytes during hyperinsulinemia and nutrient overload, immune cell LB hyper-accumulate in response to bacterial and parasitic infection and inflammatory presentations. Recently we described that hyperinsulinemia, both in vitro and in vivo, drives steatosis and phenotypic changes in primary and transformed mast cells and basophils. LB reach high numbers in these steatotic cytosols, and here we propose that they could dramatically impact the transcytoplasmic signaling pathways. We compared calcium release and influx responses at the population and single cell level in normal and steatotic model mast cells. At the population level, all aspects of FcɛRI-dependent calcium mobilization, as well as activation of calcium-dependent downstream signaling targets such as NFATC1 phosphorylation are suppressed. At the single cell level, we demonstrate that LB are both sources and sinks of calcium following FcɛRI cross-linking. Unbiased analysis of the impact of the presence of LB on the rate of trans-cytoplasmic calcium signals suggest that LB enrichment accelerates calcium propagation, which may reflect a Bernoulli effect. LB abundance thus impacts this fundamental signaling pathway and its downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Greineisen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mark Speck
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Lori M N Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Carl Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Nolwenn Phan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Kristina Maaetoft-Udsen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Alexander J Stokes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, United States
| | - Helen Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, United States.
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Lehti S, Käkelä R, Hörkkö S, Kummu O, Helske-Suihko S, Kupari M, Werkkala K, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Modified lipoprotein-derived lipid particles accumulate in human stenotic aortic valves. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65810. [PMID: 23762432 PMCID: PMC3676354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In aortic stenosis plasma lipoprotein-derived lipids accumulate in aortic valves. Here, we first compared the lipid compositions of stenotic aortic valves and atherosclerotic plaque cores. Both pathological tissues were found to be enriched in cholesteryl linoleate, a marker of extracellularly accumulated lipoproteins. In addition, a large proportion of the phospholipids were found to contain arachidonic acid, the common precursor of a number of proinflammatory lipid mediators. Next, we isolated and characterized extracellular lipid particles from human stenotic and non-stenotic control valves, and compared them to plasma lipoproteins from the same subjects. The extracellular valvular lipid particles were isolated from 15 stenotic and 14 non-stenotic aortic valves. Significantly more apoB-100-containing lipid particles were found in the stenotic than in the non-stenotic valves. The majority of the lipid particles isolated from the non-stenotic valves had sizes (23±6.2 nm in diameter) similar to those of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) (22±1.5 nm), while the lipid particles from stenotic valves were not of uniform size, their sizes ranging from 18 to more than 500 nm. The lipid particles showed signs of oxidative modifications, and when compared to isolated plasma LDL particles, the lipid particles isolated from the stenotic valves had a higher sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine –ratio, and also higher contents of lysophosphatidylcholine and unesterified cholesterol. The findings of the present study reveal, for the first time, that in stenotic human aortic valves, infiltrated plasma lipoproteins have undergone oxidative and lipolytic modifications, and become fused and aggregated. The generated large lipid particles may contribute to the pathogenesis of human aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Lehti
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kummu
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Satu Helske-Suihko
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kupari
- Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalervo Werkkala
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
LDs (lipid droplets) are metabolically highly active intracellular organelles. The lipid and protein profiles of LDs are cell-type-specific, and they undergo dynamic variation upon changes in the physiological state of a cell. It is well known that the main function of the LDs in adipocytes is to ensure energy supply and to maintain lipid homoeostasis in the body. In contrast, LDs in inflammatory cells have been implicated in eicosanoid biosynthesis, particularly under inflammatory conditions, thereby enabling them to regulate immune responses. Human mast cells are potent effector cells of the innate immune system, and the triacylglycerol (triglyceride) stores of their cytoplasmic LDs have been shown to contain large amounts of arachidonic acid, the main precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge about the formation and function of LDs in inflammatory cells with specific emphasis on arachidonic acid and eicosanoid metabolism. On the basis of findings reported previously and our new observations, we propose a model in which lipolysis of LD-triacylglycerols provides arachidonic acid for lipid mediator generation in human mast cells.
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