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Pannu S, Exline MC, Bednash JS, Englert JA, Diaz P, Bartlett A, Brock G, Wu Q, Davis IC, Crouser ED. SCARLET (Supplemental Citicoline Administration to Reduce Lung injury Efficacy Trial): study protocol for a single-site, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and randomized Phase 1/2 trial of i.v. citicoline (CDP-choline) in hospitalized SARS CoV-2-infected patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Trials 2024; 25:328. [PMID: 38760804 PMCID: PMC11102211 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in more than 1.1 million deaths in the USA alone. Therapeutic options for critically ill patients with COVID-19 are limited. Prior studies showed that post-infection treatment of influenza A virus-infected mice with the liponucleotide CDP-choline, which is an essential precursor for de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis, improved gas exchange and reduced pulmonary inflammation without altering viral replication. In unpublished studies, we found that treatment of SARS CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2-transgenic mice with CDP-choline prevented development of hypoxemia. We hypothesize that administration of citicoline (the pharmaceutical form of CDP-choline) will be safe in hospitalized SARS CoV-2-infected patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (HARF) and that we will obtain preliminary evidence of clinical benefit to support a larger Phase 3 trial using one or more citicoline doses. METHODS We will conduct a single-site, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and randomized Phase 1/2 dose-ranging and safety study of Somazina® citicoline solution for injection in consented adults of any sex, gender, age, or ethnicity hospitalized for SARS CoV-2-associated HARF. The trial is named "SCARLET" (Supplemental Citicoline Administration to Reduce Lung injury Efficacy Trial). We hypothesize that SCARLET will show that i.v. citicoline is safe at one or more of three doses (0.5, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg, every 12 h for 5 days) in hospitalized SARS CoV-2-infected patients with HARF (20 per dose) and provide preliminary evidence that i.v. citicoline improves pulmonary outcomes in this population. The primary efficacy outcome will be the SpO2:FiO2 ratio on study day 3. Exploratory outcomes include Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, dead space ventilation index, and lung compliance. Citicoline effects on a panel of COVID-relevant lung and blood biomarkers will also be determined. DISCUSSION Citicoline has many characteristics that would be advantageous to any candidate COVID-19 therapeutic, including safety, low-cost, favorable chemical characteristics, and potentially pathogen-agnostic efficacy. Successful demonstration that citicoline is beneficial in severely ill patients with SARS CoV-2-induced HARF could transform management of severely ill COVID patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov on 5/31/2023 (NCT05881135). TRIAL STATUS Currently enrolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Pannu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew C Exline
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph S Bednash
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joshua A Englert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Philip Diaz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Bartlett
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ian C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Elliott D Crouser
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of the Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Chang Y, Yoo HJ, Kim SJ, Lee K, Lim CM, Hong SB, Koh Y, Huh JW. A targeted metabolomics approach for sepsis-induced ARDS and its subphenotypes. Crit Care 2023; 27:263. [PMID: 37408042 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is etiologically and clinically a heterogeneous disease. Its diagnostic characteristics and subtype classification, and the application of these features to treatment, have been of considerable interest. Metabolomics is becoming important for identifying ARDS biology and distinguishing its subtypes. This study aimed to identify metabolites that could distinguish sepsis-induced ARDS patients from non-ARDS controls, using a targeted metabolomics approach, and to identify whether sepsis-induced direct and sepsis-induced indirect ARDS are metabolically distinct groups, and if so, confirm their metabolites and associated pathways. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed 54 samples of ARDS patients from a sepsis registry that was prospectively collected from March 2011 to February 2018, along with 30 non-ARDS controls. The cohort was divided into direct and indirect ARDS. Metabolite concentrations of five analyte classes (energy metabolism, free fatty acids, amino acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids) were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by targeted metabolomics. RESULTS In total, 186 metabolites were detected. Among them, 102 metabolites could differentiate sepsis-induced ARDS patients from the non-ARDS controls, while 14 metabolites could discriminate sepsis-induced ARDS subphenotypes. Using partial least-squares discriminant analysis, we showed that sepsis-induced ARDS patients were metabolically distinct from the non-ARDS controls. The main distinguishing metabolites were lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) plasmalogen, PE plasmalogens, and phosphatidylcholines (PCs). Sepsis-induced direct and indirect ARDS were also metabolically distinct subgroups, with differences in lysoPCs. Glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism were the most significant metabolic pathways involved in sepsis-induced ARDS biology and in sepsis-induced direct/indirect ARDS, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a marked difference in metabolic patterns between sepsis-induced ARDS patients and non-ARDS controls, and between sepsis-induced direct and indirect ARDS subpheonotypes. The identified metabolites and pathways can provide clues relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangha Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Man Lim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Younsuck Koh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Palombo V, Alharthi A, Batistel F, Parys C, Guyader J, Trevisi E, D'Andrea M, Loor JJ. Unique adaptations in neonatal hepatic transcriptome, nutrient signaling, and one-carbon metabolism in response to feeding ethyl cellulose rumen-protected methionine during late-gestation in Holstein cows. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:280. [PMID: 33865335 PMCID: PMC8053294 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine (Met) supply during late-pregnancy enhances fetal development in utero and leads to greater rates of growth during the neonatal period. Due to its central role in coordinating nutrient and one-carbon metabolism along with immune responses of the newborn, the liver could be a key target of the programming effects induced by dietary methyl donors such as Met. To address this hypothesis, liver biopsies from 4-day old calves (n = 6/group) born to Holstein cows fed a control or the control plus ethyl-cellulose rumen-protected Met for the last 28 days prepartum were used for DNA methylation, transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, and one-carbon metabolism enzyme activities. RESULTS Although greater withers and hip height at birth in Met calves indicated better development in utero, there were no differences in plasma systemic physiological indicators. RNA-seq along with bioinformatics and transcription factor regulator analyses revealed broad alterations in 'Glucose metabolism', 'Lipid metabolism, 'Glutathione', and 'Immune System' metabolism due to enhanced maternal Met supply. Greater insulin sensitivity assessed via proteomics, and efficiency of transsulfuration pathway activity suggested beneficial effects on nutrient metabolism and metabolic-related stress. Maternal Met supply contributed to greater phosphatidylcholine synthesis in calf liver, with a role in very low density lipoprotein secretion as a mechanism to balance metabolic fates of fatty acids arising from the diet or adipose-depot lipolysis. Despite a lack of effect on hepatic amino acid (AA) transport, a reduction in metabolism of essential AA within the liver indicated an AA 'sparing effect' induced by maternal Met. CONCLUSIONS Despite greater global DNA methylation, maternal Met supply resulted in distinct alterations of hepatic transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome profiles after birth. Data underscored an effect on maintenance of calf hepatic Met homeostasis, glutathione, phosphatidylcholine and taurine synthesis along with greater efficiency of nutrient metabolism and immune responses. Transcription regulators such as FOXO1, PPARG, E2F1, and CREB1 appeared central in the coordination of effects induced by maternal Met. Overall, maternal Met supply induced better immunometabolic status of the newborn liver, conferring the calf a physiologic advantage during a period of metabolic stress and suboptimal immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Palombo
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, via De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernanda Batistel
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Essen, Germany
| | - Jessie Guyader
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, 63457, Essen, Germany
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mariasilvia D'Andrea
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, via De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Klatt KC. P4: PEMT, PCs, PUFAs, and prematurity. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1417-1419. [PMID: 33022706 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Klatt
- USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Goss KCW, Goss VM, Townsend JP, Koster G, Clark HW, Postle AD. Postnatal adaptations of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in extremely preterm infants: implications for choline and PUFA metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1438-1447. [PMID: 32778895 PMCID: PMC7727469 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid metabolism in pregnancy delivers PUFAs from maternal liver to the developing fetus. The transition at birth to diets less enriched in PUFA is especially challenging for immature, extremely preterm infants who are typically supported by total parenteral nutrition. OBJECTIVE The aim was to characterize phosphatidylcholine (PC) and choline metabolism in preterm infants and demonstrate the molecular specificity of PC synthesis by the immature preterm liver in vivo. METHODS This MS-based lipidomic study quantified the postnatal adaptations to plasma PC molecular composition in 31 preterm infants <28 weeks' gestational age. Activities of the cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) and phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathways for PC synthesis were assessed from incorporations of deuterated methyl-D9-choline chloride. RESULTS The concentration of plasma PC in these infants increased postnatally from median values of 481 (IQR: 387-798) µM at enrollment to 1046 (IQR: 616-1220) µM 5 d later (P < 0.001). Direct incorporation of methyl-D9-choline demonstrated that this transition was driven by an active CDP-choline pathway that synthesized PC enriched in species containing oleic and linoleic acids. A second infusion of methyl-D9-choline chloride at day 5 clearly indicated continued activity of this pathway. Oxidation of D9-choline through D9-betaine resulted in the transfer of 1 deuterated methyl group to S-adenosylmethionine. A very low subsequent transfer of this labeled methyl group to D3-PC indicated that liver PEMT activity was essentially inactive in these infants. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the preterm infant liver soon after birth, and by extension the fetal liver, was metabolically active in lipoprotein metabolism. The low PEMT activity, which is the only pathway for endogenous choline synthesis and is responsible for hormonally regulated export of PUFAs from adult liver, strongly supports increased supplementation of preterm parenteral nutrition with both choline and PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C W Goss
- Child Health, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria M Goss
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - J Paul Townsend
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Grielof Koster
- NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Howard W Clark
- Present address for HWC: UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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Heresi GA, Mey JT, Bartholomew JR, Haddadin IS, Tonelli AR, Dweik RA, Kirwan JP, Kalhan SC. Plasma metabolomic profile in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2020. [PMID: 32110382 PMCID: PMC7000865 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019890553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to characterize the plasma metabolome of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients using a high-throughput unbiased omics approach. We collected fasting plasma from a peripheral vein in 33 operable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients, 31 healthy controls, and 21 idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients matched for age, gender, and body mass index. Metabolomic analysis was performed using an untargeted approach (Metabolon Inc. Durham, NC). Of the total of 862 metabolites identified, 362 were different in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension compared to controls: 178 were higher and 184 were lower. Compared to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, 147 metabolites were different in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: 45 were higher and 102 were lower. The plasma metabolome allowed us to distinguish subjects with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and healthy controls with a predictive accuracy of 89%, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension versus idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension with 80% accuracy. Compared to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and healthy controls, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients had higher fatty acids and glycerol; while acyl cholines and lysophospholipids were lower. Compared to healthy controls, both idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients had increased acyl carnitines, beta-hydroxybutyrate, amino sugars and modified amino acids and nucleosides. The plasma global metabolomic profile of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension suggests aberrant lipid metabolism characterized by increased lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis, concomitant with reduced acyl choline and phospholipid moieties. Future research should investigate the pathogenetic and therapeutic potential of modulating lipid metabolism in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Heresi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jacob T. Mey
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - John R. Bartholomew
- Section of Vascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ihab S. Haddadin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adriano R. Tonelli
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Raed A. Dweik
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Satish C. Kalhan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Insight into erythrocyte phospholipid molecular flux in healthy humans and in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221595. [PMID: 31454387 PMCID: PMC6711597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the distribution of cellular membrane phospholipid composition is well characterised in human erythrocytes, in-vivo turnover and dynamic flux of phospholipids between plasma and erythrocytes in physiological and in particular during disease states are mostly unknown. Erythrocyte mass primarily consisted of lipids and phosphatidylcholine (PC) contributes to the significant proportion of phospholipid membrane composition. Esterified membrane PC can be utilised during pathological processes to generate pro and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, which can contribute to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this study, utilising isotope labelling of choline and analytical methods with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), we characterised individual molecular composition and dynamic exchange of PC, sphingomyelins (SM) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) between plasma and erythrocytes. In ARDS patients, there were significant alterations in PC molecular composition, coupled with a continuous loss of arachidonoyl-PC species over time. Infusion of methyl-D9-choline chloride resulted in enrichment of labelled choline into plasma PC and LPC via CDP-choline pathway with subsequent incorporation into erythrocyte PC. As expected, erythrocyte methyl-D9 PC enrichment is much slower than plasma. Patients had much faster and higher fractional enrichment of all PC and LPC molecules suggesting increased flux between plasma and erythrocytes. There was a particular pattern of incorporation, where the arachidonoyl-PC species achieved equilibrium with plasma rapidly and retained highest concentrations of enrichment compared to the other PC species. Increased enrichment of arachidonoyl-PC coupled with virtually no increase or depletion of its concentrations suggests the possibility of substrate donation for other cell types for the participation of eicosanoid biosynthesis during inflammatory conditions like ARDS. In summary, this study revealed an alerted pattern erythrocyte molecular phospholipid composition and flux in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and the pathological consequences of these changes needs further exploration.
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Triebl A, Wenk MR. Analytical Considerations of Stable Isotope Labelling in Lipidomics. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040151. [PMID: 30453585 PMCID: PMC6315579 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, lipids have come to be understood as far more than merely components of cellular membranes and forms of energy storage, and are now also being implicated to play important roles in a variety of diseases, with lipid biomarker research one of the most widespread applications of lipidomic techniques both in research and in clinical settings. Stable isotope labelling has become a staple technique in the analysis of small molecule metabolism and dynamics, as it is the only experimental setup by which biosynthesis, remodelling and degradation of biomolecules can be directly measured. Using state-of-the-art analytical technologies such as chromatography-coupled high resolution tandem mass spectrometry, the stable isotope label can be precisely localized and quantified within the biomolecules. The application of stable isotope labelling to lipidomics is however complicated by the diversity of lipids and the complexity of the necessary data analysis. This article discusses key experimental aspects of stable isotope labelling in the field of mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, summarizes current applications and provides an outlook on future developments and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Triebl
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore 117596, Singapore.
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore 117596, Singapore.
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