1
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Meng YW, Liu JY. Pathological and pharmacological functions of the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids mediated by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450s in cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 256:108612. [PMID: 38369063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Oxylipins have garnered increasing attention because they were consistently shown to play pathological and/or pharmacological roles in the development of multiple cancers. Oxylipins are the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids via both enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. The enzymes mediating the metabolism of PUFAs include but not limited to lipoxygenases (LOXs), cyclooxygenases (COXs), and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) pathways, as well as the down-stream enzymes. Here, we systematically summarized the pleiotropic effects of oxylipins in different cancers through pathological and pharmacological aspects, with specific reference to the enzyme-mediated oxylipins. We discussed the specific roles of oxylipins on cancer onset, growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the expression changes in the associated metabolic enzymes and the associated underlying mechanisms. In addition, we also discussed the clinical application and potential of oxylipins and related metabolic enzymes as the targets for cancer prevention and treatment. We found the specific function of most oxylipins in cancers, especially the underlying mechanisms and clinic applications, deserves and needs further investigation. We believe that research on oxylipins will provide not only more therapeutic targets for various cancers but also dietary guidance for both cancer patients and healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Meng
- CNTTI of the Institute of Life Sciences & Department of Anesthesia of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- CNTTI of the Institute of Life Sciences & Department of Anesthesia of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China; College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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2
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Koudelka A, Buchan GJ, Cechova V, O'Brien JP, Liu H, Woodcock SR, Mullett SJ, Zhang C, Freeman BA, Gelhaus SL. Lipoxin A 4 yields an electrophilic 15-oxo metabolite that mediates FPR2 receptor-independent anti-inflammatory signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579101. [PMID: 38370667 PMCID: PMC10871244 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid is proposed to yield trihydroxytetraene species (termed lipoxins) that resolve inflammation via ligand activation of the formyl peptide receptor, FPR2. While cell and murine models activate signaling responses to synthetic lipoxins, primarily 5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (lipoxin A4, LXA4), there are expanding concerns about the biological formation, detection and signaling mechanisms ascribed to LXA4 and related di- and tri-hydroxy ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids. Herein, the generation and actions of LXA4 and its primary 15-oxo metabolite were assessed in control, LPS-activated and arachidonic acid supplemented RAW 264.7 macrophages. Despite protein expression of all enzymes required for LXA4 synthesis, both LXA4 and its 15-oxo-LXA4 metabolite were undetectable. Moreover, synthetic LXA4 and the membrane permeable 15-oxo-LXA4 methyl ester that is rapidly de-esterified to 15-oxo-LXA4, displayed no ligand activity for the putative LXA4 receptor FPR2, as opposed to the FPR2 ligand WKYMVm. Alternatively, 15-oxo-LXA4, an electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ketone, alkylates nucleophilic amino acids such as cysteine to modulate redox-sensitive transcriptional regulatory protein and enzyme function. 15-oxo-LXA4 activated nuclear factor (erythroid related factor 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-regulated gene expression of anti-inflammatory and repair genes and inhibited nuclear factor (NF)-κB-regulated pro-inflammatory mediator expression. LXA4 did not impact these macrophage anti-inflammatory and repair responses. In summary, these data show an absence of macrophage LXA4 formation and receptor-mediated signaling actions. Rather, if LXA4 were present in sufficient concentrations, this, and other more abundant mono- and poly-hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acids can be readily oxidized to electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ketone products that modulate the redox-sensitive cysteine proteome via G-protein coupled receptor-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolf Koudelka
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Gregory J Buchan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Veronika Cechova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - James P O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
| | - Stacy L Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)
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3
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Snyder NW, O'Brien J, Singh B, Buchan G, Arroyo AD, Liu X, Bostwick A, Varner EL, Angajala A, Sobol RW, Blair IA, Mesaros C, Wendell SG. Primary saturation of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl containing fatty acids does not abolish electrophilicity. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 350:109689. [PMID: 34634267 PMCID: PMC8574066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of hydroxylated fatty acids that can be further oxidized by dehydrogenases, often resulting in the formation of electrophilic, α,β-unsaturated ketone containing fatty acids. As electrophiles are associated with redox signaling, we sought to investigate the metabolism of the oxo-fatty acid products in relation to their double bond architecture. Using an untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry approach, we identified mono- and di-saturated products of the arachidonic acid-derived 11-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid (11-oxoETE) and mono-saturated metabolites of 15-oxoETE and docosahexaenoic acid-derived 17-oxodocosahexaenoinc acid (17-oxoDHA) in both human A549 lung carcinoma and umbilical vein endothelial cells. Notably, mono-saturated oxo-fatty acids maintained their electrophilicity as determined by nucleophilic conjugation to glutathione while a second saturation of 11-oxoETE resulted in a loss of electrophilicity. These results would suggest that prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1), known only for its reduction of the α,β-unsaturated double bond, was not responsible for the saturation of oxo-fatty acids at alternative double bonds. Surprisingly, knockdown of PTGR1 expression by shRNA confirmed its participation in the formation of 15-oxoETE and 17-oxoDHA mono-saturated metabolites. Furthermore, overexpression of PTGR1 in A549 cells increased the rate and total amount of oxo-fatty acid saturation. These findings will further facilitate the study of electrophilic fatty acid metabolism and signaling in the context of inflammatory diseases and cancer where they have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - James O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Gregory Buchan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Alejandro D Arroyo
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anna Bostwick
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Erika L Varner
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anusha Angajala
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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4
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Du Y, Taylor CG, Aukema HM, Zahradka P. Role of oxylipins generated from dietary PUFAs in the modulation of endothelial cell function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 160:102160. [PMID: 32717531 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins, which are circulating bioactive lipids generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by cyclooxygenase, lipooxygenase and cytochrome P450 enzymes, have diverse effects on endothelial cells. Although studies of the effects of oxylipins on endothelial cell function are accumulating, a review that provides a comprehensive compilation of current knowledge and recent advances in the context of vascular homeostasis is lacking. This is the first compilation of the various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo reports to examine the effects and potential mechanisms of action of oxylipins on endothelial cells. The aggregate data indicate docosahexaenoic acid-derived oxylipins consistently show beneficial effects related to key endothelial cell functions, whereas oxylipins derived from other PUFAs exhibit both positive and negative effects. Furthermore, information is lacking for certain oxylipin classes, such as those derived from α-linolenic acid, which suggests additional studies are required to achieve a full understanding of how oxylipins affect endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Du
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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5
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Mesaros C, Arroyo AD, Blair IA, Snyder NW. Coenzyme A thioester formation of 11- and 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 130:1-7. [PMID: 28238887 PMCID: PMC5446925 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Release of arachidonic acid (AA) by cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), followed by metabolism through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), results in the formation of the eicosanoids 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (oxo-ETE). Both 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE have been identified in human biospecimens but their function and further metabolism is poorly described. The oxo-ETEs contain an α,β-unsaturated ketone and a free carboxyclic acid, and thus may form Michael adducts with a nucleophile or a thioester with the free thiol of Coenzyme A (CoA). To examine the potential for eicosanoid-CoA formation, which has not previously been a metabolic route examined for this class of lipids, we applied a semi-targeted neutral loss scanning approach following arachidonic acid treatment in cell culture and detected inducible long-chain acyl-CoAs including a predominant AA-CoA peak. Interestingly, a series of AA-inducible acyl-CoAs at lower abundance but higher mass, likely corresponding to eicosanoid metabolites, was detected. Using a targeted LC-MS/MS approach we detected the formation of CoA thioesters of both 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE and monitored the kinetics of their formation. Subsequently, we demonstrated that these acyl-CoA species undergo up to four double bond reductions. We confirmed the generation of 15-oxo-ETE-CoA in human platelets via LC-high resolution MS. Acyl-CoA thioesters of eicosanoids may provide a route to generate reducing equivalents, substrates for fatty acid oxidation, and substrates for acyl-transferases through cPLA2-dependent eicosanoid metabolism outside of the signaling contexts traditionally ascribed to eicosanoid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Mesaros
- Penn SRP and Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Alejandro D Arroyo
- Penn SRP and Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn SRP and Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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6
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Riches Z, Walia G, Berman JM, Wright TE, Collier AC. ATP-binding cassette proteins BCRP, MRP1 and P-gp expression and localization in the human umbilical cord. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:548-56. [PMID: 26407213 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The umbilical cord is a direct conduit to the fetus hence transporters could have roles in partitioning substances between the maternal-placental-fetal units. Here we determined the expression and localization of the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters BCRP (ABCG2), P-gp (ABCB1) and MRP1 (ABCC1) in human umbilical cords. 2. The mRNA for BCRP and MRP1 was detected in 25/25 samples, but P-gp was detected in only 5/25. ABC transporter mRNA expression relative to 18S was 25.6 ± 0.3, 26.5 ± 0.6 and 22.2 ± 0.2 cycles for BCRP, MRP1 and P-gp respectively. 3. Using a subset of 10 umbilical cords, BCRP protein was present in all samples (immunoblot) with positive correlation between mRNA and proteins (p = 0.07, r = 0.62) and between immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (p = 0.03, r = 0.67). P-gp protein was observed in 4/10 samples by both immunoblot and IHC, with no correlation between mRNA and protein (p = 0.45, r = 0.55) or immunoblotting and IHC (p = 0.2, r = 0.72), likely due to small sample size. MRP1 protein was not observed. 4. Localization of BCRP and P-gp proteins was to Wharton's jelly with no specific staining in arterial or venous endothelia. 5. Understanding ABC transporter expression in the umbilical cord may be useful for determining fetal exposures to xenobiotics if functional properties can be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Riches
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada and
| | - Gurinder Walia
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada and
| | - Jacob M Berman
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada and
| | - Tricia E Wright
- b Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Kapi'Olani Medical Center for Women and Children , Honolulu , HI , USA
| | - Abby C Collier
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada and
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7
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Snyder NW, Golin-Bisello F, Gao Y, Blair IA, Freeman BA, Wendell SG. 15-Oxoeicosatetraenoic acid is a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-derived electrophilic mediator of inflammatory signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:144-53. [PMID: 25450232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids govern cellular homeostasis and pathogenic inflammatory processes. Current dogma holds that bioactive lipids, such as prostaglandins and lipoxins, are inactivated by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15PGDH). In contrast, the present results reveal that catabolic "inactivation" of hydroxylated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) yields electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ketone derivatives. These endogenously produced species are chemically reactive signaling mediators that induce tissue protective events. Electrophilic fatty acids diversify the proteome through post-translational alkylation of nucleophilic cysteines in key transcriptional regulatory proteins and enzymes that govern cellular metabolic and inflammatory homeostasis. 15PGDH regulates these processes as it is responsible for the formation of numerous electrophilic fatty acids including the arachidonic acid metabolite, 15-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxoETE). Herein, the role of 15-oxoETE in regulating signaling responses is reported. In cell cultures, 15-oxoETE activates Nrf2-regulated antioxidant responses (AR) and inhibits NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory responses via IKKβ inhibition. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases using ethacrynic acid incrementally increased the signaling capacity of 15-oxoETE by decreasing 15-oxoETE-GSH adduct formation. This work demonstrates that 15PGDH plays a role in the regulation of cell and tissue homeostasis via the production of electrophilic fatty acid signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W Snyder
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Franca Golin-Bisello
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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8
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Powell WS, Rokach J. Biosynthesis, biological effects, and receptors of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) derived from arachidonic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:340-55. [PMID: 25449650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be oxygenated by a variety of different enzymes, including lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450s, and can be converted to a complex mixture of oxygenated products as a result of lipid peroxidation. The initial products in these reactions are hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HpETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) can be formed by the actions of various dehydrogenases on HETEs or by dehydration of HpETEs. Although a large number of different HETEs and oxo-ETEs have been identified, this review will focus principally on 5-oxo-ETE, 5S-HETE, 12S-HETE, and 15S-HETE. Other related arachidonic acid metabolites will also be discussed in less detail. 5-Oxo-ETE is synthesized by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5S-HETE by the selective enzyme, 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase. It actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is highly expressed on eosinophils, suggesting that it may be important in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. 5-Oxo-ETE also appears to stimulate tumor cell proliferation and may also be involved in cancer. Highly selective and potent OXE receptor antagonists have recently become available and could help to clarify its pathophysiological role. The 12-lipoxygenase product 12S-HETE acts by the GPR31 receptor and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and could therefore be a promising target in cancer therapy. It may also be involved as a proinflammatory mediator in diabetes. In contrast, 15S-HETE may have a protective effect in cancer. In addition to GPCRs, higher concentration of HETEs and oxo-ETEs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and could potentially regulate a variety of processes by this mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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9
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Snyder NW, Basu SS, Zhou Z, Worth AJ, Blair IA. Stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of cellular and tissue medium- and long-chain acyl-coenzyme A thioesters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1840-1848. [PMID: 25559454 PMCID: PMC4286313 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters are the principal form of activated carboxylates in cells and tissues. They are employed as acyl carriers that facilitate the transfer of acyl groups to lipids and proteins. Quantification of medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs represents a significant bioanalytical challenge because of their instability. METHODS Stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (LC/SRM-MS) provides the most specific and sensitive method for the analysis of CoA species. However, relevant heavy isotope standards are not available and they are challenging to prepare by chemical synthesis. Stable isotope labeling by essential nutrients in cell culture (SILEC), developed originally for the preparation of stable isotope labeled short-chain acyl-CoA thioester standards, has now been extended to medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoAs and used for LC/SRM-MS analyses. RESULTS Customized SILEC standards with >98% isotopic purity were prepared using mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells cultured in pantothenic-free media fortified with [(13) C3 (15) N1 ]-pantothenic acid and selected fatty acids. A SILEC standard in combination with LC/SRM-MS was employed to quantify cellular concentrations of arachidonoyl-CoA (a representative long-chain acyl-CoA) in two human colon cancer cell lines. A panel of SILEC standards was also employed in combination LC/SRM-MS to quantify medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs in mouse liver. CONCLUSIONS This new SILEC-based method in combination with LC/SRM-MS will make it possible to rigorously quantify medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs in cells and tissues. The method will facilitate studies of medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies as well as studies on the role of medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs in cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian A. Blair
- Correspondence to Ian A. Blair, PhD, Center for Cancer Pharmacology, 854 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104-6160, USA. Phone: 215-573-9880, Fax: 215-573-9889,
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10
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Beavers W, Serwa R, Shimozu Y, Tallman KA, Vaught M, Dalvie ED, Marnett LJ, Porter NA. ω-Alkynyl lipid surrogates for polyunsaturated fatty acids: free radical and enzymatic oxidations. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11529-39. [PMID: 25034362 PMCID: PMC4140476 DOI: 10.1021/ja506038v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid and lipid metabolite profiling are important parameters in understanding the pathogenesis of many diseases. Alkynylated polyunsaturated fatty acids are potentially useful probes for tracking the fate of fatty acid metabolites. The nonenzymatic and enzymatic oxidations of ω-alkynyl linoleic acid and ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid were compared to that of linoleic and arachidonic acid. There was no detectable difference in the primary products of nonenzymatic oxidation, which comprised cis,trans-hydroxy fatty acids. Similar hydroxy fatty acid products were formed when ω-alkynyl linoleic acid and ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid were reacted with lipoxygenase enzymes that introduce oxygen at different positions in the carbon chains. The rates of oxidation of ω-alkynylated fatty acids were reduced compared to those of the natural fatty acids. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 did not oxidize alkynyl linoleic but efficiently oxidized alkynyl arachidonic acid. The products were identified as alkynyl 11-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, alkynyl 11-hydroxy-8,9-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid, and alkynyl prostaglandins. This deviation from the metabolic profile of arachidonic acid may limit the utility of alkynyl arachidonic acid in the tracking of cyclooxygenase-based lipid oxidation. The formation of alkynyl 11-hydroxy-8,9-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid compared to alkynyl prostaglandins suggests that the ω-alkyne group causes a conformational change in the fatty acid bound to the enzyme, which reduces the efficiency of cyclization of dioxalanyl intermediates to endoperoxide intermediates. Overall, ω-alkynyl linoleic acid and ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid appear to be metabolically competent surrogates for tracking the fate of polyunsaturated fatty acids when looking at models involving autoxidation and oxidation by lipoxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
N. Beavers
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Remigiusz Serwa
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Yuki Shimozu
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Melissa Vaught
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Esha D. Dalvie
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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15-PGDH/15-KETE plays a role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling through ERK1/2-dependent PAR-2 pathway. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1476-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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