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Houeiss P, Boitard C, Luce S. Preclinical Models to Evaluate the Human Response to Autoantigen and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883000. [PMID: 35498419 PMCID: PMC9044628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells by auto-reactive T cells. The clinical management of T1D faces the lack of fully predictive biomarkers in its preclinical stage and of antigen-specific therapies to induce or re-induce immune tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and prevent its development. From a therapeutic standpoint, preclinical models of T1D have fallen short of directly translating into humans. To circumvent this limitation, preclinical models are being optimized to allow defining autoantigen epitopes that are presented to T cells and directly apply to the human. In this review, we propose to make a point on the latest available models such as humanized immunodeficient NOD mice models and HLA and autoantigen transgenic mice and their application in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Houeiss
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Luce
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
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2
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Susukida T, Aoki S, Shirayanagi T, Yamada Y, Kuwahara S, Ito K. HLA transgenic mice: application in reproducing idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:540-567. [PMID: 32847422 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1800725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various types of transgenic mice carrying either class I or II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are readily available, and reports describing their use in a variety of studies have been published for more than 30 years. Examples of their use include the discovery of HLA-specific antigens against viral infection as well as the reproduction of HLA-mediated autoimmune diseases for the development of therapeutic strategies. Recently, HLA transgenic mice have been used to reproduce HLA-mediated idiosyncratic drug toxicity (IDT), a rare and unpredictable adverse drug reaction that can result in death. For example, abacavir-induced IDT has successfully been reproduced in HLA-B*57:01 transgenic mice. Several reports using HLA transgenic mice for IDT have proven the utility of this concept for the evaluation of IDT using various HLA allele combinations and drugs. It has become apparent that such models may be a valuable tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying HLA-mediated IDT. This review summarizes the latest findings in the area of HLA transgenic mouse models and discusses the current challenges that must be overcome to maximize the potential of this unique animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Susukida
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Immunology, Section of Host Defenses, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shirayanagi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yushiro Yamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saki Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Racine JJ, Stewart I, Ratiu J, Christianson G, Lowell E, Helm K, Allocco J, Maser RS, Chen YG, Lutz CM, Roopenian D, Schloss J, DiLorenzo TP, Serreze DV. Improved Murine MHC-Deficient HLA Transgenic NOD Mouse Models for Type 1 Diabetes Therapy Development. Diabetes 2018; 67:923-935. [PMID: 29472249 PMCID: PMC5909999 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Improved mouse models for type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapy development are needed. T1D susceptibility is restored to normally resistant NOD.β2m-/- mice transgenically expressing human disease-associated HLA-A*02:01 or HLA-B*39:06 class I molecules in place of their murine counterparts. T1D is dependent on pathogenic CD8+ T-cell responses mediated by these human class I variants. NOD.β2m-/--A2.1 mice were previously used to identify β-cell autoantigens presented by this human class I variant to pathogenic CD8+ T cells and for testing therapies to attenuate such effectors. However, NOD.β2m-/- mice also lack nonclassical MHC I family members, including FcRn, required for antigen presentation, and maintenance of serum IgG and albumin, precluding therapies dependent on these molecules. Hence, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to directly ablate the NOD H2-Kd and H2-Db classical class I variants either individually or in tandem (cMHCI-/-). Ablation of the H2-Ag7 class II variant in the latter stock created NOD mice totally lacking in classical murine MHC expression (cMHCI/II-/-). NOD-cMHCI-/- mice retained nonclassical MHC I molecule expression and FcRn activity. Transgenic expression of HLA-A2 or -B39 restored pathogenic CD8+ T-cell development and T1D susceptibility to NOD-cMHCI-/- mice. These next-generation HLA-humanized NOD models may provide improved platforms for T1D therapy development.
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Garyu JW, Uduman M, Stewart A, Rui J, Deng S, Shenson J, Staron MM, Kaech SM, Kleinstein SH, Herold KC. Characterization of Diabetogenic CD8+ T Cells: IMMUNE THERAPY WITH METABOLIC BLOCKADE. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11230-40. [PMID: 26994137 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by the killing of insulin-producing β cells by CD8+T cells. The disease progression, which is chronic, does not follow a course like responses to conventional antigens such as viruses, but accelerates as glucose tolerance deteriorates. To identify the unique features of the autoimmune effectors that may explain this behavior, we analyzed diabetogenic CD8+ T cells that recognize a peptide from the diabetes antigen IGRP (NRP-V7-reactive) in prediabetic NOD mice and compared them to others that shared their phenotype (CD44(+)CD62L(lo)PD-1(+)CXCR3(+)) but negative for diabetes antigen tetramers and to LCMV (lymphocytic choriomeningitis)-reactive CD8+ T cells. There was an increase in the frequency of the NRP-V7-reactive cells coinciding with the time of glucose intolerance. The T cells persisted in hyperglycemic NOD mice maintained with an insulin pellet despite destruction of β cells. We compared gene expression in the three groups of cells compared with the other two subsets of cells, and the NRP-V7-reactive cells exhibited gene expression of memory precursor effector cells. They had reduced cellular proliferation and were less dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. When prediabetic NOD mice were treated with 2-deoxyglucose to block aerobic glycolysis, there was a reduction in the diabetes antigen versus other cells of similar phenotype and loss of lymphoid cells infiltrating the islets. In addition, treatment of NOD mice with 2-deoxyglucose resulted in improved β cell granularity. These findings identify a link between metabolic disturbances and autoreactive T cells that promotes development of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Uduman
- the Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 and
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- From the Department of Immunobiology, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- From the Department of Immunobiology, the Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 and
| | - Kevan C Herold
- From the Department of Immunobiology, Internal Medicine, and
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Li Y, Zhou L, Li Y, Zhang J, Guo B, Meng G, Chen X, Zheng Q, Zhang L, Zhang M, Wang L. Identification of autoreactive CD8+ T cell responses targeting chromogranin A in humanized NOD mice and type 1 diabetes patients. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:63-71. [PMID: 25958206 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ChgA has recently been identified as the autoantigen for diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells in NOD mice and T1D patients. However, autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell responses targeting ChgA haven't been studied yet. Here several HLA-A*0201-restricted peptides derived from mChgA and hChgA were selected by an integrated computational prediction approach, followed by an HLA-A*0201 binding assay. MChgA10-19 and mChgA(43-52) peptides, which bound well with HLA-A*0201 molecule, induced significant proliferation and IFN-γ-releasing of splenocytes from diabetic NOD.β2m(null).HHD mice. Notably, flow cytometry analysis found that mChgA(10-19) and mChgA(43-52) stimulated the production of IFN-γ, perforin, and IL-17 by splenic CD8(+) T cells of diabetic NOD.β2m(null).HHD mice. Furthermore, hChgA(10-19) and hChgA(43-52)-induced IFN-γ releasing by specific CD8(+) T cells were frequently detected in recent-onset HLA-A*0201-positive T1D patients. Thus, this study demonstrated that autoreactive CD8(+) T cells targeting ChgA were present in NOD.β2m(null).HHD mice and T1D patients, and might contribute to pathogenesis of T1D through secreting proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yashu Li
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Binbin Guo
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Phsiology, North Sichuan Medical College, NanChong 637007, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mengjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Immunology PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Prasad S, Xu D, Miller SD. Tolerance strategies employing antigen-coupled apoptotic cells and carboxylated PLG nanoparticles for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:319-27. [PMID: 23804269 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapies that specifically target autoreactive immune cells for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) without inducing generalized immunosuppression that often compromises the host's ability to clear non-self antigen is highly desired. This review discusses the mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of antigen-specific T cell tolerance techniques using syngeneic apoptotic cellular carriers and synthetic nanoparticles that are covalently cross-linked to diabetogenic peptides or proteins through ethylene carbodiimide (ECDI) to prevent and treat T1D. Experimental models have demonstrated that intravenous injection of autoantigen decorated splenocytes and biodegradable nanoparticles through ECDI fixation effectively induce and maintain antigen-specific T cell abortive activation and anergy by T cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The putative mechanisms include, but are not limited to, the uptake and processing of antigen-coupled nanoparticles or apoptotic cellular carriers for tolerogenic presentation by host splenic antigen-presenting cells, the induction of regulatory T cells, and the secretion of immune-suppressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β. The safety profile and efficacy of this approach in preclinical animal models of T1D, including non-obese diabetic (NOD), BDC2.5 transgenic, and humanized mice, have been extensively investigated, and will be the focus of this review. Translation of this approach to clinical trials of T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases will also be reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Prasad
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Énée É, Kratzer R, Arnoux JB, Barilleau E, Hamel Y, Marchi C, Beltrand J, Michaud B, Chatenoud L, Robert JJ, van Endert P. ZnT8 is a major CD8+ T cell-recognized autoantigen in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:1779-84. [PMID: 22586580 PMCID: PMC3379659 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of β-cells by an autoimmune T-cell response assisted by antigen-presenting B cells producing autoantibodies. CD8(+) T-cell responses against islet cell antigens, thought to play a central role in diabetes pathogenesis, can be monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays. However, such assays have been applied to monitoring of adult patients only, leaving aside the large and increasing pediatric patient population. The objective of this study was twofold: 1) to develop a CD8(+) T-cell interferon-γ ELISpot assay for pediatric patients and 2) to determine whether zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), a recently described target of autoantibodies in a majority of patients, is also recognized by autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. Using DNA immunization of humanized mice, we identified nine HLA-A2-restricted ZnT8 epitopes. Among 36 HLA-A2(+) children with diabetes, 29 responded to ZnT8 epitopes, whereas only 3 of 16 HLA-A2(+) control patients and 0 of 17 HLA-A2(-) control patients responded. Some single ZnT8 epitopes performed as well as the group of epitopes in discriminating between patients and control individuals. Thus, ZnT8 is a major CD8(+) T-cell autoantigen, and ELISpot assays display similar performance in adult and pediatric type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émmanuelle Énée
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Roland Kratzer
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker, Service d’endocrinologie, Unité fonctionnelle diabétologie, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Barilleau
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Yamina Hamel
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Marchi
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Beltrand
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker, Service d’endocrinologie, Unité fonctionnelle diabétologie, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Michaud
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Robert
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker, Service d’endocrinologie, Unité fonctionnelle diabétologie, Paris, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Corresponding author: Peter van Endert,
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Bhattacharya R, Xu Y, Rahman MA, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler BB, Weidanz JA, Bickel U. A novel vascular targeting strategy for brain-derived endothelial cells using a TCR mimic antibody. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:664-72. [PMID: 20506235 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific vascular targeting, for example, to the blood-brain barrier, requires the identification of unique molecular addresses on a subset of endothelial cells. The present study describes a crucial step towards tapping the exquisite specificity of the peptide/HLA class I system for this goal. We utilized a novel T-cell receptor (TCR) mimic antibody of high affinity and specificity, which is restricted by HLA-A2 and has been generated to recognize a peptide epitope derived from p68 RNA helicase (YLLPAIVHI). The parent protein is highly expressed by brain endothelial cells. Flow cytometry and confocal imaging showed that the antibody binds to HLA-A2-positive human brain-derived endothelial cells, both immortalized hCMEC/D3 cells and primary cells. The TCR mimic antibody undergoes internalization into vesicles, where significant colocalization occurs with the early endosomal marker EEA-1, but barely with caveolin-1. To our knowledge internalization of neither MHC class I protein nor TCR mimics by brain endothelial cells has been previously observed. Knock down of p68 protein expression by siRNA reduced the presentation of YLLPAIVHI-peptide/HLA-A2 complexes on the cell membrane by half as measured by flow cytometry 48 h later. We also found that brain endothelial cells isolated from HLA-A2 transgenic mouse strains express the A2 transgene, and brain endothelial cells of one of these strains also present YLLPAIVHI-peptide/HLA-A2, making these mouse strains suitable models for studying TCR mimic antibodies in vivo. In conclusion, these data strongly support the notion that TCR mimic antibodies could be a new class of therapeutic targeting agents in a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktima Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Vascular Drug Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
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La Torre D, Lernmark A. Immunology of beta-cell destruction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:537-83. [PMID: 20217514 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet beta-cells are the target for an autoimmune process that eventually results in an inability to control blood glucose due to the lack of insulin. The different steps that eventually lead to the complete loss of the beta-cells are reviewed to include the very first step of a triggering event that initiates the development of beta-cell autoimmunity to the last step of appearance of islet-cell autoantibodies, which may mark that insulitis is about to form. The observations that the initial beta-cell destruction by virus or other environmental factors triggers islet autoimmunity not in the islets but in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes are reviewed along with possible basic mechanisms of loss of tolerance to islet autoantigens. Once islet autoimmunity is established the question is how beta-cells are progressively killed by autoreactive lymphocytes which eventually results in chronic insulitis. Many of these series of events have been dissected in spontaneously diabetic mice or rats, but controlled clinical trials have shown that rodent observations are not always translated into mechanisms in humans. Attempts are therefore needed to clarify the step 1 triggering mechanisms and the step to chronic autoimmune insulitis to develop evidence-based treatment approaches to prevent type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria La Torre
- Lund University, CRC, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital MAS, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Bresson D, von Herrath M. Immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes: optimizing the path from bench to bedside. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:1753-68. [PMID: 19794001 PMCID: PMC2752914 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bresson
- From the Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- From the Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
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11
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von Herrath M, Nepom GT. Remodeling rodent models to mimic human type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2049-54. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated disease in which pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells are damaged and destroyed. Animal models have served a prominent function in the development of the present ideas of pathogenesis and approaches to therapy. This commentary addresses the utility and limitations of these models for facilitating the 'translation' of immunology research into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias von Herrath
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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King M, Pearson T, Rossini AA, Shultz LD, Greiner DL. Humanized mice for the study of type 1 diabetes and beta cell function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1150:46-53. [PMID: 19120266 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1447.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the basic biology of diabetes has been guided by observations made using animal models, particularly rodents. However, humans are not mice, and outcomes predicted by murine studies are not always representative of actual outcomes in the clinic. In particular, investigators studying diabetes have relied heavily on mouse and rat models of autoimmune type 1-like diabetes, and experimental results using these models have not been representative of many of the clinical trials in type 1 diabetes. In this article, we describe the availability of new models of humanized mice for the study of three areas of diabetes. These include the use of humanized mice for the study of (1) human islet stem and progenitor cells, (2) human islet allograft rejection, and (3) human immunity and autoimmunity. These humanized mouse models provide an important preclinical bridge between in vitro studies and rodent models and the translation of discoveries in these model systems to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Énée E, Martinuzzi E, Blancou P, Bach JM, Mallone R, van Endert P. Equivalent Specificity of Peripheral Blood and Islet-Infiltrating CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Spontaneously Diabetic HLA-A2 Transgenic NOD Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5430-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The biology and properties of dendritic cells (DCs) have been intensely studied in the research areas of infectious diseases, tumor immunology, and vaccine development. This unique subset of immune cells has recently also moved to the center of interest for basic and clinical research in autoimmunity, owing not only to the extraordinary importance of DCs in the initiation and sustenance of adaptive immune responses, but also to more recent discoveries about their profound ability to control and downregulate ongoing T-cell responses. We review current progress of using DCs in mice for induction and propagation of autoimmune T-cell responses and their therapeutic potential to dampen or even stop beta-cell-specific autoimmunity. Finally, we offer our perspective on how basic research progress in DC technology, mostly from mouse models, may translate into emerging diagnostic and therapeutic applications for human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Pechhold
- NIDDK-Diabetes Branch, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10-CRC, Room 5W-5888, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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