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Kim DS, Na HS, Cho KH, Lee KH, Choi J, Kwok SK, Bae YS, Cho ML, Park SH. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine ameliorates experimental sjögren's syndrome by regulating salivary gland inflammation and hypofunction, and regulatory B cells. Immunol Lett 2022; 248:62-69. [PMID: 35732207 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease in which immune cells infiltrate the exocrine gland. Since SS is caused by a disorder of the immune system, treatments should regulate the immune response. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a sphingolipid that mediates cellular signaling. In immune cells, SPC has several immunomodulatory functions. Accordingly, this study verifies the immunomodulatory ability and therapeutic effect of SPC in SS. To understand the function of SPC in SS, we treated SPC in female NOD/ShiJcl (NOD) mice. The mice were monitored for 10 weeks, and inflammation in the salivary glands was checked. After SPC treatment, we detected the expression of regulatory B (Breg) cells in mouse splenocytes and the level of salivary secretion-related genes in human submandibular gland (HSG) cells. Salivary flow rate was maintained in the SPC-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated group, and inflammation in the salivary gland tissues was relieved by SPC. SPC treatment in mouse cells and HSG cells enhanced Breg cells and salivary secretion markers, respectively. This study revealed that SPC can be considered as a new therapeutic agent against SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Kim
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Na
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hyung Cho
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Hee Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongWon Choi
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Yoon SB, Lee CH, Kim HY, Jeong D, Jeon MK, Cho SA, Kim K, Lee T, Yang JY, Gong YD, Cho H. A novel sphingosylphosphorylcholine and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antagonist, KRO-105714, for alleviating atopic dermatitis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:20. [PMID: 32514255 PMCID: PMC7257206 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-00244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a type of inflammation of the skin, which presents with itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. The high global incidence of atopic dermatitis makes it one of the major skin diseases threatening public health. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) act as pro-inflammatory mediators, as an angiogenesis factor and a mitogen in skin fibroblasts, respectively, both of which are important biological responses to atopic dermatitis. The SPC level is known to be elevated in atopic dermatitis, resulting from abnormal expression of sphingomyelin (SM) deacylase, accompanied by a deficiency in ceramide. Also, S1P and its receptor, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) are important targets in treating atopic dermatitis. Results In this study, we found a novel antagonist of SPC and S1P1, KRO-105714, by screening 10,000 compounds. To screen the compounds, we used an SPC-induced cell proliferation assay based on a high-throughput screening (HTS) system and a human S1P1 protein-based [35S]-GTPγS binding assay. In addition, we confirmed the inhibitory effects of KRO-105714 on atopic dermatitis through related cell-based assays, including a tube formation assay, a cell migration assay, and an ELISA assay on inflammatory cytokines. Finally, we confirmed that KRO-105714 alleviates atopic dermatitis symptoms in a series of mouse models. Conclusions Taken together, our data suggest that SPC and S1P1 antagonist KRO-105714 has the potential to alleviate atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Bom Yoon
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyoung Jeong
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kook Jeon
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Cho
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Danguk University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Yang
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Science College, Dongguk University, Seoul, 100-715 Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeong Cho
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea.,Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Role of Sphingosylphosphorylcholine in Tumor and Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111696. [PMID: 31683697 PMCID: PMC6896196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a unique type of lysosphingolipid found in some diseases, and has been studied in cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory phenomena. In particular, SPC’s studies on cancer have been conducted mainly in terms of effects on cancer cells, and relatively little consideration has been given to aspects of tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the effects of SPC on cancer and tumor microenvironment, and presents the results and prospects of modulators that regulate the various actions of SPC.
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Aksu F, Aksu B, Unlu N, Karaca T, Ayvaz S, Erman H, Uzun H, Keles N, Bulur S, Unlu E. Antioxidant and renoprotective effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1089-98. [PMID: 27309733 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1194142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a major cause of morbidity, and increased costs as well as an increased risk of death. This study was evaluated effects of exogenous sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) administration on CIN in rats. Eight animals were included in each of the following eight groups: control, control phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), control SPC 2, control SPC 10, CIN, CIN PBS, CIN SPC 2 and CIN SPC 10. The induced nephropathy was created by injected with 4 g iodine/kg body weight. SPC was administered 3 d at a daily two different doses of 2 μm/mL and 10 μm/mL intraperitoneally. The severity of renal injury score was determined by the histological and immunohistochemical changes in the kidney. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined to evaluate the oxidative status in the renal tissue. Treatment with 2 and 10 μM SPC inhibited the increase in renal MDA, NO levels significantly and also attenuated the depletion of SOD in the renal injuryCIN. These data were supported by histopathological findings. The inducible nitric oxide synthase positive cells and apoptotic cells in the renal tissue were observed to be reduced with the 2 and 10 μM SPC treatment. These findings suggested that 2 and 10 μM doses can attenuate renal damage in contrast nephropathy by prevention of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The low and high dose SPC may be a promising new therapeutic agent for CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Aksu
- a Department of Cardiology , Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Burhan Aksu
- b Department of Pediatric Surgery , Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Nermin Unlu
- c Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Edirne State Hospital , Edirne , Turkey
| | - Turan Karaca
- d Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
| | - Suleyman Ayvaz
- e Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
| | - Hayriye Erman
- f Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hafize Uzun
- g Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Nursen Keles
- a Department of Cardiology , Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sule Bulur
- h Department of Physiology , Marmara University, Pendik Education and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ercument Unlu
- i Department of Radiodiagnostics, Faculty of Medicine , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
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Aksu B, Ayvaz S, Aksu F, Karaca T, Cemek M, Ayaz A, Demirtaş S. Effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine against oxidative stress and acute lung ınjury ınduced by pulmonary contusion in rats. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:591-7. [PMID: 25840069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of exogenous sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) administration on acute lung injury induced by pulmonary contusion in rats. METHODS Eight animals were included in each of the following five groups: control, contusion, contusion phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), contusion SPC 2, contusion SPC 10. SPC was administered 3 days at a daily two different doses of 2 μm/ml and 10 μm/ml intraperitoneally. The severity of lung injury was determined by the neutrophil activation and histological and immunohistochemical changes in the lung. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) were determined to evaluate the oxidative status in the lung tissue. RESULTS Treatment with 2 μM SPC inhibited the increase in lung MDA and NO levels significantly and also attenuated the depletion of SOD, GPx, and GSH in the lung injury induced by pulmonary contusion. These data were supported by histopathological findings. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) positive cells and apoptotic cells in the lung tissue were observed to be reduced with the 2 μM SPC treatment. But, the 10 μM SPC treatment did not provide similar effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these findings suggested that 2 μM SPC can attenuate lung damage in pulmonary contusion by prevention of oxidative stress, inflammatory process and apoptosis. All these findings suggest that low dose SPC may be a promising new therapeutic agent for acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Aksu
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Ayvaz
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Feyza Aksu
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turan Karaca
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cemek
- Yildiz Technical University, Biochemistry Division, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayaz
- Yildiz Technical University, Biochemistry Division, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selim Demirtaş
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Edirne, Turkey
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Lee GH, Lee SJ, Jeong DY, Kim HY, Lee D, Lee T, Hwang JY, Park WK, Kong JY, Cho H, Gong YD. Discovery of a Novel 2,6-Difunctionalized 2H-Benzopyran Inhibitors Toward Sphingosylphosphorylcholine Synthetic Pathway as New Anti-inflammatory Target. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.8.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yi H, Lee SJ, Lee J, Myung CS, Park WK, Lim HJ, Lee GH, Kong JY, Cho H. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine attenuated β-amyloid production by reducing BACE1 expression and catalysis in PC12 cells. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2083-90. [PMID: 21674237 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) is the main characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and Aβ peptides are generated from proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-converting enzyme 1 (BACE1) and presenilin 1 (PS1). Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a choline-containing sphingolipid, showed suppressive effect on Aβ production in PC12 cells which stably express Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein (APPsw). SPC (> 3 μM) significantly lowered the accumulation of Aβ40/42 and the expression of BACE1. However, the transcriptions of other APP processing enzymes like ADAM10 and PS1 were not affected by the SPC addition. Meanwhile, phosphocholine (PC) or other lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosyl-1-phosphate (S1P), did not alter BACE1 expression. Down-regulatory effect of SPC on BACE1 expression appeared to be mediated by NF-κB which is known to suppress the trans-activation of BACE1 promoter in PC12 cells. Here, the nuclear tanslocation of NF-κB was enhanced by SPC treatment in immune-fluorescent image analysis and NF-κB reporter assay. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of BACE1 and BACE2 were dose-dependently inhibited by SPC displaying IC₅₀ values of 2.79 μM and 12.05 μM, respectively. Overall, these data suggest that SPC has the potential to ameliorate Aβ pathology in neurons by down-regulating the BACE1-mediated amyloidogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoseok Yi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Korea
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Wang X, McLennan SV, Allen TJ, Tsoutsman T, Semsarian C, Twigg SM. Adverse effects of high glucose and free fatty acid on cardiomyocytes are mediated by connective tissue growth factor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1490-500. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00049.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. Also known as CCN2, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is implicated in the fibrosis; however, whether it contributes to cardiomyocytes changes and adverse effects of high glucose and lipids on these cells remains unknown. Hearts from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats had elevated CTGF and changes of pathological myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes were then treated with recombinant human (rh)CTGF, high glucose, or the saturated free fatty acid palmitate. Each reagent induced cell hypertrophy, as indicated by the ratio of total protein to cell number, cell size, and gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy marker genes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and α-skeletal actin. Each treatment also caused apoptosis measured by increased caspase3/7 activity, apoptotic cells by transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and lower viable cell number. Further studies showed CTGF mRNA was rapidly induced by high glucose and palmitate in H9c2 cells and in mouse neonatal cardiomyocyte primary cultures. small interfering RNA against CTGF blocked the high glucose and palmitate induction of hypertrophy and apoptosis. In addition, these CTGF effects were through the tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, which has previously been implicated in CTGF signaling: TrkA was phosphorylated by CTGF, and a specific TrkA blocker abrogated CTGF-induced effects on hypertrophy and apoptosis. For the first time in any system, fatty acid is newly identified as a regulator of CTGF, and this work implicates autocrine CTGF as a mediator of adverse effects of high glucose and fatty acids in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Endocrinology Research Laboratories and the
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney
| | - Susan V. McLennan
- Endocrinology Research Laboratories and the
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
| | - Terri J. Allen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne; and
| | - Tatiana Tsoutsman
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute and
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute and
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Twigg
- Endocrinology Research Laboratories and the
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
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Huang J, Siragy HM. Glucose promotes the production of interleukine-1beta and cyclooxygenase-2 in mesangial cells via enhanced (Pro)renin receptor expression. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5557-65. [PMID: 19861503 PMCID: PMC2795703 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is present in renal glomeruli, and its expression is up-regulated in diabetes. Similarly, renal inflammation is increased in the presence of hyperglycemia. The linkage between PRR and renal inflammation is not well established. We hypothesized that glucose-induced up-regulation of PRR leads to increased production of the proinflammatory factors IL-1beta and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Studies were conducted in rat mesangial cells (RMCs) exposed to 30 mm D-glucose for 2 wk followed by PRR small interfering RNA knockdown, IL-1 receptor blockade with IL-1 receptor antagonist or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with valsartan. The results showed that D-glucose treatment up-regulates prorenin, renin, angiotensin II, PRR, IL-1beta, and COX-2 mRNA and protein expression and increases phosphorylation of ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 (serine 276,468 and 536), respectively. PRR small interfering RNA attenuated PRR, IL-1beta, and COX-2 mRNA and protein expressions and significantly decreased angiotensin II production and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB p65 associated with high glucose exposure. Similarly, IL-1 receptor antagonist significantly reduced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression induced by high glucose. COX-2 inhibition reduced high-glucose-induced PRR expression. We conclude that glucose induces the up-regulation of PRR and its ligands prorenin and renin, leading to increased IL-1beta and COX-2 production via the angiotensin II-dependent pathway. It is also possible that PRR could enhance the production of these inflammatory cytokines through direct stimulation of ERK1/2-NF-kappaB signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqian Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-1409, USA
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Lipids as targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:96-112. [PMID: 19576246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids serve important functions as membrane constituents and also as energy storing molecules. Besides these functions certain lipid species have now been recognized as signalling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses including cell growth and death, and also inflammatory reactions. Bioactive lipids are generated by hydrolysis from membrane lipids mainly by phospholipases giving rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids that either directly exert their function or are further converted to active mediators. This review will summarize the present knowledge about bioactive lipids that either promote or attenuate inflammatory reactions. These lipids include polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosanoids including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET), peroxisome proliferation activating receptor (PPAR) activators, cannabinoids and the sphingolipids ceramide, sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine.
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