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Hoekstra M, Zhang Z, Lindenburg PW, Van Eck M. Scavenger Receptor BI Deficiency in Mice Is Associated With Plasma Ceramide and Sphingomyelin Accumulation and a Reduced Cholesteryl Ester Fatty Acid Length and Unsaturation Degree. J Lipid Atheroscler 2024; 13:69-79. [PMID: 38299166 PMCID: PMC10825577 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2024.13.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is primarily known for its role in the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters (CEs) from high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Here we investigated whether SR-BI deficiency is associated with other potentially relevant changes in the plasma lipidome than the established effect of HDL-cholesterol elevation. Methods Targeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to measure lipid species in plasma from female wild-type and SR-BI knockout mice. Results SR-BI deficiency was associated with a reduction in the average CE fatty acid length (-2%; p<0.001) and degree of CE fatty acid unsaturation (-18%; p<0.001) due to a relative shift from longer, polyunsaturated CE species CE (20:4), CE (20:5), and CE (22:6) towards the mono-unsaturated CE (18:1) species. Sphingomyelin (SM) levels were 64% higher (p<0.001) in SR-BI knockout mice without a parallel change in (lyso)phosphatidylcholine (LPC) concentrations, resulting in an increase in the SM/LPC ratio from 0.102±0.005 to 0.163±0.003 (p<0.001). In addition, lower LPC lengths (-5%; p<0.05) and fatty acid unsaturation degrees (-20%; p<0.01) were detected in SR-BI knockout mice. Furthermore, SR-BI deficiency was associated with a 4.7-fold increase (p<0.001) in total plasma ceramide (Cer) levels, with a marked >9-fold rise (p<0.001) in Cer (d18:1/24:1) concentrations. Conclusion We have shown that SR-BI deficiency in mice not only impacts the CE concentrations, length, and saturation index within the plasma compartment, but is also associated with plasma accumulation of several Cer and SM species that may contribute to the development of specific hematological and metabolic (disease) phenotypes previously detected in SR-BI knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. Lindenburg
- Research Group Metabolomics, Faculty Science & Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Hogeschool Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Al-Jarallah A, Babiker F. High Density Lipoprotein Reduces Blood Pressure and Protects Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in an SR-BI Dependent Manner. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:825310. [PMID: 35387446 PMCID: PMC8977778 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.825310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHypertension is a key risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Elevation in blood pressure alters high density lipoprotein (HDL) function and composition. The exact role of HDL in cardiovascular complications observed in hypertension is however not clearly understood. HDL protected against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in normotensive rats. Nonetheless, it's not clear if restoration of HDL function and/or composition protects against myocardial I/R injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).ObjectivesIn this study we tested the effect of HDL treatment on I/R injury in Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR and investigated the possible underlying mechanism(s).MethodsHDL (900 ng/kg/min) or vehicle were continuously administered to 11-week old WKY and SHR for 1 week (chronic treatment). Blood pressure was measured before and after treatment. Hearts were subjected to I/R injury using a modified Langendorff system. Another set of rats were treated with HDL administered at reperfusion (acute treatment) in the presence or absence of scavenger receptor class B type-I (SR-BI) blocking antibody. Cardiac hemodynamics were computed and cardiac enzyme release and infarct size were measured. Total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were enzymatically assayed. Markers of autophagy and inflammation were detected by immunoblotting and ELISA, respectively.ResultsHDL treatment did not increase TC or HDL-C levels in SHR or WKY, yet it significantly (P < 0.01) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in SHR. Chronic and acute HDL treatment significantly (P < 0.05) protected WKY and SHR against myocardial I/R injury. Chronic HDL treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) more protective in SHR whereas acute HDL treatment induced significantly (P < 0.05) greater protection in WKY. The extent of HDL induced protection was proportional to the expression levels of cardiac SR-BI and blockage of SR-BI completely abolished HDL mediated protection in SHR. Chronic HDL treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced markers of autophagy and inflammation in hypertensive rats.ConclusionsWe demonstrate a novel anti-hypertensive and a cardioprotective effect of HDL against myocardial I/R injury in SHR, the magnitude of which is directly related to the expression levels of cardiac SR-BI. Mechanistically, chronic HDL treatment protected SHR hearts by reducing autophagy and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishah Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Aishah Al-Jarallah
| | - Fawzi Babiker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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3
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Yu H. HDL and Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SRBI). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1377:79-93. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Mineo C. Lipoprotein receptor signalling in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1254-1274. [PMID: 31834409 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The founding member of the lipoprotein receptor family, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a major role in the atherogenesis through the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL particles and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Since the discovery of the LDLR, many other structurally and functionally related receptors have been identified, which include low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1, LRP5, LRP6, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor 2. The scavenger receptor family members, on the other hand, constitute a family of pattern recognition proteins that are structurally diverse and recognize a wide array of ligands, including oxidized LDL. Among these are cluster of differentiation 36, scavenger receptor class B type I and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. In addition to the initially assigned role as a mediator of the uptake of macromolecules into the cell, a large number of studies in cultured cells and in in vivo animal models have revealed that these lipoprotein receptors participate in signal transduction to modulate cellular functions. This review highlights the signalling pathways by which these receptors influence the process of atherosclerosis development, focusing on their roles in the vascular cells, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets. Human genetics of the receptors is also discussed to further provide the relevance to cardiovascular disease risks in humans. Further knowledge of the vascular biology of the lipoprotein receptors and their ligands will potentially enhance our ability to harness the mechanism to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
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Muthuramu I, Amin R, Aboumsallem JP, Mishra M, Robinson EL, De Geest B. Hepatocyte-Specific SR-BI Gene Transfer Corrects Cardiac Dysfunction in
Scarb1
-Deficient Mice and Improves Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:2028-2040. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
We investigated the hypothesis that HDL (high-density lipoprotein) dysfunction in
Scarb1
−/−
mice negatively affects cardiac function both in the absence and in the presence of pressure overload. Second, we evaluated whether normalization of HDL metabolism in
Scarb1
−/−
mice by hepatocyte-specific SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B, type I) expression after E1E3E4-deleted adenoviral AdSR-BI (E1E3E4-deleted adenoviral vector expressing SR-BI protein in hepatocytes) transfer abrogates the effects of total body SR-BI deficiency on cardiac structure and function.
Approach and Results—
Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham operation was performed at the age of 14 weeks, 2 weeks after saline injection or after gene transfer with AdSR-BI or with the control vector Adnull. Mortality rate in
Scarb1
−/−
TAC mice was significantly increased compared with wild-type TAC mice during 8 weeks of follow-up (hazard ratio, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.14–3.61). Hepatocyte-specific SR-BI gene transfer performed 2 weeks before induction of pressure overload by TAC potently reduced mortality in
Scarb1
−/−
mice (hazard ratio, 0.329; 95% CI, 0.180–0.600). Hepatocyte-specific SR-BI expression abrogated increased cardiac hypertrophy and lung congestion and counteracted increased myocardial apoptosis and interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in
Scarb1
−/−
TAC mice.
Scarb1
−/−
sham mice were, notwithstanding the absence of detectable structural heart disease, characterized by systolic and diastolic dysfunction and hypotension, which were completely counteracted by AdSR-BI transfer. Furthermore, AdSR-BI transfer abrogated increased end-diastolic pressure and diastolic dysfunction in
Scarb1
−/−
TAC mice. Increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense systems in
Scarb1
−/−
mice were rescued by AdSR-BI transfer.
Conclusions—
The detrimental effects of SR-BI deficiency on cardiac structure and function are nullified by hepatocyte-specific SR-BI transfer, which restores HDL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayaraja Muthuramu
- From the Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.M., R.A., J.P.A., M.M., B.D.G.)
| | - Ruhul Amin
- From the Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.M., R.A., J.P.A., M.M., B.D.G.)
| | - Joseph Pierre Aboumsallem
- From the Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.M., R.A., J.P.A., M.M., B.D.G.)
| | - Mudit Mishra
- From the Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.M., R.A., J.P.A., M.M., B.D.G.)
| | - Emma Louise Robinson
- Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (E.L.R.), Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (E.L.R.)
| | - Bart De Geest
- From the Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (I.M., R.A., J.P.A., M.M., B.D.G.)
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Linton MF, Tao H, Linton EF, Yancey PG. SR-BI: A Multifunctional Receptor in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:461-472. [PMID: 28259375 PMCID: PMC5438771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) plays crucial roles in cholesterol homeostasis, lipoprotein metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Hepatic SR-BI mediates reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by the uptake of HDL cholesterol for routing to the bile. Through the selective uptake of HDL lipids, hepatic SR-BI modulates HDL composition and preserves HDL's atheroprotective functions of mediating cholesterol efflux and minimizing inflammation and oxidation. Macrophage and endothelial cell SR-BI inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by mediating cholesterol trafficking to minimize atherosclerotic lesion foam cell formation. SR-BI signaling also helps limit inflammation and cell death and mediates efferocytosis of apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions thereby preventing vulnerable plaque formation. SR-BI is emerging as a multifunctional therapeutic target to reduce atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
| | - Huan Tao
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
| | - Edward F Linton
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Jordan Medical Education Center, 6th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6055, USA
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
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The persistence of low-grade inflammatory monocytes contributes to aggravated atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13436. [PMID: 27824038 PMCID: PMC5105176 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained low-grade inflammation mediated by non-resolving inflammatory monocytes has long been suspected in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the sustainment of non-resolving inflammatory monocytes during atherosclerosis are poorly understood. Here we observe that subclinical endotoxemia, often seen in humans with chronic inflammation, aggravates murine atherosclerosis through programming monocytes into a non-resolving inflammatory state with elevated Ly6C, CCR5, MCP-1 and reduced SR-B1. The sustainment of inflammatory monocytes is due to the disruption of homeostatic tolerance through the elevation of miR-24 and reduction of the key negative-feedback regulator IRAK-M. miR-24 reduces the levels of Smad4 required for the expression of IRAK-M and also downregulates key lipid-processing molecule SR-B1. IRAK-M deficiency in turn leads to elevated miR-24 levels, sustains disruption of monocyte homeostasis and aggravates atherosclerosis. Our data define an integrated feedback circuit in monocytes and its disruption may lead to non-resolving low-grade inflammation conducive to atherosclerosis.
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Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Zago VHDS, Scherrer DZ, Alexandre F, Bakkarat J, Nunes VS, Nakandakare ER, Quintão ECR, Nadruz-Jr W, de Faria EC, Sposito AC. HDL size is more accurate than HDL cholesterol to predict carotid subclinical atherosclerosis in individuals classified as low cardiovascular risk. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114212. [PMID: 25470778 PMCID: PMC4254940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Misclassification of patients as low cardiovascular risk (LCR) remains a major concern and challenges the efficacy of traditional risk markers. Due to its strong association with cholesterol acceptor capacity, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) size has been appointed as a potential risk marker. Hence, we investigate whether HDL size improves the predictive value of HDL-cholesterol in the identification of carotid atherosclerotic burden in individuals stratified to be at LCR. Methods and Findings 284 individuals (40–75 years) classified as LCR by the current US guidelines were selected in a three-step procedure from primary care centers of the cities of Campinas and Americana, SP, Brazil. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins were precipitated by polyethylene glycol and HDL size was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Participants were classified in tertiles of HDL size (<7.57; 7.57–8.22; >8.22 nm). Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) <0.90 mm (80th percentile) was determined by high resolution ultrasonography and multivariate ordinal regression models were used to assess the association between cIMT across HDL size and levels of lipid parameters. HDL-cholesterol was not associated with cIMT. In contrast, HDL size >8.22 nm was independently associated with low cIMT in either unadjusted and adjusted models for age, gender and Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 index for insulin sensitivity, ethnicity and body mass index (Odds ratio 0.23; 95% confidence interval 0.07–0.74, p = 0.013). Conclusion The mean HDL size estimated with DLS constitutes a better predictor for subclinical carotid atherosclerosis than the conventional measurements of plasma HDL-cholesterol in individuals classified as LCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Soler Parra
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Baratella Panzoldo
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Zanetti Scherrer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alexandre
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jamal Bakkarat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Valeria Sutti Nunes
- Lipid Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna Regina Nakandakare
- Lipid Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Nadruz-Jr
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrei C. Sposito
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Prashanth A, Jeyakumar SM, Giridharan NV, Vajreswari A. Vitamin A-enriched diet modulates reverse cholesterol transport in hypercholesterolemic obese rats of the WNIN/Ob strain. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1197-207. [PMID: 25100235 DOI: 10.5551/jat.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Vitamin A plays a major role in lipid metabolism. Previously, we reported that chronic vitamin A feeding (129 mg/kg) for two months normalized the abnormally high plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in hypercholesterolemic obese rats by upregulating the hepatic scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) expression. In this report, we hypothesize that the administration of a dose less than 129 mg of vitamin A/kg would also be effective in lowering the plasma HDL-C levels in these rats. METHODS Changes in the activity and expression of proteins related to RCT were analyzed together with blood parameters in five-month-old male lean and obese rats supplemented with 2.6 (control group), 26, 52 and 129 mg of vitamin A/kg as retinyl palmitate for 20 weeks. RESULTS Vitamin A supplementation in the obese rats decreased the plasma HDL-C levels with a concomitant increase in the hepatic SR-BI expression and lipase activity compared to that observed in the control diet-fed obese rats treated with 2.6 mg of vitamin A/kg diet. Furthermore, vitamin A supplementation at doses of 52 and 129 mg/kg diet reduced the plasma lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity and increased the hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter protein A1 expression in the obese rats. Interestingly, most of these changes were not observed in the lean rats fed a vitamin A-enriched diet. CONCLUSIONS Chronic feeding of a vitamin A-enriched diet in hypercholesterolemic obese rats normalizes the plasma HDL-C level and presumably improves RCT, with an effective dose of 52 mg/kg diet. Further studies should focus on the pharmacological potential of vitamin A supplementation to correct an abnormal human obesity-associated lipoprotein metabolism.
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Martínez-Beamonte R, Lou-Bonafonte JM, Martínez-Gracia MV, Osada J. Sphingomyelin in high-density lipoproteins: structural role and biological function. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7716-41. [PMID: 23571495 PMCID: PMC3645712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are an inverse risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and sphingomyelin (SM) is the second most abundant phospholipid component and the major sphingolipid in HDL. Considering the marked presence of SM, the present review has focused on the current knowledge about this phospholipid by addressing its variable distribution among HDL lipoparticles, how they acquire this phospholipid, and the important role that SM plays in regulating their fluidity and cholesterol efflux from different cells. In addition, plasma enzymes involved in HDL metabolism such as lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase or phospholipid transfer protein are inhibited by HDL SM content. Likewise, HDL SM levels are influenced by dietary maneuvers (source of protein or fat), drugs (statins or diuretics) and modified in diseases such as diabetes, renal failure or Niemann-Pick disease. Furthermore, increased levels of HDL SM have been shown to be an inverse risk factor for coronary heart disease. The complexity of SM species, described using new lipidomic methodologies, and their distribution in different HDL particles under many experimental conditions are promising avenues for further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain; E-Mail:
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.-B.); (M.V.M.-G.)
| | - Jose M. Lou-Bonafonte
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.-B.); (M.V.M.-G.)
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca E-22002, Spain
| | - María V. Martínez-Gracia
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.-B.); (M.V.M.-G.)
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain; E-Mail:
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain; E-Mails: (J.M.L.-B.); (M.V.M.-G.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-976-761-644; Fax: +34-976-761-612
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Al-Jarallah A, Igdoura F, Zhang Y, Tenedero CB, White EJ, MacDonald ME, Igdoura SA, Trigatti BL. The effect of pomegranate extract on coronary artery atherosclerosis in SR-BI/APOE double knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:80-9. [PMID: 23528829 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of pomegranate extract on inflammation and oxidative stress and the development of spontaneous occlusive coronary artery atherosclerosis in the SR-BI/apoE double knockout mouse model of coronary heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS SR-BI/apoE double KO mice were treated for two weeks with pomegranate extract via drinking water, beginning at three weeks of age. Treatment with pomegranate extract increased cholesterol ester content and reduced the abnormally high unesterified/esterified cholesterol ratio of VLDL-sized lipoproteins. Despite the increase in cholesterol levels associated with VLDL-sized particles, pomegranate extract treatment reduced the size of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic sinus and reduced the proportion of coronary arteries with occlusive atherosclerotic plaques. Treatment with pomegranate extract resulted in substantial reductions in levels of oxidative stress and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic sinus and coronary arteries. In addition, treatment with pomegranate extract reduced lipid accumulation, macrophage infiltration, levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and fibrosis in the myocardium, attenuated cardiac enlargement and the development of ECG abnormalities in SR-BI/apoE double KO mice. CONCLUSION Pomegranate extract reduced aortic sinus and coronary artery atherosclerosis in SR-BI/apoE dKO mice. The atheroprotective effects of pomegranate extract appear to involve reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in the vessel wall despite unaltered systemic markers of inflammation and increased lipoprotein cholesterol in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishah Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
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Kunnen S, Van Eck M. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase: old friend or foe in atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1783-99. [PMID: 22566575 PMCID: PMC3413220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of free cholesterol in plasma lipoproteins and plays a critical role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Deficiency leads to accumulation of nascent preβ-HDL due to impaired maturation of HDL particles, whereas enhanced expression is associated with the formation of large, apoE-rich HDL(1) particles. In addition to its function in HDL metabolism, LCAT was believed to be an important driving force behind macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and, therefore, has been a subject of great interest in cardiovascular research since its discovery in 1962. Although half a century has passed, the importance of LCAT for atheroprotection is still under intense debate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the insights that have been gained in the past 50 years on the biochemistry of LCAT, the role of LCAT in lipoprotein metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in animal models, and its impact on cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kunnen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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El Bouhassani M, Gilibert S, Moreau M, Saint-Charles F, Tréguier M, Poti F, Chapman MJ, Le Goff W, Lesnik P, Huby T. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression partially attenuates the adverse effects of SR-BI receptor deficiency on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17227-38. [PMID: 21454568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.220483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor SR-BI significantly contributes to HDL cholesterol metabolism and atherogenesis in mice. However, the role of SR-BI may not be as pronounced in humans due to cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. To address the impact of CETP expression on the adverse effects associated with SR-BI deficiency, we cross-bred our SR-BI conditional knock-out mouse model with CETP transgenic mice. CETP almost completely restored the abnormal HDL-C distribution in SR-BI-deficient mice. However, it did not normalize the elevated plasma free to total cholesterol ratio characteristic of hepatic SR-BI deficiency. Red blood cell and platelet count abnormalities observed in mice liver deficient for SR-BI were partially restored by CETP, but the elevated erythrocyte cholesterol to phospholipid ratio remained unchanged. Complete deletion of SR-BI was associated with diminished adrenal cholesterol stores, whereas hepatic SR-BI deficiency resulted in a significant increase in adrenal gland cholesterol content. In both mouse models, CETP had no impact on adrenal cholesterol metabolism. In diet-induced atherosclerosis studies, hepatic SR-BI deficiency accelerated aortic lipid lesion formation in both CETP-expressing (4-fold) and non-CETP-expressing (8-fold) mice when compared with controls. Impaired macrophage to feces reverse cholesterol transport in mice deficient for SR-BI in liver, which was not corrected by CETP, most likely contributed by such an increase in atherosclerosis susceptibility. Finally, comparison of the atherosclerosis burden in SR-BI liver-deficient and fully deficient mice demonstrated that SR-BI exerted an atheroprotective activity in extra-hepatic tissues whether CETP was present or not. These findings support the contention that the SR-BI pathway contributes in unique ways to cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis susceptibility even in the presence of CETP.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders affecting 1% of the world population. There is yet no empirical method to validate the diagnosis of the disease. The identification of an underlying molecular alteration could lead to an improved disease understanding and may yield an objective panel of biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of this devastating disease. Presented is the largest reported liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling study investigating serum samples taken from first-onset drug-naive patients compared with samples collected from healthy volunteers. The results of this large-scale study are presented along with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based validation data.
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Fujimoto VY, Kane JP, Ishida BY, Bloom MS, Browne RW. High-density lipoprotein metabolism and the human embryo. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 16:20-38. [PMID: 19700490 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density lipoprotein (HDL) appears to be the dominant lipoprotein particle in human follicular fluid (FF). The reported anti-atherogenic properties of HDL have been attributed in part to reverse cholesterol transport. The discoveries of the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and the ATP-binding cassette A1 lipid (ABCA1) transporter have generated studies aimed at unraveling the pathways of HDL biogenesis, remodeling and catabolism. The production of SR-BI and ABCA1 knockout mice as well as other lipoprotein metabolism-associated mutants has resulted in reduced or absent fertility, leading us to postulate the existence of a human hepatic-ovarian HDL-associated axis of fertility. Here, we review an evolving literature on the role of HDL metabolism on mammalian fertility and oocyte development. METHODS An extensive online search was conducted of published articles relevant to the section topics discussed. All relevant English language articles contained in Pubmed/Medline, with no specific time frame for publication, were considered for this narrative review. Cardiovascular literature was highly cited due to the wealth of relevant knowledge on HDL metabolism, and the dearth thereof in the reproductive field. RESULTS Various vertebrate models demonstrate a role for HDL in embryo development and fertility. In our clinical studies, FF levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI levels were negatively associated with embryo fragmentation, but not with embryo cell cleavage rate. However, the HDL component, paraoxonase 1 arylesterase activity, was positively associated with embryo cell cleavage rate. CONCLUSIONS HDL contributes to intra-follicular cholesterol homeostasis which appears to be important for successful oocyte and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Y Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115-0916, USA.
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Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Donkin J, Stukas S, Chan J, Wilkinson A, Fan J, Parks JS, Kuivenhoven JA, Lütjohann D, Pritchard H, Wellington CL. LCAT synthesized by primary astrocytes esterifies cholesterol on glia-derived lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:885-93. [PMID: 19065001 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800584-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid trafficking in the brain is essential for the maintenance and repair of neuronal membranes, especially after neurotoxic insults. However, brain lipid metabolism is not completely understood. In plasma, LCAT catalyses the esterification of free cholesterol on circulating lipoproteins, a key step in the maturation of HDL. Brain lipoproteins are apolipoprotein E (apoE)-containing, HDL-like particles secreted initially as lipid-poor discs by glial cells. LCAT is synthesized within the brain, suggesting that it may play a key role in the maturation of these lipoproteins. Here we demonstrate that astrocytes are the primary producers of brain LCAT. This LCAT esterifies free cholesterol on nascent apoE-containing lipopoproteins secreted from glia. ApoE is the major LCAT activator in glia-conditioned media (GCM), and both the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and apoE are required to generate glial LCAT substrate particles. LCAT deficiency leads to the appearance of abnormal approximately 8 nm particles in GCM, and exogenous LCAT restores the lipoprotein particle distribution to the wild-type (WT) pattern. In vivo, complete LCAT deficiency results in a dramatic increase in apoE-HDL and reduced apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-HDL in murine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These data show that brain LCAT esterifies cholesterol on glial-derived apoE-lipoproteins, and influences CSF apoE and apoA-I levels.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:525-35. [PMID: 18769235 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328312bffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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