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Doll CL, Snider AJ. The diverse roles of sphingolipids in inflammatory bowel disease. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23777. [PMID: 38934445 PMCID: PMC467036 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400830r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased over the last 20 years. A variety of causes, both physiological and environmental, contribute to the initiation and progression of IBD, making disease management challenging. Current treatment options target various aspects of the immune response to dampen intestinal inflammation; however, their effectiveness at retaining remission, their side effects, and loss of response from patients over time warrant further investigation. Finding a common thread within the multitude causes of IBD is critical in developing robust treatment options. Sphingolipids are evolutionary conserved bioactive lipids universally generated in all cell types. This diverse lipid family is involved in a variety of fundamental, yet sometimes opposing, processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. Implicated as regulators in intestinal diseases, sphingolipids are a potential cornerstone in understanding IBD. Herein we will describe the role of host- and microbial-derived sphingolipids as they relate to the many factors of intestinal health and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Doll
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ashley J. Snider
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Tian Y, Li X, Wang X, Pei ST, Pan HX, Cheng YQ, Li YC, Cao WT, Petersen JDD, Zhang P. Alkaline sphingomyelinase deficiency impairs intestinal mucosal barrier integrity and reduces antioxidant capacity in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1405-1419. [PMID: 38596488 PMCID: PMC11000083 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i10.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon with an unknown etiology. Alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase) is specifically expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, and has been reported to play an anti-inflammatory role. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. AIM To explore the mechanism of alk-SMase anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal barrier function and oxidative stress in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS Mice were administered 3% DSS drinking water, and disease activity index was determined to evaluate the status of colitis. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by gavage administration of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, and bacterial translocation was evaluated by measuring serum lipopolysaccharide. Intestinal epithelial cell ultrastructure was observed by electron microscopy. Western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of intestinal barrier proteins and mRNA, respectively. Serum oxidant and antioxidant marker levels were analyzed using commercial kits to assess oxidative stress levels. RESULTS Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, inflammation and intestinal permeability in alk-SMase knockout (KO) mice were more severe beginning 4 d after DSS induction. The mRNA and protein levels of intestinal barrier proteins, including zonula occludens-1, occludin, claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-8, mucin 2, and secretory immunoglobulin A, were significantly reduced on 4 d after DSS treatment. Ultrastructural observations revealed progressive damage to the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, by day 4, mitochondria appeared swollen and degenerated. Additionally, compared to WT mice, serum malondialdehyde levels in KO mice were higher, and the antioxidant capacity was significantly lower. The expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the colonic mucosal tissue of KO mice was significantly decreased after DSS treatment. mRNA levels of Nrf2-regulated downstream antioxidant enzymes were also decreased. Finally, colitis in KO mice could be effectively relieved by the injection of tertiary butylhydroquinone, which is an Nrf2 activator. CONCLUSION Alk-SMase regulates the stability of the intestinal mucosal barrier and enhances antioxidant activity through the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University - Daqing Campus, Daqing 163000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Qiqihar Tuberculosis Control Center, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Si-Ting Pei
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
| | - Hong-Xin Pan
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yu-Qi Cheng
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University - Daqing Campus, Daqing 163000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University - Daqing Campus, Daqing 163000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Ting Cao
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jin-Dong Ding Petersen
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Ping Zhang
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
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3
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Espinoza KS, Snider AJ. Therapeutic Potential for Sphingolipids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:789. [PMID: 38398179 PMCID: PMC10887199 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by chronic inflammation in the intestinal tract, increases the risk for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Sphingolipids, which have been implicated in IBD and CRC, are a class of bioactive lipids that regulate cell signaling, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, and survival. The balance between ceramide (Cer), the central sphingolipid involved in apoptosis and differentiation, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a potent signaling molecule involved in proliferation and inflammation, is vital for the maintenance of normal cellular function. Altered sphingolipid metabolism has been implicated in IBD and CRC, with many studies highlighting the importance of S1P in inflammatory signaling and pro-survival pathways. A myriad of sphingolipid analogues, inhibitors, and modulators have been developed to target the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. In this review, the efficacy and therapeutic potential for modulation of sphingolipid metabolism in IBD and CRC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila S. Espinoza
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Ashley J. Snider
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Hutka B, Várallyay A, László SB, Tóth AS, Scheich B, Paku S, Vörös I, Pós Z, Varga ZV, Norman DD, Balogh A, Benyó Z, Tigyi G, Gyires K, Zádori ZS. A dual role of lysophosphatidic acid type 2 receptor (LPAR2) in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced mouse enteropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:339-353. [PMID: 37816857 PMCID: PMC10789874 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid mediator that has been found to ameliorate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric injury by acting on lysophosphatidic acid type 2 receptor (LPAR2). In this study, we investigated whether LPAR2 signaling was implicated in the development of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury (enteropathy), another major complication of NSAID use. Wild-type (WT) and Lpar2 deficient (Lpar2-/-) mice were treated with a single, large dose (20 or 30 mg/kg, i.g.) of indomethacin (IND). The mice were euthanized at 6 or 24 h after IND treatment. We showed that IND-induced mucosal enteropathy and neutrophil recruitment occurred much earlier (at 6 h after IND treatment) in Lpar2-/- mice compared to WT mice, but the tissue levels of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, inducible COX-2, CAMP) remained at much lower levels. Administration of a selective LPAR2 agonist DBIBB (1, 10 mg/kg, i.g., twice at 24 h and 30 min before IND treatment) dose-dependently reduced mucosal injury and neutrophil activation in enteropathy, but it also enhanced IND-induced elevation of several proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. By assessing caspase-3 activation, we found significantly increased intestinal apoptosis in IND-treated Lpar2-/- mice, but it was attenuated after DBIBB administration, especially in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. Finally, we showed that IND treatment reduced the plasma activity and expression of autotaxin (ATX), the main LPA-producing enzyme, and also reduced the intestinal expression of Lpar2 mRNA, which preceded the development of mucosal damage. We conclude that LPAR2 has a dual role in NSAID enteropathy, as it contributes to the maintenance of mucosal integrity after NSAID exposure, but also orchestrates the inflammatory responses associated with ulceration. Our study suggests that IND-induced inhibition of the ATX-LPAR2 axis is an early event in the pathogenesis of enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hutka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Várallyay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia B László
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András S Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Scheich
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Vörös
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Pós
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SU Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Chen X, Zhang H, Zhou X, Wang Y, Shi W. Autotaxin promotes the degradation of the mucus layer by inhibiting autophagy in mouse colitis. Mol Immunol 2023; 160:44-54. [PMID: 37356325 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX or ENPP2) is an autocrine enzyme associated with the metabolism of various phospholipids. ATX has recently been identified as a regulatory factor in immune-related and inflammation-associated diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Here, we treated mice with recombinant ATX protein or an ATX inhibitor to investigate the effect of ATX on colitis in mice and the underlying mechanism. In a mouse model of colitis, ATX expression was increased, autophagy was impaired, and the mucus barrier was disrupted. Recombinant ATX protein promoted intestinal inflammation, inhibited autophagy, and disrupted the mucus barrier, while an ATX inhibitor had the opposite effect. Next, we treated mice that received ATX with an autophagy activator and an adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist. We observed that autophagy activator and AMPK agonist could repair the mucus barrier and alleviate intestinal inflammation in ATX-treated mice. In vitro, we obtained consistent results. Thus, we concluded that ATX could inhibit autophagy through the AMPK pathway, which consequently disordered the mucus barrier and aggravated intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; The State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunwu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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Lee M, Lee SY, Bae YS. Functional roles of sphingolipids in immunity and their implication in disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1110-1130. [PMID: 37258585 PMCID: PMC10318102 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, which are components of cellular membranes and organ tissues, can be synthesized or degraded to modulate cellular responses according to environmental cues, and the balance among the different sphingolipids is important for directing immune responses, regardless of whether they originate, as intra- or extracellular immune events. Recent progress in multiomics-based analyses and methodological approaches has revealed that human health and diseases are closely related to the homeostasis of sphingolipid metabolism, and disease-specific alterations in sphingolipids and related enzymes can be prognostic markers of human disease progression. Accumulating human clinical data from genome-wide association studies and preclinical data from disease models provide support for the notion that sphingolipids are the missing pieces that supplement our understanding of immune responses and diseases in which the functions of the involved proteins and nucleotides have been established. In this review, we analyze sphingolipid-related enzymes and reported human diseases to understand the important roles of sphingolipid metabolism. We discuss the defects and alterations in sphingolipid metabolism in human disease, along with functional roles in immune cells. We also introduce several methodological approaches and provide summaries of research on sphingolipid modulators in this review that should be helpful in studying the roles of sphingolipids in preclinical studies for the investigation of experimental and molecular medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Suh Yeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Shi W, Peng K, Yu H, Wang Z, Xia S, Xiao S, Tian D, Vallance BA, Yu Q. Autotaxin (ATX) inhibits autophagy leading to exaggerated disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier in colitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166647. [PMID: 36746254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated disease. Autotaxin (ATX) is associated with increased inflammatory molecules, however, its effect on IBD is not well understood. Autophagy plays an important role in IBD, whether ATX and autophagy act in concert in IBD remains unknown. This study is to explore the possible mechanisms of ATX affecting autophagy leading to the disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier, thereby exacerbating colitis. The expression of ATX was upregulated in UC patients and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Here, we described that providing an ATX inhibitor during DSS colitis increased autophagy and ameliorated colonic inflammation. Conversely, intrarectal administration with recombinant (r)ATX increased colitis and decreased autophagy. This pro-colitic effect was attenuated in mice treated with rapamycin, resulting in increased autophagy activity and mild colitis. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of rATX on autophagy was confirmed in vitro and was reversed by the addition of rapamycin. The damaging effects of ATX on epithelial barrier function were reversed by ATX inhibitor or rapamycin treatment. In sum, our results show that ATX can inhibit autophagy through the mTOR pathway, resulting in exaggerated damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier during colitis. These findings suggest that ATX may be a key pro-colitic factor, and represent a potential therapeutic target for treating IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kaixin Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuhong Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Siqi Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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Alyamani M, Kadivar M, Erjefält J, Johansson-Lindbom B, Duan RD, Nilsson Å, Marsal J. Alkaline sphingomyelinase (NPP7) impacts the homeostasis of intestinal T lymphocyte populations. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1050625. [PMID: 36741374 PMCID: PMC9894718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Alkaline sphingomyelinase (NPP7) is expressed by intestinal epithelial cells and is crucial for the digestion of dietary sphingomyelin. NPP7 also inactivates proinflammatory mediators including platelet-activating factor and lysophosphatidylcholine. The aim of this study was to examine a potential role for NPP7 in the homeostasis of the intestinal immune system. Methods We quantified the numbers of B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, T-lymphocytes including regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs), natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, in the small and large intestines, the mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleens of heterozygous and homozygous NPP7 knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) mice. Tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and stainings quantified using computerized image analysis. Results The numbers of both small and large intestinal CD3ε+, CD4+, and CD8α+ T-lymphocytes were significantly higher in NPP7 KO compared to WT mice (with a dose-response relationship in the large intestine), whereas Treg numbers were unchanged, and dendritic cell numbers reduced. In contrast, the numbers of CD3ε+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes were significantly reduced in NPP7 KO mice, while no differences were observed in spleens. The numbers of B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were similar between genotypes. Conclusion NPP7 contributes to the regulation of dendritic cell and T-lymphocyte numbers in mesenteric lymph nodes and both the small and large intestines, thus playing a role in the homeostasis of gut immunity. Although it is likely that the downstream effects of NPP7 activity involve the sphingomyelin metabolites ceramide and spingosine-1-phosphate, the exact mechanisms behind this regulatory function of NPP7 need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Alyamani
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Johansson-Lindbom
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rui-Dong Duan
- Section of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åke Nilsson
- Section of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Department of Gastroenterology, Skane University Hospital, Lund/Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Marsal
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Section of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Department of Gastroenterology, Skane University Hospital, Lund/Malmö, Sweden,*Correspondence: Jan Marsal,
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9
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Liu F, Yao Y, Lu Z, Zhang Q, Liu C, Zhu C, Lin C. 5-Hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats via regulation of metabolic profiling and suppression of NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:153438. [PMID: 33422953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one (PQ-A) is the main active compound in Ramulus et Folium Picrasmae, a Chinese herbal medicine commonly used in colitis treatment. PURPOSE To clarify PQ-A's role and mechanism in colitis treatment based on a non-targeted metabolomics study. METHODS Rats with ulcerative colitis (UC) established with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were orally treated with PQ-A. Body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, biochemical parameters (MDA and SOD), and histopathological score in colon tissue were measured. A UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS approach-based metabolomics analysis was conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of PQ-A in colitis treatment. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) concentrations in serum and their protein levels in the colon were determined. CD3 and NF-κB/p65 immunohistochemistry in the colon was semi-quantified. The related protein or mRNA in IKK-NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway was measured by Western blotting or RT-PCR, respectively. Potential molecular interactions between PQ-A and NF-κB/p65 was predicted using DS 2.5 software. RESULTS PQ-A significantly prevented body weight loss and colonic shortening in colitic rats, and reduced the DAI and histopathologic score as well. PQ-A decreased MDA levels in the UC rat serum and increased those of SOD. Metabolomics results revealed forty-nine differential metabolites as biomarkers of DSS-induced colitis, demonstrating that the path-mechanism of colitis involved the perturbation of eight metabolic pathways, including alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, retinol metabolism, bile acid metabolism, et al. Thirty-six biomarkers were especially reversed to normal-like levels by PQ-A via regulation of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and retinol metabolism, which effectively hinted the potential pharmacological mechanism of PQ-A related to NF-κB/p65 inflammatory signaling. Molecular docking results predicted high affinity interaction between PQ-A and NF-κB/p65, involving hydrogen-bond interactions at five amino acid residues, suggesting NF-κB/p65 as a target. PQ-A decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations in serum and their protein levels in colon tissue in colitic rats. CD3, MYD88, p-IκBα, NF-κB/p65, and p-NF-κB/p65 expression levels decreased, whereas those of IKKβ and IκBα increased in colitic tissue following PQ-A treatment. PQ-A strongly inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65. CONCLUSIONS We provide an overview of PQ-A's possible mechanism of action in colitis treatment based on serum non-targeted metabolomics. PQ-A treatment can protect rats against DSS-induced colitis by suppressing the NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangle Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghui Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Changhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Kim SJ, Howe C, Mitchell J, Choo J, Powers A, Oikonomopoulos A, Pothoulakis C, Hommes DW, Im E, Rhee SH. Autotaxin loss accelerates intestinal inflammation by suppressing TLR4-mediated immune responses. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49332. [PMID: 32875703 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) converts lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingosyl-phosphorylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate, respectively. Despite the pivotal function of ATX in lipid metabolism, mechanisms by which ATX regulates immune and inflammatory disorders remain elusive. Here, using myeloid cell lineage-restricted Atx knockout mice, we show that Atx deficiency disrupts membrane microdomains and lipid rafts, resulting in the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex formation and the suppression of adaptor recruitment, thereby inhibiting TLR4-mediated responses in macrophages. Accordingly, TLR4-induced innate immune functions, including phagocytosis and iNOS expression, are attenuated in Atx-deficient macrophages. Consequently, Atx-/- mice exhibit a higher bacterial prevalence in the intestinal mucosa compared to controls. When combined with global Il10-/- mice, which show spontaneous colitis due to the translocation of luminal commensal microbes into the mucosa, myeloid cell lineage-restricted Atx knockout accelerates colitis development compared to control littermates. Collectively, our data reveal that Atx deficiency compromises innate immune responses, thereby promoting microbe-associated gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Cody Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jonathon Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Alexandra Powers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel W Hommes
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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Murota K. Digestion and absorption of dietary glycerophospholipids in the small intestine: Their significance as carrier molecules of choline and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Acid and Neutral Sphingomyelinase Behavior in Radiation-Induced Liver Pyroptosis and in the Protective/Preventive Role of rMnSOD. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093281. [PMID: 32384654 PMCID: PMC7247354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelins (SMs) are a class of relevant bioactive molecules that act as key modulators of different cellular processes, such as growth arrest, exosome formation, and the inflammatory response influenced by many environmental conditions, leading to pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death due to Caspase-1 involvement. To study liver pyroptosis and hepatic SM metabolism via both lysosomal acid SMase (aSMase) and endoplasmic reticulum/nucleus neutral SMase (nSMase) during the exposure of mice to radiation and to ascertain if this process can be modulated by protective molecules, we used an experimental design (previously used by us) to evaluate the effects of both ionizing radiation and a specific protective molecule (rMnSOD) in the brain in collaboration with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia). As shown by the Caspase-1 immunostaining of the liver sections, the radiation resulted in the loss of the normal cell structure alongside a progressive and dose-dependent increase of the labelling, treatment, and pretreatment with rMnSOD, which had a significant protective effect on the livers. SM metabolic analyses, performed on aSMase and nSMase gene expression, as well as protein content and activity, proved that rMnSOD was able to significantly reduce radiation-induced damage by playing both a protective role via aSMase and a preventive role via nSMase.
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Nilsson Å, Duan RD. Pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in choline phospholipid digestion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G425-G445. [PMID: 30576217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00320.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of choline phospholipids is important for choline homeostasis, lipid signaling, postprandial lipid and energy metabolism, and interaction with intestinal bacteria. The digestion is mediated by the combined action of pancreatic and mucosal enzymes. In the proximal small intestine, hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to 1-lyso-PC and free fatty acid (FFA) by the pancreatic phospholipase A2 IB coincides with the digestion of the dietary triacylglycerols by lipases, but part of the PC digestion is extended and must be mediated by other enzymes as the jejunoileal brush-border phospholipase B/lipase and mucosal secreted phospholipase A2 X. Absorbed 1-lyso-PC is partitioned in the mucosal cells between degradation and reacylation into chyle PC. Reutilization of choline for hepatic bile PC synthesis, and the reacylation of 1-lyso-PC into chylomicron PC by the lyso-PC-acyl-CoA-acyltransferase 3 are important features of choline recycling and postprandial lipid metabolism. The role of mucosal enzymes is emphasized by sphingomyelin (SM) being sequentially hydrolyzed by brush-border alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase) and neutral ceramidase to sphingosine and FFA, which are well absorbed. Ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate are generated and are both metabolic intermediates and important lipid messengers. Alk-SMase has anti-inflammatory effects that counteract gut inflammation and tumorigenesis. These may be mediated by multiple mechanisms including generation of sphingolipid metabolites and suppression of autotaxin induction and lyso-phosphatidic acid formation. Here we summarize current knowledge on the roles of pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in PC and SM digestion, and its implications in intestinal and liver diseases, bacterial choline metabolism in the gut, and cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Nilsson
- Department of Clow-linical Sciences Lund, Division of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Rui-Dong Duan
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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