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Boushaki D, Adel A, Dia ML, Madani H, Geerts M, Bebronne N, Brihoum BA, Kechemir Issad N, Büscher P. A Survey on Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) Infection in Domestic Animals in a Surra Endemic Area of Southern Algeria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:219-225. [PMID: 38416509 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Trypanosoma (T.) evansi infection is endemic in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) of southern Algeria. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the presence of T. evansi in other domestic animals living together with dromedary camels, a study was conducted in the wilayate of Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla and Tamanrasset, between 2015 and 2017. Authorisation to conduct the survey was obtained from the Direction des Services Vétérinaires (DSV, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries). A total of 190 animals were sampled, including 42 cattle (Bos taurus), 11 dogs (Canis familiaris), 44 horses (Equus caballus), 3 donkeys (Equus asinus) and 1 mule, 49 goats (Capra hircus) and 40 sheep (Ovis aries). These animals were examined by parasitological (Giemsa stained thin smear, GST), serological (card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT/T. evansi), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/Variant Surface Glycoprotein/Rode Trypanozoon antigen type 1.2 [ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2], immune trypanolysis [TL]) and molecular tests (T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR). Results and Conclusions: The CATT/T. evansi was positive in 10/42 cattle, 0/11 dogs, 2/48 equids, 27/49 goats and 15/40 sheep. On the other hand, 20/38 cattle, 1/9 dogs, 21/42 equids, 17/44 goats and 31/39 sheep were positive in ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2. However, no single animal was positive in TL. In addition, the T. evansi parasite could not be demonstrated by either GST or RoTat 1.2 PCR in any of the examined animals. This may suggest cross-reactions of CATT/T. evansi and ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 with other pathogenic or commensal trypanosome species such as T. vivax or other parasites. Based on these data, in particular taking into account the high specificity of the TL for T. evansi type A, this study does not support the hypothesis that T. evansi circulates in the studied domestic animal species and that they would act as reservoirs for the parasite that causes trypanosomosis in dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Boushaki
- Inspection Vétérinaire de la Wilaya d'Alger, Direction des Services Agricoles, Ministère de l'Agriculture et du Développement Rural, Alger, Algeria
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Amel Adel
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Saad Dahlab Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Hafsa Madani
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Manon Geerts
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brahim A Brihoum
- Laboratoire Vétérinaire Régional de Laghouat, Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Nadia Kechemir Issad
- Faculté des sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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MACALANDA AMC, GALON EMS, MORILLO VA, WANLOP A, ONA KAL, XUAN X, INOUE N, KAWAZU SI, SUGANUMA K. Molecular detection and internal transcribed spacer-1 sequence diversity of Trypanosoma evansi in goats from Cavite, Philippines. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:35-38. [PMID: 38008465 PMCID: PMC10849846 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat production is an important source of livelihood and food. Goats may serve as reservoir of surra affecting livestock production. Here, forty-two free-roaming goats from Cavite, Philippines were screened using two primer sets, Trypanosoma brucei minisatellite chromosome for initial detection and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) to determine phylogeny. Initial PCR detection showed that 19/42 (45%) goats were positive, much higher than the rate previously reported in goats from Cebu (34%). The infectivity rate was higher in male (56%) than in female (42%) and the rate was higher in young ≤1 year old (100%) than in adult >1 year old (43%). Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS-1 sequences between T. evansi goat samples and other isolates indicate potential interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Miki C MACALANDA
- Department of Immunopathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eloiza May S GALON
- Department of Immunopathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Vernadyn A MORILLO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
| | - Atcharaphan WANLOP
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kevin Austin L ONA
- College of Medicine, The University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xuenan XUAN
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru INOUE
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro KAWAZU
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke SUGANUMA
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Mwaki DM, Kidambasi KO, Kinyua J, Ogila K, Kigen C, Getange D, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Carrington M, Bargul JL. Molecular detection of novel Anaplasma sp . and zoonotic hemopathogens in livestock and their hematophagous biting keds (genus Hippobosca) from Laisamis, northern Kenya. OPEN RESEARCH AFRICA 2022; 5:23. [PMID: 37396343 PMCID: PMC10314185 DOI: 10.12688/openresafrica.13404.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Livestock are key sources of livelihood among pastoral communities. Livestock productivity is chiefly constrained by pests and diseases. Due to inadequate disease surveillance in northern Kenya, little is known about pathogens circulating within livestock and the role of livestock-associated biting keds (genus Hippobosca) in disease transmission. We aimed to identify the prevalence of selected hemopathogens in livestock and their associated blood-feeding keds. Methods: We randomly collected 389 blood samples from goats (245), sheep (108), and donkeys (36), as well as 235 keds from both goats and sheep (116), donkeys (11), and dogs (108) in Laisamis, Marsabit County, northern Kenya. We screened all samples for selected hemopathogens by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis and sequencing of PCR products amplified using primers specific to the genera: Anaplasma, Trypanosoma, Clostridium, Ehrlichia, Brucella, Theileria, and Babesia. Results: In goats, we detected Anaplasma ovis (84.5%), a novel Anaplasma sp. (11.8%), Trypanosoma vivax (7.3%), Ehrlichia canis (66.1%), and Theileria ovis (0.8%). We also detected A. ovis (93.5%), E. canis (22.2%), and T. ovis (38.9%) in sheep. In donkeys, we detected ' Candidatus Anaplasma camelii' (11.1%), T. vivax (22.2%), E. canis (25%), and Theileria equi (13.9%). In addition, keds carried the following pathogens; goat/sheep keds - T. vivax (29.3%) , Trypanosoma evansi (0.86%), Trypanosoma godfreyi (0.86%), and E. canis (51.7%); donkey keds - T. vivax (18.2%) and E. canis (63.6%); and dog keds - T. vivax (15.7%), T. evansi (0.9%), Trypanosoma simiae (0.9%) , E. canis (76%), Clostridium perfringens (46.3%), Bartonella schoenbuchensis (76%), and Brucella abortus (5.6%). Conclusions: We found that livestock and their associated ectoparasitic biting keds carry a number of infectious hemopathogens, including the zoonotic B. abortus. Dog keds harbored the most pathogens, suggesting dogs, which closely interact with livestock and humans, as key reservoirs of diseases in Laisamis. These findings can guide policy makers in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mwaki
- Animal Health Department/Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30772-00100, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 62000-00200, Kenya
- Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Kevin O. Kidambasi
- Animal Health Department/Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Johnson Kinyua
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Kenneth Ogila
- Department of Zoology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Collins Kigen
- Animal Health Department/Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Dennis Getange
- Animal Health Department/Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30772-00100, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- Animal Health Department/Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Daniel K. Masiga
- Animal Health Department/Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Joel L. Bargul
- Animal Health Department/Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30772-00100, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, P.O. BOX 62000-00200, Kenya
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Prediction of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedaries using artificial neural network (ANN). Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eleizalde MC, Gómez-Piñeres E, Ramírez-Iglesias JR, Mendoza M. Evaluation of five primer sets for molecular detection of Trypanosoma vivax by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their implementation for diagnosis in naturally infected ruminants from Venezuela. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 25:100594. [PMID: 34474787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan parasite that causes trypanosomosis in ruminants and is widely distributed in tropical areas in the world. The control of this disease depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic tests implemented for naturally infected samples, where parasitaemias are usually low. This study aimed to evaluate the analytical sensitivity and specificity of several primers for T. vivax detection in experimental infections and their implementation for the diagnosis of trypanosomosis in naturally infected bovine and ovine samples. Using a T. vivax Venezuelan isolate, five sets of primers were evaluated: TviSL1/2, ITS1CF/BR, TVMF/R, ILO1264/1265, TVWA/B. Additionally, we tested the PCR protocols using different DNA quantities. The best set of primers (ILO1264/1265) was used to detect T. vivax DNA from whole blood and buffy coat samples of 12 sheep (ovine) and 45 cattle (bovine) of small farms from Venezuela, and compared to the micro-haematocrite centrifugation technique (MHCT). The highest sensitivity was 0.0001 ng for ILO1264/1265 and TVWA/B primers. Using 100 ng of DNA extracted from the buffy coat and the ILO1264/1265 primers for trypanosomosis diagnosis from naturally infected samples, yielded 66.7% (8/12) and 35.7% (16/45) positives in ovine and bovine respectively. The percentage of positives samples increased to 83.3% (10/12) and 64.4% (29/45), with 300 ng in the assays. Contrary, using 300 ng of DNA extracted from the whole blood yielded only 50% (6/12) and 28.9% (13/45) of positives samples for T. vivax respectively. MHCT only detected the parasite in bovine samples with 17.8% (8/45) of positives. Based on our results, we recommend the use of the ILO1264/1265 primers and 300 ng of DNA extracted from the buffy coat for epidemiological studies of naturally infected animals. Moreover, detection of the parasite in ovine herds highlights a possible role of this host in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Eleizalde
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos y Veterinarios (CEBIV), Instituto de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos (IDECYT), Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez, Apartado Postal 47925, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - E Gómez-Piñeres
- Núcleo Monagas, Escuela de Zootecnia, Departamento de Biología y Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Oriente, Maturín, Venezuela
| | - J R Ramírez-Iglesias
- Group for Neglected-Emerging Diseases, Eco-Epidemiology and Biodiversity, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito, Ecuador
| | - M Mendoza
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos y Veterinarios (CEBIV), Instituto de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos (IDECYT), Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez, Apartado Postal 47925, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Serranito B, Taurisson-Mouret D, Harkat S, Laoun A, Ouchene-Khelifi NA, Pompanon F, Benjelloun B, Cecchi G, Thevenon S, Lenstra JA, Da Silva A. Search for Selection Signatures Related to Trypanosomosis Tolerance in African Goats. Front Genet 2021; 12:715732. [PMID: 34413881 PMCID: PMC8369930 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.715732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock is heavily affected by trypanosomosis in Africa. Through strong selective pressure, several African indigenous breeds of cattle and small ruminants have acquired varying degrees of tolerance against this disease. In this study, we combined LFMM and PCAdapt for analyzing two datasets of goats from West-Central Africa and East Africa, respectively, both comprising breeds with different assumed levels of trypanotolerance. The objectives were (i) to identify molecular signatures of selection related to trypanotolerance; and (ii) to guide an optimal sampling for subsequent studies. From 33 identified signatures, 18 had been detected previously in the literature as being mainly associated with climatic adaptations. The most plausible signatures of trypanotolerance indicate the genes DIS3L2, COPS7B, PD5A, UBE2K, and UBR1. The last gene is of particular interest since previous literature has already identified E3-ubiquitin ligases as playing a decisive role in the immune response. For following-up on these findings, the West-Central African area appears particularly relevant because of (i) a clear parasitic load gradient related to a humidity gradient, and (ii) still restricted admixture levels between goat breeds. This study illustrates the importance of protecting local breeds, which have retained unique allelic combinations conferring their remarkable adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Serranito
- Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CRESCO, Dinard, France
- University of Limoges, PEREINE, E2LIM, Limoges, France
| | | | - Sahraoui Harkat
- Science Veterinary Institute, University of Blida, Blida, Algeria
| | | | | | - François Pompanon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Badr Benjelloun
- National Institute of Agronomic Research, Regional Centre of Agronomic Research, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Thevenon
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anne Da Silva
- University of Limoges, PEREINE, E2LIM, Limoges, France
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Stuen S. Haemoparasites-Challenging and Wasting Infections in Small Ruminants: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2179. [PMID: 33266365 PMCID: PMC7700527 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemoparasites include bacteria, mycoplasma, protozoa and flagellates inhabiting the bloodstream of living hosts. These infections occur worldwide and are transmitted by vectors, especially ticks and tsetse flies. Geographical distribution varies due to movements of animals and vectors between geographical areas, and even between countries and continents. These changes may be caused by climate change, directly and indirectly, and have a huge effect on the epidemiology of these microbes. Active and ongoing surveillance is necessary to obtain reliable maps concerning the distribution of these infections in order to do proper risk assessment and efficient prophylactic treatment. Genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma, Babesia, Theileria and Trypanosoma include common haemoparasite species in small ruminants causing a variety of clinical manifestations from high fatality rates to more subclinical infections, depending on the species or strain involved. These infections may also cause ill-thift or long-lasting wasting conditions. Life-long infections are a common feature of these pathogens. The present review will focus on haemoparasites in small ruminants, especially related to challenging and wasting infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Stuen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-4325 Sandnes, Norway
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Elata A, Galon EM, Moumouni PFA, Ybanez RHD, Mossaad E, Salces CB, Bajenting GP, Ybanez AP, Xuan X, Inoue N, Suganuma K. First molecular detection and identification of Trypanosoma evansi in goats from Cebu, Philippines using a PCR-based assay. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100414. [PMID: 32862917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number and severity of surra outbreaks in the Philippines led the government to consider it as the second most important disease of livestock in the country. It is one of the most economically important animal parasitic diseases and has been reported in several animal species, including water buffaloes, cattle, and horses in different regions of the Philippines. However, it has not yet been reported in Cebu, the usual gateway of livestock trade in the area that raises 6% of the 3.75 million goats in the country. In the current study, a PCR-based assay was conducted for the molecular detection and characterization of Trypanosoma evansi in goats in Cebu. A total of 251 goats were randomly sampled from four farms. DNA was extracted and ITS1-PCR was applied to detect different trypanosomes in goats. Eighty-five out of the 251 (33.9%) samples tested positive for T. evansi, two of which were also positive for T. theileri-like trypanosome. The detection rate of T. evansi was slightly higher in male goats (38.3%) than in females (32.5%), and in younger goats (34.5%) than in adults (33.5%). The findings, however, did not differ significantly to suggest any association between sex and age with T. evansi infection in goats. The detection of T. evansi and T. theileri-like trypanosome in goats was confirmed by sequence analysis of ITS1 region. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular detection and identification of caprine T. evansi infection in Cebu, Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraa Elata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 13314, Sudan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Rochelle Haidee D Ybanez
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, P.O. Box 204, Sudan
| | - Caro B Salces
- Philippine Carabao Center at Ubay Stock Farm, Lomangog, Ubay, Bohol 6315, Philippines
| | | | - Adrian P Ybanez
- Philippine Carabao Center at Ubay Stock Farm, Lomangog, Ubay, Bohol 6315, Philippines; Institute of Molecular Parasitology and Protozoan Diseases at Main Campus and College of Veterinary Medicine at Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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9
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Benfodil K, Büscher P, Abdelli A, Van Reet N, Mohamed-Herif A, Ansel S, Fettata S, Dehou S, Bebronne N, Geerts M, Balharbi F, Ait-Oudhia K. Comparison of serological and molecular tests for detection of Trypanosoma evansi in domestic animals from Ghardaïa district, South Algeria. Vet Parasitol 2020; 280:109089. [PMID: 32222595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a hemoflagellate parasite that affects a broad range of mammalian hosts and that causes a disease called surra. Diagnosis of surra based on clinical symptoms alone is inaccurate. Therefore, a variety of serological and molecular diagnostic tests are used to assist in the detection of T. evansi infections. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of four serological tests (CATT/T.evansi, immune trypanolysis, ELISA with purified variant surface glycoprotein RoTat 1.2 and with whole cell lysate) and two molecular PCR tests targeting sequences within the ribosomal genes locus (ITS1 TD PCR and 18S qPCR). Tests were carried out on blood samples from 161 dromedary camels, 93 horses, 129 goats, 168 sheep, 127 bovines and 76 dogs. Latent class analysis was carried out to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test. Cohen's Kappa test was used to assess the concordance between the different diagnostic tests. Overall positivity rates observed with the serological tests were as follows: 3.1 % with CATT/T.evansi, 4.9 % with ELISA/RoTat 1.2, 3.4 % with ELISA/whole lysate and 2.0 % with immune trypanolysis (TL). Among the 754 samples tested with the molecular tests, 1.7 % were positive with 18S qPCR and 1.3 % with ITS1 TD PCR. Cohen's Kappa test showed agreement ranging from fair to substantial (k = 0.2-0.8) between serological diagnostic tests. However, it showed a perfect agreement (k = 0.868) between molecular diagnostic tests. Latent class analysis showed that all serological tests were 100 % sensitive, in contrast to the molecular tests with 47 % sensitivity. All tests, though, were highly specific (≥ 97 %). Given the persistence of circulating antibodies after cure, detectable by serological tests, it is recommend combining a serological and a molecular diagnostic test for accurate diagnosis of infection with T. evansi in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Benfodil
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria; Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Department of Agriculture Science, Drissi Yahia Street, Bouira, Algeria.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amine Abdelli
- Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Department of Agriculture Science, Drissi Yahia Street, Bouira, Algeria
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Mohamed-Herif
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Samir Ansel
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Said Fettata
- Veterinary Practice, Thnia Street, Ghardaïa, Algeria
| | - Sara Dehou
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manon Geerts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fatima Balharbi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Khatima Ait-Oudhia
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
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Batista JS, Araújo Júnior HND, Moura GHF, Góis RCDS, Paiva KARD, Silva JBD, Costa WP, Menezes MCD, Nunes FVA, Costa KMDFM, Medeiros GVDD. Cardiac involvement in trypanosomiasis in sheep experimentally infected by Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemman, 1905). Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107714. [PMID: 31279927 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical signs, electrocardiographic signs and evolution of histopathological lesions in the heart of sheep experimentally infected by Trypanosoma vivax during the acute and chronic phases of infection as well as to investigate the presence of parasitic DNA in the heart using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty-two male sheep were divided into the following four groups: G1, which consisted of six sheep infected by T. vivax that were evaluated until 20 days post-infection (dpi; acute phase); G2, which consisted of six sheep infected by T. vivax that were evaluated until 90 dpi (chronic phase); and G3 and G4 groups, which each consisted of five uninfected sheep. At the end of the experimental period, electrocardiographic evaluations and necroscopic examinations were performed. Fragments of the heart were collected and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome, and the fragments were also evaluated by PCR for T. vivax. G2 animals presented clinical signs suggestive of heart failure and electrocardiogram alterations characterized by prolonged P, T and QRS complex durations as well as by a cardiac electrical axis shift to the left and increased heart rate. In these animals, mononuclear multifocal myocarditis and interstitial fibrosis were also observed. PCR revealed positivity for T. vivax in two G1 animals and in all G2 animals. Thus, these findings suggested that T. vivax is responsible for the occurrence of cardiac lesions, which are related to heart failure, electrocardiographic alterations and mortality of the infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jael Soares Batista
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil.
| | - Hélio Noberto de Araújo Júnior
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Hémylin Ferreira Moura
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Rayr Cezar de Souza Góis
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Kaliane Alessandra Rodrigues de Paiva
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Jardel Bezerra da Silva
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Wirton Peixoto Costa
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Manuela Costa de Menezes
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Vitor Aires Nunes
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
| | | | - Gerard Vicente Dantas de Medeiros
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Mossoro, 572 Av. Francisco Mota, Presidente Costa e Silva, RN, 59625-900, Brazil
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Parasitological, Hematological, and Immunological Response of Experimentally Infected Sheep with Venezuelan Isolates of Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma equiperdum, and Trypanosoma vivax. J Parasitol Res 2019; 2019:8528430. [PMID: 30881699 PMCID: PMC6381555 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8528430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three trypanosoma species of veterinary importance in South America: (1) Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of derrengadera mechanically transmitted by bloodsucking insects such as tabanids, (2) Trypanosoma vivax, also mechanically transmitted by some dipteras hematophages as tabanids and/or Stomoxys, and (3) T. equiperdum, a tissue parasite adapted to sexual transmission and the causative agent of dourine, a distinctive disease that affects only Equidae. In order to evaluate the parasitological, hematological, and serological response of sheep infected with T. vivax, T. evansi, and T. equiperdum, four female sheep were experimentally infected with Venezuelan trypanosome field isolates: two T. evansi of differing virulences, one T. equiperdum; one T. vivax. Parasitemia and clinical parameters such as hematocrit, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and body temperature were measured. T. evansi caused a chronic disease with undulant parasitemia alternating with some cryptic periods of at least 54 days, with no clinical signs. T. equiperdum, never described as infectious to ruminants, also caused a chronic disease with low undulant parasitemia. T. vivax caused an acute infection with severe anemia showing a drop of more than 70% of the hematocrit value, high fever, and rapid deterioration of physical condition, for 36 days of infection. Indirect ELISAs using crude extracts of the three species of trypanosomes as antigens were performed for detection of anti-trypanosome antibodies in sheep sera. Cross-reaction was observed between the three parasite species. These results show that sheep are susceptible to the three-trypanosome species and suggest they can act as a reservoir when sheep are raised and managed with other important livestock such as cattle, horses, buffalos, or goats. These findings are especially interesting for T. equiperdum, a species that has not been reported as infective to sheep.
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SINGH VEER, MAHARANA BISWARANJAN. Insight into trypanosomosis (Surra) of Indian livestock: Recent updates. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surra, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is an economically important disease of a wide range of domestic and wild animals, and is most widely distributed. It is a potentially fatal disease causing huge economic losses to the livestock owners in terms of morbidity, mortality, abortion, infertility, reduced milk yield and also by interfering with vaccination programme in India. Due to sub clinical nature of the disease, it has been underestimated in cattle and buffaloes. Emergence of atypical cases of human trypanosomiasis has created an alarming situation and indicates a possible zoonotic threat in future. Accurate diagnosis of surra is extremely essential to identify animals for treatment, to assess the prevalence of the disease and to avoid indiscriminate usage of trypanocidal drugs. Diagnosis of surra still suffers from low sensitivity and specificity. There is an urgent need for sensitive cost effective penside diagnostic that can be applicable and affordable to smallholder farmers in endemic regions. The present review addresses various aspects of surra with special emphasis on disease epidemiology, emerging issues, current diagnostic trends, chemotherapeutics and preventive measures to limits its prevalence in livestock.
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Mozzi A, Forni D, Clerici M, Cagliani R, Sironi M. The Diversity of Mammalian Hemoproteins and Microbial Heme Scavengers Is Shaped by an Arms Race for Iron Piracy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2086. [PMID: 30271410 PMCID: PMC6142043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most living species. In mammals, hemoglobin (Hb) stores more than two thirds of the body's iron content. In the bloodstream, haptoglobin (Hp) and hemopexin (Hpx) sequester free Hb or heme. Pathogenic microorganisms usually acquire iron from their hosts and have evolved complex systems of iron piracy to circumvent nutritional immunity. Herein, we performed an evolutionary analysis of genes coding for mammalian heme-binding proteins and heme-scavengers in pathogen species. The underlying hypothesis is that these molecules are engaged in a molecular arms race. We show that positive selection drove the evolution of mammalian Hb and Hpx. Positively selected sites in Hb are located at the interaction surface with Neisseria meningitidis heme scavenger HpuA and with Staphylococcus aureus iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB). In turn, positively selected sites in HpuA and IsdB are located in the flexible protein regions that contact Hb. A residue in Hb (S45H) was also selected on the Caprinae branch. This site stabilizes the interaction with Trypanosoma brucei hemoglobin-haptoglobin (HbHp) receptor (TbHpHbR), a molecule that also mediates trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) entry. In TbHpHbR, positive selection drove the evolution of a variant (L210S) which allows evasion from TLF but reduces affinity for HbHp. Finally, selected sites in Hpx are located at the interaction surface with the Haemophilus influenzae hemophore HxuA, which in turn displays fast evolving sites at the Hpx-binding interface. These results shed light into host-pathogens conflicts and establish the importance of nutritional immunity as an evolutionary force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
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Bezerra NM, Moura GHF, de Araújo HN, Bezerra FSB, de Paiva KAR, de Freitas Mendonça Costa KM, Costa WP, Medeiros DAS, Batista JS. Detection of Trypanosoma vivax DNA in semen from experimentally infected goats. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:131-135. [PMID: 29464589 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to investigate the presence of T. vivax DNA in the semen of experimentally infected goats. Twelve male goats native to the Brazilian Northeast, adults, were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the infected group consisting of six goats infected intravenously with 0.5 mL of blood containing approximately 1.25 × 105 trypomastigotes of T. vivax, and a control group composed of six uninfected goats. After the infection, clinical examinations aiming to evaluate rectal temperature, parasitemia and hematocrit were performed. Semen samples were collected from goats by electroejaculation on the 7th, 14th and 21st days post-infection (dpi). The recombinant DNA-encoding gene encoding the L-like-specific gene for T. vivax. The infection was characterized by increased rectal temperature, high parasitemia and significant reduction of hematocrit values. Results for T. vivax DNA detection using TviCatL-PCR were positive in all semen samples from the infected group collected on 7th, 14th and 21st dpi. The presence of T. vivax DNA in 7th dpi suggests the early invasion of the parasite in the reproductive organs. Also, the finding of T. vivax DNA in all periods analyzed may suggest the continued elimination of the parasite in the semen, which may increase the chances of sexual transmission. Thus, T. vivax DNA is recorded for the first time in the semen of infected goats. Thus, these data are of great importance, since the detection of the T. vivax genetic material in the semen may point to the possibility that the parasite may be transmitted through the sexual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Morais Bezerra
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Hémylin Ferreira Moura
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Hélio Noberto de Araújo
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Silvestre Brilhante Bezerra
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Kaliane Alessandra Rodrigues de Paiva
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Wirton Peixoto Costa
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Dayse Ariane Soares Medeiros
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Jael Soares Batista
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural of the Semi-Arid University, Street Francisco Mota, 572, CEP 59625-900, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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MUSINGUZI SP, SUGANUMA K, ASADA M, LAOHASINNARONG D, SIVAKUMAR T, YOKOYAMA N, NAMANGALA B, SUGIMOTO C, SUZUKI Y, XUAN X, INOUE N. A PCR-based survey of animal African trypanosomosis and selected piroplasm parasites of cattle and goats in Zambia. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 78:1819-1824. [PMID: 27616437 PMCID: PMC5240760 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened cattle and goats from the districts of Chama, Monze and Mumbwa in Zambia for animal African trypanosomes, Babesia bigemina and Theileria parva using PCRs; 38.1% of the samples tested positive for at least one of the parasite species. The most common parasite was Trypanosoma vivax (19.8%). Its incidence was significantly higher in goats than in cattle, (P<0.05). B. bigemina was found in samples from all the three areas, making it the most widespread of the parasites in Zambia. Among the tested samples, 12.0% of the positive samples were mixed infections. There were significant differences in the infection rates of T. vivax (Mumbwa had a significantly higher infection rate [39.6%, P<0.0001]), Th. parva (Monze had the only cases [P<0.0004]) and B. bigemina (Monze had a significantly higher infection rate [40.5%, P<0.0001]). According to the hematocrit values, the packed cell volume (%) among the cattle with mixed infections was significantly lower than that of the other cattle. The presence of multiple parasite species and mixed infections among the Zambian cattle and goat populations is of both clinical and economic importance to livestock farming. The absence of trypanosomosis among the samples from Monze can be attributed to tsetse eradication efforts that took place around Lake Kariba. This shows that the prevention and control of these parasitic diseases can have a significant impact on the disease status, which can translate directly into the improvement of the livestock sector in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peter MUSINGUZI
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke SUGANUMA
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Masahito ASADA
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine
(NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1–12–4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852–8523, Japan
| | - Dusit LAOHASINNARONG
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999
Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Thillaiampalam SIVAKUMAR
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Naoaki YOKOYAMA
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Boniface NAMANGALA
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chihiro SUGIMOTO
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko SUZUKI
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
| | - Xuenan XUAN
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Noboru INOUE
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
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Lopes FC, de Paiva KAR, Coelho WAC, Nunes FVA, da Silva JB, de Gouveia Mendes da Escóssia Pinheiro C, de Macêdo Praça L, Silva JBA, Alves Freitas CI, Batista JS. Lactation curve and milk quality of goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:17-24. [PMID: 27130703 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trypanosoma vivax infection on the shape of the lactation curve and the milk quality of dairy goats experimentally infected with T. vivax. In total, twenty Saanen goats, aged 26-30 months and the same number of calving (two calvings), were divided into two experimental groups: an infected group, consisting of ten goats intravenously infected with 0.5 ml of blood containing approximately 1.25 × 10(5) trypomastigotes of T. vivax and ten uninfected animals as the control group. Clinical tests and hematocrit, parasitemia, and serum biochemistry evaluations were performed on all of the goats. Milk production was measured daily for 152 days by hand milking the goats and weighing the milk. Every seven days, physiochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the milk. Wood's nonlinear model was used to analyze the lactation curve parameters. The infected goats had high levels of parasitemia and hyperthermia, significantly reduced hematocrit, serum total protein, albumin, and glucose levels and increased cholesterol and urea concentrations. Wood's model indicated that the milk production of goats in the infected group declined sharply over a short period of time and produced a flattened yield curve and significant difference (P < 0.05) in the rate of increase of peak milk production, rate of decrease of milk production after the peak, day of peak milk production, and maximum peak milk production compared with that of the control group. Trypanosomiasis also affected the persistency of lactation, which was significantly reduced in goats in the infected group. In addition, the physico-chemical properties of the milk, including the fat content, defatted dry extracts (DDE) and protein content, decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the goats in the infected group compared with those in the control group. The T. vivax-infected goats showed reduction in milk production, persistence of lactation, and fat levels, the defatted dry extract (DDE) content, and protein, changing the quality of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Canindé Lopes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Kaliane Alessandra Rodrigues de Paiva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Wesley Adson Costa Coelho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Vítor Aires Nunes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jardel Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Layanne de Macêdo Praça
- Department of Zootecnia, Federal University of the Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Br 135 Km 03, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000, Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil.
| | - Jean Berg Alves Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Iberê Alves Freitas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jael Soares Batista
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47, Costa e Silva, 5959625-900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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Fávero JF, Da Silva AS, Biazus AH, Volpato A. Trypanosoma vivax infection in goat in west of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Birhanu H, Fikru R, Said M, Kidane W, Gebrehiwot T, Hagos A, Alemu T, Dawit T, Berkvens D, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P. Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:212. [PMID: 25889702 PMCID: PMC4403896 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis, transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies or mechanically by other biting flies, causes serious inflictions to livestock health. This study investigates the extent of non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis (NTTAT) by Trypanosoma (T.) evansi and T. vivax in domestic animals in the tsetse-free regions of Northern Ethiopia, Afar and Tigray. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on 754 dromedary camels, 493 cattle, 264 goats, 181 sheep, 84 donkeys, 25 horses and 10 mules. The microhaematocrit centrifugation technique was used as parasitological test. Plasma was collected for serodiagnosis with CATT/T.evansi and RoTat 1.2 immune trypanolysis (ITL) while buffy coat specimens were collected for molecular diagnosis with T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR, T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR and T. vivax specific TvPRAC PCR. Results The parasitological prevalence was 4.7% in Tigray and 2.7% in Afar and significantly higher (z = 2.53, p = 0.011) in cattle (7.3%) than in the other hosts. Seroprevalence in CATT/T.evansi was 24.6% in Tigray and 13.9% in Afar and was significantly higher (z = 9.39, p < 0.001) in cattle (37.3%) than in the other hosts. On the other hand, seroprevalence assessed by ITL was only 1.9% suggesting cross reaction of CATT/T.evansi with T. vivax or other trypanosome infections. Molecular prevalence of T. evansi type A was 8.0% in Tigray and in Afar and varied from 28.0% in horses to 2.2% in sheep. It was also significantly higher (p < 0.001) in camel (11.7%) than in cattle (6.1%), donkey (6%), goat (3.8%), and sheep (2.2%). Four camels were positive for T. evansi type B. Molecular prevalence of T. vivax was 3.0% and was similar in Tigray and Afar. It didn’t differ significantly among the host species except that it was not detected in horses and mules. Conclusions NTTAT caused by T. vivax and T. evansi, is an important threat to animal health in Tigray and Afar. For the first time, we confirm the presence of T. evansi type B in Ethiopian camels. Unexplained results obtained with the current diagnostic tests in bovines warrant particular efforts to isolate and characterise trypanosome strains that circulate in Northern Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadush Birhanu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia. .,Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Regassa Fikru
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium. .,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mussa Said
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Weldu Kidane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Tadesse Gebrehiwot
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashenafi Hagos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Tola Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Dawit
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Dirk Berkvens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
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NGUYEN TT, MOTSIRI MS, TAIOE MO, MTSHALI MS, GOTO Y, KAWAZU SI, THEKISOE OMM, INOUE N. Application of crude and recombinant ELISAs and immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of animal trypanosomosis in the Umkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:217-20. [PMID: 25342634 PMCID: PMC4363025 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 231 serum samples were collected from sheep (n=9), goats (n=99) and cattle (n=123) in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trypanosome infection was detected using Trypanosoma brucei brucei crude antigen (TbbCA) and T. congolense crude antigen (TcoCA) ELISA assays. Recombinant antigen (T. evansi GM6 which consisted of 4 repeat domains, TeGM6-4r) ELISA and immunochromatographic test (ICT) were also used. Crude antigen ELISA, TeGM6-4r-ELISA and ICT detected 27.3%, 29% and 19.9% of trypanosome seropositive samples, respectively. Trypanosome infection prevalence in cattle and goats was 35.8-46.3% and 0-9.1%, respectively. Out of 9 sheep serum samples, 2-4 sera (22.2-44.4%) were positive. The detection performance of crude and recombinant antigen ELISAs was relatively similar (K=0.6-0.7); both are recommended for reference diagnosis and large scale epidemiological surveys. There is potential application for ICT in on-site diagnosis, but its sensitivity should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thuy NGUYEN
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mono Sophie MOTSIRI
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Moeti Oriel TAIOE
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Moses Sibusiso MTSHALI
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
- Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Research and Scientific Services Department, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Yasuyuki GOTO
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro KAWAZU
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Oriel Matlhahane Molifi THEKISOE
- Parasitology Research Program, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State–Qwaqwa Campus, Private Bag, X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Noboru INOUE
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, OIE Collaborating Centre, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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20
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Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:194176. [PMID: 24024184 PMCID: PMC3760267 DOI: 10.1155/2013/194176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of "surra," is a salivarian trypanosome, originating from Africa. It is thought to derive from Trypanosoma brucei by deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA (genetic material required for cyclical development in tsetse flies). It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area. The disease spread from North Africa towards the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines, and it was also introduced by the conquistadores into Latin America. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles, and elephants. It found a new large range of wild and domestic hosts in Latin America, including reservoirs (capybaras) and biological vectors (vampire bats). Surra is a major disease in camels, equines, and dogs, in which it can often be fatal in the absence of treatment, and exhibits nonspecific clinical signs (anaemia, loss of weight, abortion, and death), which are variable from one host and one place to another; however, its immunosuppressive effects interfering with intercurrent diseases or vaccination campaigns might be its most significant and questionable aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- Cirad-Bios, UMR-InterTryp, Montpellier 34000, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sathaporn Jittaplapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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21
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Seebeck T, Sterk GJ, Ke H. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as a new generation of antiprotozoan drugs: exploiting the benefit of enzymes that are highly conserved between host and parasite. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1289-306. [PMID: 21859303 PMCID: PMC3164761 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan infections remain a major unsolved medical problem in many parts of our world. A major obstacle to their treatment is the blatant lack of medication that is affordable, effective, safe and easy to administer. For some of these diseases, including human sleeping sickness, very few compounds are available, many of them old and all of them fraught with toxic side effects. We explore a new concept for developing new-generation antiprotozoan drugs that are based on phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. Such inhibitors are already used extensively in human pharmacology. Given the high degree of structural similarity between the human and the protozoan PDEs, the vast expertise available in the human field can now be applied to developing disease-specific PDE inhibitors as new antiprotozoan drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seebeck
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Highly debilitating natural Trypanosoma vivax infections in Brazilian calves: epidemiology, pathology, and probable transplacental transmission. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:73-80. [PMID: 21626156 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, epidemiological, and pathological aspects of trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma vivax in calves were reported for the first time in northeast Brazil. Clinical and epidemiological data, packed cell volumes (PCV), and parasitemia were assessed in 150 calves in May 2009 (rainy season-survey 1) and in 153 calves in November 2009 (dry season-survey 2) in three farms (A, B, and C). Prevalence of T. vivax in calves examined in the survey 1 was 63.3%, 65.0%, and 80.0% in farms A, B, and C, respectively. Morbidity varied from 63.3% to 80%, mortality from 15% to 30% and lethality from 23% to 37.5%. In survey 1, for all farms, high parasitemia (from 30.3 to 26.2 × 10(6) parasites/mL), fever (from 39.8 to 40.3°C), low PCV (from 15.7% to 18.1%), and body score (from 2.5 to 3.5) were detected. Calves showed depression, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, enlarged lymph nodes, edema of the dewlap, cough, coryza, and diarrhea. The animals from farms A and B were treated with diminazene aceturate. Six months after, in survey 2, non-treated calves from farm C showed values for prevalence (81.82), morbidity (81.82), mortality (12.73), and lethality (15.55) similar to those in survey 1 (P > 0.05). Also in survey 2, four calves aging merely 1-3 days old presented high parasitemia levels (from 32 × 10(6) to 74 × 10(6) parasites/mL), suggesting transplacental transmission. In conclusion, trypanosomiasis by T. vivax constitutes high prevalent disease for calves raised in Brazilian semiarid and may have transplacental transmission.
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Chiejina SN, Behnke JM, Nnadi PA, Ngongeh LA, Musongong GA. The responses of two ecotypes of Nigerian West African Dwarf goat to experimental infections with Trypanosoma brucei and Haemonchus contortus. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Batista JS, Oliveira AF, Rodrigues CMF, Damasceno CAR, Oliveira IRS, Alves HM, Paiva ES, Brito PD, Medeiros JMF, Rodrigues AC, Teixeira MMG. Infection by Trypanosoma vivax in goats and sheep in the Brazilian semiarid region: from acute disease outbreak to chronic cryptic infection. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:131-5. [PMID: 19665308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to investigate the role of Trypanosoma vivax in sheep and goat mortality and abortions in the Brazilian semiarid region, where outbreaks had been previously reported in bovines. For this purpose, 177 goats and 248 sheep (20% of herds) were randomly sampled on four farms in the State of Paraiba in May and October 2008. The animals were screened for trypanosomes by the buffy coat technique (BCT) and PCR. Infected animals, approximately 25% in both surveys, manifested apathy, pale mucous membranes, enlarged lymph nodes, weakness, weight loss, opacity of the cornea, blindness and abortion. However, the animals with acute and severe disease showing the highest levels of parasitemia and fever, which many times resulted in death, were only detected in the first survey. These severely diseased animals exhibited progressive weight loss and had the smallest packed cell volume (PCV) values. During survey 2, done in October 2008 on the same farms, only animals with low parasitemia and normal temperatures, PCV values and body weights were detected. Therefore, animals that spontaneously recovered from acute infection developed chronic and asymptomatic disease. This finding demonstrated for the first time that sheep and goats, which are the most important livestock in the semiarid region of Brazil, may be severely injured by T. vivax infection and also play a role as asymptomatic carriers and important sources of T. vivax to ruminants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Batista
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Avenida Francisco Mota, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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Towards a new reference test for surra in camels. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:999-1002. [PMID: 19403780 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00096-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels is based on the native variable antigen type RoTat 1.2. The goal of this study was to develop a novel serological diagnostic test based on a nonvariable protein and freed from the use of rats or mice for its production. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a recombinant extracellular domain of invariant surface glycoprotein 75 (ELISA/rISG75) was developed and tested on a collection of 184 camel sera. The results were compared to those obtained from three established antibody detection tests based on variable surface glycoprotein RoTat 1.2: an ELISA for T. evansi (ELISA/T. evansi), a card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT/T. evansi), and an immune trypanolysis (TL) assay. The ELISA/rISG75 and the ELISA/T. evansi showed a sensitivity of 94.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.8 to 98.2%, at 19% positivity cutoff value) and 98.9% (95% CI, 94.1 to 99.8, at 12% positivity cutoff value), respectively. The ELISA/rISG75 had 100% specificity (CI, 95.9 to 100%), while the ELISA/T. evansi showed 98.9% specificity (CI, 95.9 to 100%). The ELISA/rISG75 demonstrated an almost perfect agreement with the TL assay, the CATT/T. evansi, and the ELISA/T. evansi, with kappa scores of at least 0.94. The ELISA/rISG75, having a performance comparable to that of the gold standard (the TL assay) and being independent of antigenic variation, may become a new reference test for surra in camels. It opens avenues for the diagnosis of T. evansi infections in other hosts as well as for the development of a pan-Trypanozoon test for detection of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, T. evansi, and T. equiperdum.
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Gutierrez C, Corbera JA, Bayou K, van Gool F. Use of cymelarsan in goats chronically infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:331-3. [PMID: 19120242 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity and therapeutic trials using Cymelarsan (an arsenical compound) against Trypanosoma evansi infection were carried out using chronically infected goats. For the toxicity trial, 40 goats were divided into four groups of 10 animals each; the first three groups received s.c. injections of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg bw of Cymelarsan, respectively, and the last one served as control. No systemic reaction was observed in any goat throughout the experiment. For the therapeutic trial, 15 adult female goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 x 10(5)T. evansi isolated in the Canary Islands. Six months after inoculation, the animals were treated with Cymelarsan at single dose of 0.3 mg/kg (5 animals), 0.5 mg/kg (5 animals), and 0.625 mg/kg (5 animals). At 4 and 6 weeks after treatment, two goats belonging to 0.3 mg/kg group showed recurrence of trypanosomes. Parasitemia, however, was negative in all animals belonging to 0.5 and 0.625 mg/kg groups until the end of the experiment (6 months after treatment). Thus, it can be concluded that Cymelarsan is a safe trypanocidal drug for goats and that the curative dose is 0.5 mg/kg or above.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gutierrez
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas, 35416, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
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27
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Mekata H, Konnai S, Simuunza M, Chembensofu M, Kano R, Witola WH, Tembo ME, Chitambo H, Inoue N, Onuma M, Ohashi K. Prevalence and source of trypanosome infections in field-captured vector flies (Glossina pallidipes) in southeastern Zambia. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:923-8. [PMID: 18840966 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes, collected from Chiawa and Chakwenga in Zambia with endemic trypanosomosis was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of the 550 G. pallidipes, 58 (10.5%) flies were found to harbor trypanosome DNA. Infection rates of tsetse with Trypanosoma vivax universal, Trypanosoma congolense savannah, T. congolense forest and T. congolense kilifi were 4.2% (23/550), 4.7% (26/550), 1.1% (6/550) and 1.6% (9/550), respectively. To determine the mammalian hosts of T. congolense and T. vivax infections from the tsetse flies, mammalian mitochondrion DNA of blood meal in these flies were analyzed by PCR and subsequent gene sequence analysis of the amplicons. Sequence analysis showed the presence of cytochrome b gene (cyt b) of 7 different mammalian species such as human, elephant, buffalo, goat, warthog, greater kudu and cattle. Goats which were main livestock in these areas were further examined to know the extent of its contribution in spreading the infection. We examined the prevalence of trypanosome infections in the domestic goat population in 6 settlements in Chiawa alone. Of the 86 goats sampled, 4 (4.6%), 5 (5.8%), 4 (4.6%) and 4 (4.6%) were positive for T. vivax universal, T. congolense savannah, forest and kilifi, respectively. These findings showed that the host-source of trypanosome infections in vector fly give a vital information about spread of infection. The result of this study will certainly contribute in elucidating more the epidemiology of trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Mekata
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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28
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Desquesnes M, Bossard G, Patrel D, Herder S, Patout O, Lepetitcolin E, Thevenon S, Berthier D, Pavlovic D, Brugidou R, Jacquiet P, Schelcher F, Faye B, Touratier L, Cuny G. First outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi
in camels in metropolitan France. Vet Rec 2008; 162:750-2. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.23.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Desquesnes
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
| | - G. Bossard
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
| | - D. Patrel
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
| | - S. Herder
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
| | - O. Patout
- Association Vétérinaire Eleveurs du Millavois (AVEM) Maison de l'Agriculture; Cap du Cres 12 100 Millau France
| | - E. Lepetitcolin
- Association Vétérinaire Eleveurs du Millavois (AVEM) Maison de l'Agriculture; Cap du Cres 12 100 Millau France
| | - S. Thevenon
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
| | - D. Berthier
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
| | - D. Pavlovic
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
| | - R. Brugidou
- Aveyron-Labo; ZA de Bel Air, rue des artisans 12073 Rodez, cedex 9 France
| | - P. Jacquiet
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614 31076 Toulouse cedex 03 France
| | - F. Schelcher
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614 31076 Toulouse cedex 03 France
| | - B. Faye
- UPR Systèmes d'élevage; Campus international de Baillarguet; TAC-18/A 34398 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - L. Touratier
- secNTTAT, WAHO; Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale; 12 rue de Prony 75017 Paris France
| | - G. Cuny
- Cirad & IRD; UR Trypanosomes; Montpellier F-34000 France
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