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Comparative Investigations on Different β-Glucosidase Surrogate Substrates. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
β-glucosidases are hydrolyzing enzymes which can release many aroma-active compounds from their glycoside form. Several yeasts produce these enzymes and thus are applied during the wine production process. To be able to test specific organisms for the presence of β-glucosidases and to investigate this enzyme activity, four main surrogate substrates have been described. The properties and applicability of these compounds, named arbutin (hydroquinone-β-D-glucopyranoside), esculin (6-O-(-D-glucosyl)aesculetin), 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4-MUG), are discussed after comparing their advantages and disadvantages. Although all four substrates were found suitable for photometric assays, 4-MUG has proven to be most appropriate due to high sensitivity, high robustness and simple processing. Furthermore, the investigation of β-glucosidase product accumulation is described, which could be used to give indications about β-glucosidase localization.
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2
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Kezic S, McAleer MA, Jakasa I, Goorden SMI, Ghauharali-van der Vlugt K, Beers-Stet FS, Meijer J, Roelofsen J, Nieman MM, van Kuilenburg ABP, Irvine AD. Children with atopic dermatitis show increased activity of β- glucocerebrosidase and stratum corneum levels of glucosylcholesterol that are strongly related to local cytokine milieu. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186:988-996. [PMID: 34993951 PMCID: PMC9325351 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by immune dysregulations and an impaired skin barrier, including abnormalities in lipid organization. In the stratum corneum (SC), β‐glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mediates transformation of glucosylceramide (GlcCER) into ceramide (CER) and cholesterol into glucosylcholesterol (GlcChol). Alteration in GBA activity might contribute to skin barrier defects in AD. Objectives To investigate GBA activity in the SC of children with AD before and after topical corticosteroid therapy and to compare it with healthy controls; to determine SC levels of GlcCER‐ and CER‐containing hydroxysphingosine base (GlcCER[H] and CER[H], respectively) and GlcChol; and to relate them to disease severity, skin barrier function and the local cytokine milieu. Methods Lipid markers and cytokines of innate, T helper 1 and T helper 2 immunity were determined in SC collected from healthy children and from clinically unaffected skin of children with AD, before and after 6 weeks of therapy with topical corticosteroids. AD severity was assessed by Scoring Atopic Dermatitis and skin barrier function by transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Results Baseline GBA activity and GlcChol levels were increased in children with AD but declined after therapy. CER[H] levels and the CER[H] to GlcCER[H] ratio were increased in AD. GBA activity and GlcChol correlated with TEWL and levels of multiple cytokines, especially interleukin‐1α and interleukin‐18. GlcChol was strongly associated with disease severity. Conclusions We show increased GBA activity and levels of GlcChol in AD. Our data suggest an important role of inflammation in disturbed lipid processing. GBA activity or GlcChol might be useful biomarkers in the monitoring of therapeutic responses in AD. What is already known about this topic?Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have a reduced skin barrier, mainly caused by altered lipid organization. The mechanisms underlying these lipid anomalies are not fully understood but likely reflect both genetic abnormalities in AD skin and the local cutaneous inflammatory environment.
What does this study add?We show increased activity of the ceramide‐generating enzyme β‐glucocerebrosidase in AD. Activity of this enzyme was correlated with the local cytokine milieu and declined after local corticosteroid therapy. We show that glucosylcholesterol levels in the stratum corneum are increased in AD. The function of glucosylcholesterol and the physiological consequences of increased levels are not clear yet; however, its levels were strongly correlated with skin barrier function: high transepidermal water loss strongly correlated with high levels of glucosylcholesterol.
What is the translational message?Correction of cutaneous inflammation largely restores alterations in lipid metabolism in the stratum corneum of infants with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maeve A McAleer
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Dermatology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Ivone Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Susan M I Goorden
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Ghauharali-van der Vlugt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke S Beers-Stet
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Meijer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Roelofsen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M Nieman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André B P van Kuilenburg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Dermatology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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3
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Boer DEC, Mirzaian M, Ferraz MJ, Nadaban A, Schreuder A, Hovnanian A, van Smeden J, Bouwstra JA, Aerts JMFG. Glucosylated cholesterol in skin: Synthetic role of extracellular glucocerebrosidase. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:707-710. [PMID: 32946792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The existence of glucosylated cholesterol (GlcChol) in tissue has recently been recognized. GlcChol is generated from glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and cholesterol through transglucosylation by two retaining β-glucosidases, GBA and GBA2. Given the abundance of GBA, GlcCer and cholesterol in the skin's stratum corneum (SC), we studied the occurrence of GlcChol. A significant amount of GlcChol was detected in SC (6 pmol/mg weight). The ratio GlcChol/GlcCer is higher in SC than epidermis, 0.083 and 0.011, respectively. Examination of GlcChol in patients with Netherton syndrome revealed comparable levels (11 pmol/mg). Concluding, GlcChol was identified as a novel component in SC and is likely locally metabolized by GBA. The physiological function of GlcChol in the SC warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E C Boer
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Schreuder
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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4
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van Smeden J, Al-Khakany H, Wang Y, Visscher D, Stephens N, Absalah S, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Hovnanian A, Bouwstra JA. Skin barrier lipid enzyme activity in Netherton patients is associated with protease activity and ceramide abnormalities. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:859-869. [PMID: 32265319 PMCID: PMC7269766 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Netherton syndrome (NTS) have increased serine protease activity, which strongly impacts the barrier function of the skin epidermis and leads to skin inflammation. Here, we investigated how serine protease activity in NTS correlates with changes in the stratum corneum (SC) ceramides, which are crucial components of the skin barrier. We examined two key enzymes involved in epidermal ceramide biosynthesis, β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and acid-sphingomyelinase (ASM). We compared in situ expression levels and activities of GBA and ASM between NTS patients and controls and correlated the expression and activities with i) SC ceramide profiles, ii) in situ serine protease activity, and iii) clinical presentation of patients. Using activity-based probe labeling, we visualized and localized active epidermal GBA, and a newly developed in situ zymography method enabled us to visualize and localize active ASM. Reduction in active GBA in NTS patients coincided with increased ASM activity, particularly in areas with increased serine protease activity. NTS patients with scaly erythroderma exhibited more pronounced anomalies in GBA and ASM activities than patients with ichthyosis linearis circumflexa. They also displayed a stronger increase in SC ceramides processed via ASM. We conclude that changes in the localization of active GBA and ASM correlate with i) altered SC ceramide composition in NTS patients, ii) local serine protease activity, and iii) the clinical manifestation of NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Smeden
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanin Al-Khakany
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yichen Wang
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Dani Visscher
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Stephens
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samira Absalah
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Department of Genetics Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. mailto:
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5
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Glucocerebrosidase: Functions in and Beyond the Lysosome. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030736. [PMID: 32182893 PMCID: PMC7141376 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is a retaining β-glucosidase with acid pH optimum metabolizing the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to ceramide and glucose. Inherited deficiency of GCase causes the lysosomal storage disorder named Gaucher disease (GD). In GCase-deficient GD patients the accumulation of GlcCer in lysosomes of tissue macrophages is prominent. Based on the above, the key function of GCase as lysosomal hydrolase is well recognized, however it has become apparent that GCase fulfills in the human body at least one other key function beyond lysosomes. Crucially, GCase generates ceramides from GlcCer molecules in the outer part of the skin, a process essential for optimal skin barrier property and survival. This review covers the functions of GCase in and beyond lysosomes and also pays attention to the increasing insight in hitherto unexpected catalytic versatility of the enzyme.
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6
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Boer DEC, van Smeden J, Al-Khakany H, Melnik E, van Dijk R, Absalah S, Vreeken RJ, Haenen CCP, Lavrijsen APM, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Bouwstra JA. Skin of atopic dermatitis patients shows disturbed β-glucocerebrosidase and acid sphingomyelinase activity that relates to changes in stratum corneum lipid composition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158673. [PMID: 32092464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Atopic Dermatitis (AD) suffer from inflamed skin and skin barrier defects. Proper formation of the outermost part of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), is crucial for the skin barrier function. In this study we analyzed the localization and activity of lipid enzymes β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in the skin of AD patients and controls. Localization of both the expression and activity of GBA and ASM in the epidermis of AD patients was altered, particularly at lesional skin sites. These changes aligned with the altered SC lipid composition. More specifically, abnormal localization of GBA and ASM related to an increase in specific ceramide subclasses [AS] and [NS]. Moreover we related the localization of the enzymes to the amounts of SC ceramide subclasses and free fatty acids (FFAs). We report a correlation between altered localization of active GBA and ASM and a disturbed SC lipid composition. Localization of antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin-3 (HBD-3) and AD biomarker Thymus and Activation Regulated Chemokine (TARC) also appeared to be diverging in AD skin compared to control. This research highlights the relation between correct localization of expressed and active lipid enzymes and a normal SC lipid composition for a proper skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E C Boer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanin Al-Khakany
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rianne van Dijk
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Samira Absalah
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vreeken
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; M4I Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C P Haenen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adriana P M Lavrijsen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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7
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Aerts JMFG, Artola M, van Eijk M, Ferraz MJ, Boot RG. Glycosphingolipids and Infection. Potential New Therapeutic Avenues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:324. [PMID: 31867330 PMCID: PMC6908816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), the main topic of this review, are a subclass of sphingolipids. With their glycans exposed to the extracellular space, glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous components of the plasma membrane of cells. GSLs are implicated in a variety of biological processes including specific infections. Several pathogens use GSLs at the surface of host cells as binding receptors. In addition, lipid-rafts in the plasma membrane of host cells may act as platform for signaling the presence of pathogens. Relatively common in man are inherited deficiencies in lysosomal glycosidases involved in the turnover of GSLs. The associated storage disorders (glycosphingolipidoses) show lysosomal accumulation of substrate(s) of the deficient enzyme. In recent years compounds have been identified that allow modulation of GSLs levels in cells. Some of these agents are well tolerated and already used to treat lysosomal glycosphingolipidoses. This review summarizes present knowledge on the role of GSLs in infection and subsequent immune response. It concludes with the thought to apply glycosphingolipid-lowering agents to prevent and/or combat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M van Eijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M J Ferraz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R G Boot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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8
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An overview of activity-based probes for glycosidases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Aerts JMFG, Kuo CL, Lelieveld LT, Boer DEC, van der Lienden MJC, Overkleeft HS, Artola M. Glycosphingolipids and lysosomal storage disorders as illustrated by gaucher disease. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:204-215. [PMID: 31783225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are important building blocks of the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. They are continuously recycled, involving fragmentation inside lysosomes by glycosidases. Inherited defects in degradation cause lysosomal glycosphingolipid storage disorders. The relatively common glycosphingolipidosis Gaucher disease is highlighted here to discuss new insights in the molecular basis and pathophysiology of glycosphingolipidoses reached by fundamental research increasingly using chemical biology tools. We discuss improvements in the detection of glycosphingolipid metabolites by mass spectrometry and review new developments in laboratory diagnosis and disease monitoring as well as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M F G Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne E C Boer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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10
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Lelieveld LT, Mirzaian M, Kuo CL, Artola M, Ferraz MJ, Peter REA, Akiyama H, Greimel P, van den Berg RJBHN, Overkleeft HS, Boot RG, Meijer AH, Aerts JMFG. Role of β-glucosidase 2 in aberrant glycosphingolipid metabolism: model of glucocerebrosidase deficiency in zebrafish. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1851-1867. [PMID: 31562193 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidases [GBA1 (glucocerebrosidase) and GBA2] are ubiquitous essential enzymes. Lysosomal GBA1 and cytosol-facing GBA2 degrade glucosylceramide (GlcCer); GBA1 deficiency causes Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by lysosomal accumulation of GlcCer, which is partly converted to glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph). GBA1 and GBA2 also may transfer glucose from GlcCer to cholesterol, yielding glucosylated cholesterol (GlcChol). Here, we aimed to clarify the role of zebrafish Gba2 in glycosphingolipid metabolism during Gba1 deficiency in zebrafish (Danio rerio), which are able to survive total Gba1 deficiency. We developed Gba1 (gba1 -/-), Gba2 (gba2 -/-), and double (gba1 -/- :gba2 -/-) zebrafish knockouts using CRISPR/Cas9 and explored the effects of both genetic and pharmacological interventions on GlcCer metabolism in individual larvae. Activity-based probes and quantification of relevant glycolipid metabolites confirmed enzyme deficiency. GlcSph increased in gba1 -/- larvae (0.09 pmol/fish) but did not increase more in gba1 -/- :gba2 -/- larvae. GlcCer was comparable in gba1 -/- and WT larvae but increased in gba2 -/- and gba1 -/- :gba2 -/- larvae. Independent of Gba1 status, GlcChol was low in all gba2 -/- larvae (0.05 vs. 0.18 pmol/fish in WT). Pharmacologic inactivation of zebrafish Gba1 comparably increased GlcSph. Inhibition of GlcCer synthase (GCS) in Gba1-deficient larvae reduced GlcCer and GlcSph, and concomitant inhibition of GCS and Gba2 with iminosugars also reduced excessive GlcChol. Finally, overexpression of human GBA1 and injection of recombinant GBA1 both decreased GlcSph. We determined that zebrafish larvae offer an attractive model to study glucosidase actions in glycosphingolipid metabolism in vivo, and we identified distinguishing characteristics of zebrafish Gba2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey T Lelieveld
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Bio-organic Synthesis Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco E A Peter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Berkers T, Boiten W, Absalah S, van Smeden J, Lavrijsen A, Bouwstra J. Compromising human skin in vivo and ex vivo to study skin barrier repair. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1103-1108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Unravelling effects of relative humidity on lipid barrier formation in human skin equivalents. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:679-689. [PMID: 31321505 PMCID: PMC6787114 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Relative humidity (RH) levels vary continuously in vivo, although during in vitro generation of three-dimensional human skin equivalents (HSEs) these remain high (90-95%) to prevent evaporation of the cell-culture medium. However, skin functionality is directly influenced by environmental RH. As the barrier formation in HSEs is different, there is a need to better understand the role of cell-culture conditions during the generation of HSEs. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of RH on epidermal morphogenesis and lipid barrier formation in HSEs. Therefore, two types of HSEs were developed at 90% or at 60% RH. Assessments were performed to determine epidermal morphogenesis by immunohistochemical analyses, ceramide composition by lipidomic analysis, and lipid organization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction. We show that reduction of RH mainly affected the uppermost viable epidermal layers in the HSEs, including an enlargement of the granular cells and induction of epidermal cell activation. Neither the composition nor the organization of the lipids in the intercorneocyte space were substantially altered at reduced RH. In addition, lipid processing from glucosylceramides to ceramides was not affected by reduced RH in HSEs as shown by enzyme expression, enzyme activity, and substrate-to-product ratio. Our results demonstrate that RH directly influences epidermal morphogenesis, albeit the in vitro lipid barrier formation is comparable at 90% and 60% RH.
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13
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Boiten W, Helder R, van Smeden J, Bouwstra J. Selectivity in cornified envelop binding of ceramides in human skin and the role of LXR inactivation on ceramide binding. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1206-1213. [PMID: 31112754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cornified lipid envelope (CLE) is a lipid monolayer covalently bound to the outside of corneocytes and is part of the stratum corneum (SC). The CLE is suggested to act as a scaffold for the unbound SC lipids. By profiling the bound CLE ceramides, a new subclass was discovered and identified as an omega-hydroxylated dihydrosphingosine (OdS) ceramide. Bound glucosylceramides were observed in superficial SC layers of healthy human skin. To investigate the relation between bound and unbound SC ceramides, the composition of both fractions was analyzed and compared. Selectivity in ceramide binding towards unsaturated ceramides and ceramides with a shorter chain length was observed. The selectivity in ceramide species bound to the cornified envelope is thought to have a physiological function in corneocyte flexibility. Next, it was examined if skin models exhibit an altered bound ceramide composition and if the composition was dependent on liver X-receptor (LXR) activation. The effects of an LXR agonist and antagonist on the bound ceramides composition of a full thickness model (FTM) were analyzed. In FTMs, a decreased amount of bound ceramides was observed compared to native human skin. Furthermore, FTMs had a bound ceramide fraction which consisted mostly of unsaturated and shorter ceramides. The LXR antagonist had a normalizing effect on the FTM bound ceramide composition. The agonist exhibited minimal effects. We show that ceramide binding is a selective process, yet, still is contingent on lipid synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Boiten
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Richard Helder
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Joke Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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14
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Validation of anti-glucocerebrosidase antibodies for western blot analysis on protein lysates of murine and human cells. Biochem J 2019; 476:261-274. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene, encoding the lysosome-resident glucocerebrosidase enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide. The discovery of an association between mutations in GBA1 and the development of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson disease, has directed attention to glucocerebrosidase as a potential therapeutic target for different synucleinopathies. These findings initiated an exponential growth in research and publications regarding the glucocerebrosidase enzyme. The use of various commercial and custom-made glucocerebrosidase antibodies has been reported, but standardized in-depth validation is still not available for many of these antibodies. This work details the evaluation of several previously reported glucocerebrosidase antibodies for western blot analysis, tested on protein lysates of murine gba+/+ and gba−/− immortalized neurons and primary human wild-type and type 2 GD fibroblasts.
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15
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Wang K, Donnarumma F, Baldone MD, Murray KK. Infrared laser ablation and capture of enzymes with conserved activity. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:41-46. [PMID: 29866268 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) laser ablation at 3 μm wavelength was used to extract enzymes from tissue and quantitatively determine their activity. Experiments were conducted with trypsin, which was ablated, captured and then used to digest bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA digests were evaluated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) and sequence coverage of 59% was achieved. Quantification was performed using trypsin and catalase standards and rat brain tissue by fluorescence spectroscopy. Both enzymes were reproducibly transferred with an efficiency of 75 ± 8% at laser fluences between 10 and 30 kJ/m2. Trypsin retained 37 ± 2% of its activity and catalase retained 50 ± 7%. The activity of catalase from tissue was tested using three consecutive 50 μm thick rat brain sections. Two 4 mm2 regions were ablated and captured from the cortex and cerebellum regions. The absolute catalase concentration in the two regions was consistent with previously published data, demonstrating transfer of intact enzymes from tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States
| | - Fabrizio Donnarumma
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States
| | - Matthew D Baldone
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States
| | - Kermit K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States.
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