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Scabertopin Derived from Elephantopus scaber L. Mediates Necroptosis by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Bladder Cancer In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235976. [PMID: 36497458 PMCID: PMC9738305 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer remains one of the most common malignant tumors that threatens human health worldwide. It imposes a heavy burden on patients and society due to the high medical costs associated with its easy metastasis and recurrence. Although several treatment options for bladder cancer are available, their clinical efficacy remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, actively exploring new drugs and their mechanisms of action for the clinical treatment of bladder cancer is very important. Scabertopin is one of the major sesquiterpene lactones found in Elephantopus scaber L. Sesquiterpene lactones are thought to have fairly strong anti-cancer efficacy. However, the anticancer effect of sesquiterpenoid scabertopin on bladder cancer and its mechanism are still unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antitumor activity of scabertopin in bladder cancer and its potential molecular mechanism in vitro. Our results suggest that scabertopin can induce RIP1/RIP3-dependent necroptosis in bladder cancer cells by promoting the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit the expression of MMP-9 by inhibiting the FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and ultimately inhibit the migration and invasion ability of bladder cancer cells. At the same time, we also demonstrated that the half-inhibition concentration (IC50) of scabertopin on various bladder cancer cell lines (J82, T24, RT4 and 5637) is much lower than that on human ureteral epithelial immortalized cells (SV-HUC-1). The above observations indicate that scabertopin is a potential therapeutic agent for bladder cancer that acts by inducing necroptosis and inhibiting metastasis.
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Liver Disorders. LIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is vital for life as it is required for many different enzymatic reactions involved in intermediate metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation. Moreover, oxygen consumption in the electron transport chain of mitochondria is used to drive the synthesis of ATP to meet the energetic demands of cells. However, toxic free radicals are generated as byproducts of molecular oxygen consumption. Oxidative stress ensues not only when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism of cells, but it can also occur as a consequence of an unbalance between antioxidant strategies. Given the important role of hepatocytes in the biotransformation and metabolism of xenobiotics, ROS production represents a critical event in liver physiology, and increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the development of many liver diseases. The present review, which is part of the special issue “Oxidant stress in Liver Diseases”, aims to provide an overview of the sources and targets of ROS in different liver diseases and highlights the pivotal role of oxidative stress in cell death. In addition, current antioxidant therapies as treatment options for such disorders and their limitations for future trial design are discussed.
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Gangemi S, Petrarca C, Tonacci A, Di Gioacchino M, Musolino C, Allegra A. Cold Atmospheric Plasma Targeting Hematological Malignancies: Potentials and Problems of Clinical Translation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081592. [PMID: 36009311 PMCID: PMC9405440 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma is an ionized gas produced near room temperature; it generates reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species and induces physical changes, including ultraviolet, radiation, thermal, and electromagnetic effects. Several studies showed that cold atmospheric plasma could effectively provoke death in a huge amount of cell types, including neoplastic cells, via the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. This technique seems able to destroy tumor cells by disturbing their more susceptible redox equilibrium with respect to normal cells, but it is also able to cause immunogenic cell death by enhancing the immune response, to decrease angiogenesis, and to provoke genetic and epigenetics mutations. Solutions activated by cold gas plasma represent a new modality for treatment of less easily reached tumors, or hematological malignancies. Our review reports on accepted knowledge of cold atmospheric plasma’s effect on hematological malignancies, such as acute and chronic myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma. Although relevant progress was made toward understanding the underlying mechanisms concerning the efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma in hematological tumors, there is a need to determine both guidelines and safety limits that guarantee an absence of long-term side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Gangemi
- Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Dai X, Bazaka K, Thompson EW, Ostrikov K(K. Cold Atmospheric Plasma: A Promising Controller of Cancer Cell States. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113360. [PMID: 33202842 PMCID: PMC7696697 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer treatment is complicated by the distinct phenotypic attractor states in which cancer cells exist within individual tumors, and inherent plasticity of cells in transiting between these states facilitates the acquisition of drug-resistant and more stem cell-like phenotypes in cancer cells. Controlling these crucial transition switches is therefore critical for the long-term success of any cancer therapy. This paper highlights the most promising avenues for controlling cancer state transition events by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) to enable the development of efficient tools for cancer prevention and management. The key switches in carcinogenesis can be used to halt or reverse cancer progression, and understanding how CAP can modulate these processes is critical for the development of CAP-based strategies for cancer prevention, detection and effective treatment. Abstract Rich in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cold atmospheric plasma has been shown to effectively control events critical to cancer progression; selectively inducing apoptosis, reducing tumor volume and vasculature, and halting metastasis by taking advantage of, e.g., synergies between hydrogen peroxide and nitrites. This paper discusses the efficacy, safety and administration of cold atmospheric plasma treatment as a potential tool against cancers, with a focus on the mechanisms by which cold atmospheric plasma may affect critical transitional switches that govern tumorigenesis: the life/death control, tumor angiogenesis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and drug sensitivity spectrum. We introduce the possibility of modeling cell transitions between the normal and cancerous states using cold atmospheric plasma as a novel research avenue to enhance our understanding of plasma-aided control of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuhan Ammunition Life-Tech Company, Ltd., Wuhan 430200, China
- Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-181-6887-0169
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (E.W.T.); (K.O.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (E.W.T.); (K.O.)
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Wiegand MJ, Kubacki GW, Gilbert JL. Electrochemical potential zone of viability on CoCrMo surfaces is affected by cell type: Macrophages under cathodic bias are more resistant to killing. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:526-534. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wiegand
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering; Syracuse University; Syracuse New York
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University; Syracuse New York
| | - Gregory W. Kubacki
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering; Syracuse University; Syracuse New York
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University; Syracuse New York
| | - Jeremy L. Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering; Syracuse University; Syracuse New York
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University; Syracuse New York
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina
- Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Program in Bioengineering; Charleston South Carolina
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Hatem E, El Banna N, Huang ME. Multifaceted Roles of Glutathione and Glutathione-Based Systems in Carcinogenesis and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1217-1234. [PMID: 28537430 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione is the most abundant antioxidant molecule in living organisms and has multiple functions. Intracellular glutathione homeostasis, through its synthesis, consumption, and degradation, is an intricately balanced process. Glutathione levels are often high in tumor cells before treatment, and there is a strong correlation between elevated levels of intracellular glutathione/sustained glutathione-mediated redox activity and resistance to pro-oxidant anticancer therapy. Recent Advances: Ample evidence demonstrates that glutathione and glutathione-based systems are particularly relevant in cancer initiation, progression, and the development of anticancer drug resistance. CRITICAL ISSUES This review highlights the multifaceted roles of glutathione and glutathione-based systems in carcinogenesis, anticancer drug resistance, and clinical applications. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evidence summarized here underscores the important role played by glutathione and the glutathione-based systems in carcinogenesis and anticancer drug resistance. Future studies should address mechanistic questions regarding the distinct roles of glutathione in different stages of cancer development and cancer cell death. It will be important to study how metabolic alterations in cancer cells can influence glutathione homeostasis. Sensitive approaches to monitor glutathione dynamics in subcellular compartments will be an indispensible step. Therapeutic perspectives should focus on mechanism-based rational drug combinations that are directed against multiple redox targets using effective, specific, and clinically safe inhibitors. This new strategy is expected to produce a synergistic effect, prevent drug resistance, and diminish doses of single drugs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1217-1234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Hatem
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
| | - Nadine El Banna
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
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Pan L, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhou X, Wang C, Deng F. The cardiac glycoside oleandrin induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:91-100. [PMID: 28597038 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence indicates that the cardiac glycoside oleandrin exhibits cytotoxic activity against several different types of cancer. However, the specific mechanisms underlying oleandrin-induced anti-tumor effects remain largely unknown. The present study examined the anti-cancer effect and underlying mechanism of oleandrin on human colon cancer cells. METHODS The cytotoxicity and IC50 of five small molecule compounds (oleandrin, neriifolin, strophanthidin, gitoxigenin, and convallatoxin) in human colon cancer cell line SW480 cells and normal human colon cell line NCM460 cells were determined by cell counting and MTT assays, respectively. Apoptosis was determined by staining cells with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometry. Intracellular Ca2+ was determined using Fluo-3 AM,glutathione (GSH) levels were measured using a GSH detection kit,and the activity of caspase-3, -9 was measured using a peptide substrate. BAX, pro-caspase-3, -9, cytochrome C and BCL-2 expression were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Oleandrin significantly decreased cell viabilities in SW480, HCT116 and RKO cells. The IC50 for SW480 cells was 0.02 µM, whereas for NCM460 cells 0.56 µM. More interestingly, the results of flow cytometry showed that oleandrin potently induced apoptosis in SW480 and RKO cells. Oleandrin downregulated protein expression of pro-caspase-3, -9, but enhanced caspase-3, -9 activities. These effects were accompanied by upregulation of protein expression of cytochrome C and BAX, and downregulation of BCL-2 protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, oleandrin increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration, but decreased GSH concentration in the cells. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that oleandrin induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of anti-cancer property of oleandrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Wanlu Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Moloney JN, Cotter TG. ROS signalling in the biology of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:50-64. [PMID: 28587975 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1163] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been detected in various cancers and has been shown to have several roles, for example, they can activate pro-tumourigenic signalling, enhance cell survival and proliferation, and drive DNA damage and genetic instability. Counterintuitively ROS can also promote anti-tumourigenic signalling, initiating oxidative stress-induced tumour cell death. Tumour cells express elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify elevated ROS levels, establish a redox balance, while maintaining pro-tumourigenic signalling and resistance to apoptosis. Tumour cells have an altered redox balance to that of their normal counterparts and this identifies ROS manipulation as a potential target for cancer therapies. This review discusses the generation and sources of ROS within tumour cells, the regulation of ROS by antioxidant defence systems, as well as the effect of elevated ROS production on their signalling targets in cancer. It also provides an insight into how pro- and anti-tumourigenic ROS signalling pathways could be manipulated in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Moloney
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Giri BR, Roy B. Praziquantel induced oxidative stress and apoptosis-like cell death in Raillietina echinobothrida. Acta Trop 2016; 159:50-7. [PMID: 27005397 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is an anthelmintic drug used against trematode and cestode parasites of humans and veterinary animals. Since praziquantel was introduced as a broadspectrum anthelmintic, numerous studies described its successful use against helminth parasites, but its exact mechanism of action is feebly understood. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the possible role of PZQ induced oxidative stress in apoptosis-like cell death in the poultry tapeworm Raillietina echinobothrida. Parasite viability assay revealed a time-dependent reduction in the worm viability compared to the control. Transmission electron microscopy showed typical apoptotic features like condensed nucleus, damaged nuclear envelope and altered mitochondrial membrane in PZQ exposed parasites. Results revealed chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in PZQ exposed parasites. There was a notable decline in the level of glutathione and glutathione-s-transferase activity leading to the augmented generation of reactive oxygen species. This led to the alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential with increased active caspase-3/7, confirms the involvement of mitochondria in the event. The present study suggests that PZQ exerts oxidative stress leading to apoptosis-like events in the parasites resulting their death.
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Nunes C, Teixeira N, Serra D, Freitas V, Almeida L, Laranjinha J. Red wine polyphenol extract efficiently protects intestinal epithelial cells from inflammation via opposite modulation of JAK/STAT and Nrf2 pathways. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:53-65. [PMID: 30090326 PMCID: PMC6061778 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic approaches combining efficacy and safety represents an important goal in intestinal inflammation research. Recently, evidence has supported dietary polyphenols as useful tools in the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. We here reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory action of a non-alcoholic polyphenol red wine extract (RWE), operating at complementary levels via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathways. RWE significantly reduced the nuclear levels of phosphorylated STAT1 and also the cellular levels of phosphorylated JAK1 induced by cytokines, suppressing the JAK/STAT inflammatory signalling cascade. In turn, RWE increased the Nrf2 nuclear level, activating the Nrf2 pathway, leading not only to an up-regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression but also to an increase of the glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit catalytic (GCLc) gene expression, enhancing the GSH synthesis, thereby counteracting GSH depletion that occurs under inflammatory conditions. Overall, data indicate that the anti-inflammatory action of RWE is exerted at complementary levels, via suppression of the JAK/STAT inflammatory pathway and positive modulation of the activity of Nrf2. These results point to the potential use of the RWE as an efficient, readily available and inexpensive therapeutic strategy in the context of gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nunes
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
| | - Natércia Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Portugal
| | - Diana Serra
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
| | - Víctor Freitas
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Portugal
| | - Leonor Almeida
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Health Sciences Campus , Azinhaga de Santa Comba , 3000-548 Coimbra , Portugal .
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De Nicola M, Ghibelli L. Glutathione depletion in survival and apoptotic pathways. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:267. [PMID: 25538619 PMCID: PMC4255488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milena De Nicola
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata Roma, Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata Roma, Italy
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata Roma, Italy
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Biochemical mechanisms of bornyl caffeate induced cytotoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:133-42. [PMID: 24907532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities of caffeic acid derivatives are highly dependent on the chemical structures and cancer cell types. The objective of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of bornyl caffeate and the underlying molecular mechanisms in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Our initial studies demonstrated that bornyl caffeate exhibited potent cytotoxicity in PC12 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. By examining the cell morphology on a fluorescence microscope and detecting the cell surface phosphoserine with Annexin V-FITC, we proposed that bornyl caffeate could induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of bornyl caffeate on several apoptosis-related biomarkers. These experiments showed that bornyl caffeate induced the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-xl, the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activation of caspase 3 and the cleavage of PARP. Mechanistic studies further revealed that bornyl caffeate caused the depletion of glutathione (GSH), generation of superoxide ion and progressive activation of p38 mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, GSH depletion appeared to be the most important mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of bornyl caffeate. The preservation of the intracellular GSH contents with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), GSH and vitamin C abolished the effect of bornyl caffeate on the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK, preserved the integrity of mitochondrial membrane and ultimately rescued the cells from drug-induced cell death. These results suggest that bornyl caffeate induces apoptosis in PC12 cells via stimulating the depletion of GSH, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
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Salucci S, Burattini S, Battistelli M, Baldassarri V, Curzi D, Valmori A, Falcieri E. Melatonin prevents chemical-induced haemopoietic cell death. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6625-40. [PMID: 24747596 PMCID: PMC4013651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL), a methoxyindole synthesized by the pineal gland, is a powerful antioxidant in tissues as well as within cells, with a fundamental role in ameliorating homeostasis in a number of specific pathologies. It acts both as a direct radical scavenger and by stimulating production/activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. In this work, some chemical triggers, with different mechanisms of action, have been chosen to induce cell death in U937 hematopoietic cell line. Cells were pre-treated with 100 µM MEL and then exposed to hydrogen peroxide or staurosporine. Morphological analyses, TUNEL reaction and Orange/PI double staining have been used to recognize ultrastructural apoptotic patterns and to evaluate DNA behavior. Chemical damage and potential MEL anti-apoptotic effects were quantified by means of Tali® Image-Based Cytometer, able to monitor cell viability and apoptotic events. After trigger exposure, chromatin condensation, micronuclei formation and DNA fragmentation have been observed, all suggesting apoptotic cell death. These events underwent a statistically significant decrease in samples pre-treated with MEL. After caspase inhibition and subsequent assessment of cell viability, we demonstrated that apoptosis occurs, at least in part, through the mitochondrial pathway and that MEL interacts at this level to rescue U937 cells from death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salucci
- DiSTeVA, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino 61029, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Davide Curzi
- DiSTeVA, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino 61029, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Valmori
- IGM, CNR, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna 40136, Italy.
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Yi J, Xia W, Wu J, Yuan L, Wu J, Tu D, Fang J, Tan Z. Betulinic acid prevents alcohol-induced liver damage by improving the antioxidant system in mice. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:141-8. [PMID: 24378582 PMCID: PMC3973757 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene, has a wide range of bioactivities. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of BA and the potential mechanism underlying the ability of this compound to prevent liver damage induced by alcohol in vivo. Mice were given oral doses of BA (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) daily for 14 days, and induced liver injury by feeding 50% alcohol orally at the dosage of 10 ml/kg after 1 h last administration of BA. BA pretreatment significantly reduced the serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerides in a dose-dependent manner in the mice administered alcohol. Hepatic levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were remarkably increased, while malondialdehyde contents and microvesicular steatosis in the liver were decreased by BA in a dose-dependent manner after alcohol-induced liver injury. These findings suggest that the mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective effects of BA might be due to increased antioxidant capacity, mainly through improvement of the tissue redox system, maintenance of the antioxidant system, and decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jine Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128,
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione (GSH) depletion is a central signaling event that regulates the activation of cell death pathways. GSH depletion is often taken as a marker of oxidative stress and thus, as a consequence of its antioxidant properties scavenging reactive species of both oxygen and nitrogen (ROS/RNS). RECENT ADVANCES There is increasing evidence demonstrating that GSH loss is an active phenomenon regulating the redox signaling events modulating cell death activation and progression. CRITICAL ISSUES In this work, we review the role of GSH depletion by its efflux, as an important event regulating alterations in the cellular redox balance during cell death independent from oxidative stress and ROS/RNS formation. We discuss the mechanisms involved in GSH efflux during cell death progression and the redox signaling events by which GSH depletion regulates the activation of the cell death machinery. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evidence summarized here clearly places GSH transport as a central mechanism mediating redox signaling during cell death progression. Future studies should be directed toward identifying the molecular identity of GSH transporters mediating GSH extrusion during cell death, and addressing the lack of sensitive approaches to quantify GSH efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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16
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Celardo I, De Nicola M, Mandoli C, Pedersen JZ, Traversa E, Ghibelli L. Ce³+ ions determine redox-dependent anti-apoptotic effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4537-49. [PMID: 21612305 DOI: 10.1021/nn200126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant therapy is the novel frontier to prevent and treat an impressive series of severe human diseases, and the search for adequate antioxidant drugs is fervent. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are redox-active owing to the coexistence of Ce(3+) and Ce(4+) oxidation states and to the fact that Ce(3+) defects, and the compensating oxygen vacancies, are more abundant at the surface. Nanoceria particles exert outstanding antioxidant effects in vivo acting as well-tolerated anti-age and anti-inflammatory agents, potentially being innovative therapeutic tools. However, the biological antioxidant mechanisms are still unclear. Here, the analysis on two leukocyte cell lines undergoing apoptosis via redox-dependent or independent mechanisms revealed that the intracellular antioxidant effect is the direct cause of the anti-apoptotic and prosurvival effects of nanoceria. Doping with increasing concentrations of Sm(3+), which progressively decreased Ce(3+) without affecting oxygen vacancies, blunted these effects, demonstrating that Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) redox reactions are responsible for the outstanding biological properties of nanoceria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Celardo
- Department of Biology, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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17
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Circu ML, Aw TY. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:749-62. [PMID: 20045723 PMCID: PMC2823977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2362] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products of normal metabolism and xenobiotic exposure, and depending on their concentration, ROS can be beneficial or harmful to cells and tissues. At physiological low levels, ROS function as "redox messengers" in intracellular signaling and regulation, whereas excess ROS induce oxidative modification of cellular macromolecules, inhibit protein function, and promote cell death. Additionally, various redox systems, such as the glutathione, thioredoxin, and pyridine nucleotide redox couples, participate in cell signaling and modulation of cell function, including apoptotic cell death. Cell apoptosis is initiated by extracellular and intracellular signals via two main pathways, the death receptor- and the mitochondria-mediated pathways. Various pathologies can result from oxidative stress-induced apoptotic signaling that is consequent to ROS increases and/or antioxidant decreases, disruption of intracellular redox homeostasis, and irreversible oxidative modifications of lipid, protein, or DNA. In this review, we focus on several key aspects of ROS and redox mechanisms in apoptotic signaling and highlight the gaps in knowledge and potential avenues for further investigation. A full understanding of the redox control of apoptotic initiation and execution could underpin the development of therapeutic interventions targeted at oxidative stress-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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18
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Radogna F, Paternoster L, De Nicola M, Cerella C, Ammendola S, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M, Ghibelli L. Rapid and transient stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by melatonin in normal and tumor leukocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 239:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Lee FYF, Covello KL, Castaneda S, Hawken DR, Kan D, Lewin A, Wen ML, Ryseck RP, Fairchild CR, Fargnoli J, Kramer R. Synergistic antitumor activity of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) plus bevacizumab in multiple in vivo tumor models. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:8123-31. [PMID: 19088027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis is a critical step in the establishment, growth, and metastasis of solid tumors, and combination of antiangiogenic agents with chemotherapy is an attractive therapeutic option. We investigated the potential of ixabepilone, the first in a new class of antineoplastic agents known as epothilones, to synergize with antiangiogenic agents to inhibit tumor growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of ixabepilone as single agent and in combination with two targeted antiangiogenic agents, bevacizumab or sunitinib, were examined in preclinical tumor models. Direct effects of the agents against endothelial cells was also examined and compared with the effects of paclitaxel as single agent and in combination with bevacizumab. RESULTS Ixabepilone showed robust synergistic antitumor activity in combination with bevacizumab and sunitinib in preclinical in vivo models derived from breast, colon, lung, and kidney cancers. The synergistic antitumor effect was greater with ixabepilone compared with paclitaxel. Furthermore, ixabepilone was more effective than paclitaxel at killing endothelial cells expressing P-glycoprotein in vitro and inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Ixabepilone may enhance the antitumor effects of antiangiogenic therapy by direct cytotoxicity and also indirectly via the killing of tumor-associated endothelial cells. Given that ixabepilone has reduced susceptibility to drug efflux pumps compared with taxanes, these data may explain the increased antiangiogenic and antitumor activity of ixabepilone in combination with antiangiogenic agents. Phase II studies to assess the efficacy and safety of ixabepilone plus bevacizumab in locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Y F Lee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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20
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Briganti S, Wlaschek M, Hinrichs C, Bellei B, Flori E, Treiber N, Iben S, Picardo M, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Small molecular antioxidants effectively protect from PUVA-induced oxidative stress responses underlying fibroblast senescence and photoaging. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:636-44. [PMID: 18538675 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of human fibroblasts to 8-methoxypsoralen plus ultraviolet-A irradiation (PUVA) results in stress-induced cellular senescence in fibroblasts. We here studied the role of the antioxidant defense system in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the effect of the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, N-acetylcysteine, and alpha-lipoic acid on PUVA-induced cellular senescence. PUVA treatment induced an immediate and increasing generation of intracellular ROS. Supplementation of PUVA-treated fibroblasts with alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or alpha-lipoic acid (alpha-LA) abrogated the increased ROS generation and rescued fibroblasts from the ROS-dependent changes into the cellular senescence phenotype, such as cytoplasmic enlargement, enhanced expression of senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase and matrix-metalloproteinase-1, hallmarks of photoaging and intrinsic aging. PUVA treatment disrupted the integrity of cellular membranes and impaired homeostasis and function of the cellular antioxidant system with a significant decrease in glutathione and hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying enzymes activities. Supplementation with NAC, alpha-LA, and alpha-Toc counteracted these changes. Our data provide causal evidence that (i) oxidative stress due to an imbalance in the overall cellular antioxidant capacity contributes to the induction and maintenance of the PUVA-induced fibroblast senescence and that (ii) low molecular antioxidants protect effectively against these deleterious alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Briganti
- Cutaneous Physiopathology Laboratory, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, Rome, Italy
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21
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Crivello NA, Rosenberg IH, Shukitt-Hale B, Bielinski D, Dallal GE, Joseph JA. Aging modifies brain region-specific vulnerability to experimental oxidative stress induced by low dose hydrogen peroxide. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 29:191-203. [PMID: 19424838 PMCID: PMC2267029 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-007-9039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated a significant decline in brain function and behavior in Fischer 344 (F344) rats with age. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that dysregulation in calcium homeostasis (as assessed through (45)Ca flux) may contribute to the increase in age-related vulnerability to oxidative stress in brain regions, and result in a deficit in behavior-mediated signaling. Crude membrane (P-2) and more purified synaptosomal fractions were isolated from the striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex of young (6 months) and old (22 months) F344 rats and were assessed for calcium flux and extracellular-regulated kinase activity 1 (ERK) under control and oxidative stress conditions induced by low dose hydrogen peroxide (final concentration 5 microM). The level of oxidative stress responses was monitored by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH). The results showed a significant difference in oxidative stress responses between young and old rats in evaluated brain regions. Old rats showed higher sensitivity to oxidative stress than young rats. The present findings show the differential effects of oxidative stress on calcium flux in brain regions with age that are dependent upon the brain areas examined and the fraction assessed. The accumulation of ROS and the decrease in GSH in the frontal cortex were sufficient to decrease ERK activity in old rats. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that demonstrates age-related differential sensitivity to oxidative stress expressed as a function of behavior-mediated signaling and stress levels among different fractions isolated from brain regions controlling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Crivello
- Nutrition and Neurocognition Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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22
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Duechler M, Stańczyk M, Czyz M, Stepnik M. Potentiation of arsenic trioxide cytotoxicity by Parthenolide and buthionine sulfoximine in murine and human leukemic cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:727-37. [PMID: 17594095 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To possibly increase the in vitro cytotoxic activity of arsenic trioxide (ATO) by combining it with Parthenolide (PRT), a known NF-kappaB inhibitor and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. METHODS Several cell lines representing various hematological malignancies were treated in vitro with the study drugs alone or in combinations. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell death rates and reative oxygen species production. Glutathione and ATP levels were determinded using a photometric and a luminometric assay, respectively. Cell death was characterised by fluorescence microscopy and DNA fragmentation analysis. RESULTS PRT increased cytotoxicity of ATO in seven out of eight cell lines. Addition of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) further potentiated cytotoxicity of the combined treatment. When combined with PRT and BSO, clinically achievable concentrations of ATO (2.5 microM) induced cytotoxicity rates of 80-98% after 24 h. Importantly, lymphocytes from healthy donors were largely unaffected by these treatment modalities, also after growth stimulation in cell culture. N-acetylcysteine inhibited the cytotoxic effects of the triple combination. Treatment of leukemic cells with ATO, PRT and BSO rapidly depleted cells from glutathione, induced oxidative stress and decreased intracellular ATP levels. Cell death showed characteristics of necrosis presumably as a result of ATP loss. CONCLUSION Based on the observed selectivity towards malignant cells this combination may offer a therapeutic option applicable to different kinds of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Duechler
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Sw. Teresy Street, 91-348 Łódź, Poland.
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23
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Al-Ani B, Hewett PW, Ahmed S, Cudmore M, Fujisawa T, Ahmad S, Ahmed A. The release of nitric oxide from S-nitrosothiols promotes angiogenesis. PLoS One 2006; 1:e25. [PMID: 17183652 PMCID: PMC1762402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free nitric oxide (NO) reacts with sulphydryl residues to form S-nitrosothiols, which act as NO reservoirs. We sought to determine whether thiol-preserving agents and antioxidants, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and vitamin C, induce NO release from S-nitrosylated proteins in endothelial cell cultures to promote angiogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS NO release was measured directly in cell supernatants using a Sievers NO Analyser, and in vitro angiogenesis was assessed by quantifying capillary-like tube network formation of porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) on growth factor-reduced Matrigel. Incubation of PAEC with DTT or vitamin C significantly increased NO release in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, L-NNA and L-NIO, had no effect on DTT- or vitamin C-induced NO release, and there was no concomitant increase in the phosphorylation of endothelial NOS at serine-1177 following DTT or vitamin C treatment. DTT and vitamin C increased capillary-like tube network formation by nine- and two-fold, respectively, and the addition of copper ions doubled the effect of vitamin C. Surprisingly, DTT maintained endothelial tube networks for up to one month under serum-free conditions, and selective inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase (ODQ) and PKG (KT-5823) blocked this, demonstrating the requirement of cyclic GMP and PKG in this process. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Both DTT and vitamin C are capable of releasing sufficient NO from S-nitrosothiols to induce capillary morphogenesis. This study provides the first evidence that increased denitrosylation leads to increased bioavailability of NO, independent of NOS activity, to promote sustained angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahjat Al-Ani
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Hewett
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suborna Ahmed
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Cudmore
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fujisawa
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shakil Ahmad
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asif Ahmed
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Women's Hospital NHS TrustBirmingham, United Kingdom
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De Nicola M, Cordisco S, Cerella C, Albertini MC, D'Alessio M, Accorsi A, Bergamaschi A, Magrini A, Ghibelli L. Magnetic Fields Protect from Apoptosis via Redox Alteration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1090:59-68. [PMID: 17384247 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1378.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields (MFs) are receiving much attention in basic research due to their emerging ability to alter intracellular signaling. We show here that static MFs with intensity of 6 mT significantly alter the intracellular redox balance of U937 cells. A strong increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease of glutathione (GSH) intracellular levels were found after 2 h of MF exposure and maintained thereafter. We found that also other types of MFs, such as extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MFs affect intracellular GSH starting from a threshold at 0.09 mT. We previously reported that static MFs in the intensity range of 0.3-60 mT reduce apoptosis induced by damaging agents (Fanelli et al., 1998). Here, we show that ELF-MFs are also able to protect U937 from apoptosis. Interestingly, this ability is limited to the ELF intensities able to alter redox equilibrium, indicating a link between MF's antiapoptotic effect and the MF alteration of intracellular redox balance. This suggests that MF-produced redox alterations may be part of the signaling pathway leading to apoptosis antagonism. Thus, we tested whether MFs may still exert an antiapoptotic action in cells where the redox state was artificially altered in both directions, that is, by creating an oxidative (via GSH depletion with BSO) or a reducing (with DTT) cellular environment. In both instances, MFs fail to affect apoptosis. Thus, a correct intracellular redox state is required in order for MFs to exert their antiapoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Nicola
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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25
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D'Alessio M, De Nicola M, Coppola S, Gualandi G, Pugliese L, Cerella C, Cristofanon S, Civitareale P, Ciriolo MR, Bergamaschi A, Magrini A, Ghibelli L. Oxidative Bax dimerization promotes its translocation to mitochondria independently of apoptosis. FASEB J 2005; 19:1504-6. [PMID: 15972297 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3329fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bax is a cytosolic protein, which in response to stressing apoptotic stimuli, is activated and translocates to mitochondria, thus initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In spite of many studies and the importance of the issue, the molecular mechanisms that trigger Bax translocation are still obscure. We show by computer simulation that the two cysteine residues of Bax may form disulfide bridges, producing conformational changes that favor Bax translocation. Oxidative, nonapoptogenic treatments produce an up-shift of Bax migration compatible with homodimerization, which is reverted by reducing agents; this is accompanied by translocation to mitochondria. Dimers also appear in pure cytosolic fractions of cell lysates treated with H2O2, showing that Bax dimerization may take place in the cytosol. Bax dimer-enriched lysates support Bax translocation to isolated mitochondria much more efficiently than untreated lysates, indicating that dimerization may promote Bax translocation. The absence of apoptosis in our system allows the demonstration that Bax moves because of oxidations, even in the absence of apoptosis. This provides the first evidence that Bax dimerization and translocation respond to oxidative stimuli, suggesting a novel role for Bax as a sensor of redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Alessio
- Dipartimento di Biología, Universita' di Roma, Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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