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Miller JS, Rhein J, Davis ZB, Cooley S, McKenna D, Anderson J, Escandón K, Wieking G, Reichel J, Thorkelson A, Jorstad S, Safrit JT, Soon-Shiong P, Beilman GJ, Chipman JG, Schacker TW. Safety and Virologic Impact of Haploidentical NK Cells Plus Interleukin 2 or N-803 in HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1256-1265. [PMID: 38207119 PMCID: PMC11095546 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are dysfunctional in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as they are not able to clear virus. We hypothesized that an infusion of NK cells, supported by interleukin 2 (IL-2) or IL-15, could decrease virus-producing cells in the lymphatic tissues. METHODS We conducted a phase 1 pilot study in 6 persons with HIV (PWH), where a single infusion of haploidentical related donor NK cells was given plus either IL-2 or N-803 (an IL-15 superagonist). RESULTS The approach was well tolerated with no unexpected adverse events. We did not pretreat recipients with cyclophosphamide or fludarabine to "make immunologic space," reasoning that PWH on stable antiretroviral treatment remain T-cell depleted in lymphatic tissues. We found donor cells remained detectable in blood for up to 8 days (similar to what is seen in cancer pretreatment with lymphodepleting chemotherapy) and in the lymph nodes and rectum up to 28 days. There was a moderate decrease in the frequency of viral RNA-positive cells in lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS There was a moderate decrease in HIV-producing cells in lymph nodes. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of healthy NK cells on HIV reservoirs and if restoring NK-cell function could be part of an HIV cure strategy. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03346499 and NCT03899480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zachary B Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah Cooley
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin Escandón
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Garritt Wieking
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jarrett Reichel
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann Thorkelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Siri Jorstad
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory J Beilman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Chipman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy W Schacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Russell RA, Martin N, Mitar I, Jones E, Sattentau QJ. Multiple proviral integration events after virological synapse-mediated HIV-1 spread. Virology 2013; 443:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Waller LA, Särkkä A, Olsbo V, Myllymäki M, Panoutsopoulou IG, Kennedy WR, Wendelschafer-Crabb G. Second-order spatial analysis of epidermal nerve fibers. Stat Med 2011; 30:2827-41. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Aila Särkkä
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Viktor Olsbo
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mari Myllymäki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science; Aalto University; Espoo Finland
| | | | - William R. Kennedy
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
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Sattentau QJ. Cell-to-Cell Spread of Retroviruses. Viruses 2010; 2:1306-1321. [PMID: 21994681 PMCID: PMC3185708 DOI: 10.3390/v2061306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses from several families use direct cell-to-cell infection to disseminate between cells. Retroviruses are a relatively recent addition to this list, and appear to spread cell-to-cell by induction of multimolecular complexes termed virological synapses that assemble at the interface between infected and receptor-expressing target cells. Over the past five years, detailed insight into the cellular and molecular basis of virological synapse-mediated retroviral cell-to-cell spread has been obtained, but important questions and controversies have been raised that remain to be resolved. This review will focus on recent advances in the field with emphasis on areas in which work still needs to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13RE, UK; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44 1865 275511; Fax: +44 1865 275515
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Maciejowski J, Ugel N, Mishra B, Isopi M, Hubbard EJA. Quantitative analysis of germline mitosis in adult C. elegans. Dev Biol 2006; 292:142-51. [PMID: 16480707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Certain aspects of the distal gonad of C. elegans are comparable to niche/stem cell systems in other organisms. The distal tip cell (DTC) caps a blind-ended tube; only the distal germ cells maintain proliferation in response to signaling from the DTC via the GLP-1/Notch signaling pathway in the germ line. Fruitful comparison between this system and other stem cell systems is limited by a lack of basic information regarding germ cell division behavior in C. elegans. Here, we explore the spatial pattern of cell division frequency in the adult C. elegans germ line relative to distance from the distal tip. We mapped the positions of actively dividing germline nuclei in over 600 fixed gonad preparations including the wild type and a gain-of-function ligand-responsive GLP-1 receptor mutant with an extended mitotic zone. One particularly surprising observation from these data is that the frequency of cell divisions is lower in distal-most cells-cells that directly contact the distal tip cell body-relative to cells further proximal, a difference that persists in the gain-of-function GLP-1 mutant. These results suggest that cell division frequency in the distal-most cells may be suppressed or otherwise controlled in a complex manner. Further, our data suggest that the presence of an active cell division influences the probability of observing simultaneous cell divisions in the same gonad arm, and that simultaneous divisions tend to cluster spatially. We speculate that this system behaves similarly to niche/stem cell/transit amplifying cell systems in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maciejowski
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, 1009 Silver Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Abstract
HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), as well as their hosts, face perils at mucosal front lines in early infection. At these sites, 'resting' CD4+ memory T cells fuel infection (because they are hosts for virus), depleting CD4+ memory T cells throughout the lymphoid tissues, particularly in the gut, and eliciting an immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell response that impairs host defence. But HIV-1 and SIV also risk elimination at the earliest stage of infection, at the mucosal point of entry, if founder populations of infected cells do not expand sufficiently to establish a self-propagating infection. Microbicides and vaccines could increase these viral vulnerabilities at mucosal front lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Li Q, Duan L, Estes JD, Ma ZM, Rourke T, Wang Y, Reilly C, Carlis J, Miller CJ, Haase AT. Peak SIV replication in resting memory CD4+ T cells depletes gut lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Nature 2005; 434:1148-52. [PMID: 15793562 DOI: 10.1038/nature03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In early simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infections, gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), the largest component of the lymphoid organ system, is a principal site of both virus production and depletion of primarily lamina propria memory CD4+ T cells; that is, CD4-expressing T cells that previously encountered antigens and microbes and homed to the lamina propria of GALT. Here, we show that peak virus production in gut tissues of SIV-infected rhesus macaques coincides with peak numbers of infected memory CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, most of the initially infected memory cells were not, as expected, activated but were instead immunophenotypically 'resting' cells that, unlike truly resting cells, but like the first cells mainly infected at other mucosal sites and peripheral lymph nodes, are capable of supporting virus production. In addition to inducing immune activation and thereby providing activated CD4+ T-cell targets to sustain infection, virus production also triggered an immunopathologically limiting Fas-Fas-ligand-mediated apoptotic pathway in lamina propria CD4+ T cells, resulting in their preferential ablation. Thus, SIV exploits a large, resident population of resting memory CD4+ T cells in GALT to produce peak levels of virus that directly (through lytic infection) and indirectly (through apoptosis of infected and uninfected cells) deplete CD4+ T cells in the effector arm of GALT. The scale of this CD4+ T-cell depletion has adverse effects on the immune system of the host, underscoring the importance of developing countermeasures to SIV that are effective before infection of GALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street S.E, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Zhang ZQ, Wietgrefe SW, Li Q, Shore MD, Duan L, Reilly C, Lifson JD, Haase AT. Roles of substrate availability and infection of resting and activated CD4+ T cells in transmission and acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:5640-5. [PMID: 15064398 PMCID: PMC397458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308425101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies of sexual mucosal transmission and early stages of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV infections, productive infection predominates in CD4(+) T cell populations, in both ostensibly resting and activated cells. The surprising ability of SIV and HIV to replicate in resting cells in vivo, in contrast to propagation of infection in vitro, suggested a model in which during the early stages of infection these viruses exploit the greater availability of resting cells to maintain unbroken chains of transmission from an infected resting cell to another resting cell nearby. Because immune activation in response to infection provides more activated CD4(+) T cells, these viruses take advantage of the greater efficiency of virus production and spread in activated cells for propagation and dissemination of infection. In this article, we report the results of experimental tests of this model, including visualization at the light microscopic level and direct analysis of virus production by cells in tissues. Analysis of tissues of rhesus macaques inoculated intravaginally or i.v. with SIV supports the proposed roles of target cell availability, susceptibility, and virus production by infected resting and activated CD4(+) T cells in mucosal transmission and early infection, and points to a potential role for topical anti-inflammatory agents in moderating the initial propagation of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Pope M, Haase AT. Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest for strategies to prevent infection. Nat Med 2003; 9:847-52. [PMID: 12835704 DOI: 10.1038/nm0703-847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
By the acute stage of HIV-1 infection, the immune system already faces daunting challenges. Research on mucosal barriers and the events immediately after heterosexual transmission that precede this acute stage could facilitate the development of effective microbicides and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pope
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10021, USA
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