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Bastacky ML, Wang H, Fortman D, Rahman Z, Mascara GP, Brenner T, Najjar YG, Luke JJ, Kirkwood JM, Zarour HM, Davar D. Immune-Related Adverse Events in PD-1 Treated Melanoma and Impact Upon Anti-Tumor Efficacy: A Real World Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:749064. [PMID: 34900695 PMCID: PMC8662734 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.749064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of melanoma by producing durable long-term responses in a subset of patients. ICI-treated patients develop unique toxicities - immune related adverse events (irAEs) – that arise from unrestrained immune activation. The link between irAE development and clinical outcome in melanoma and other cancers is inconsistent; and little data exists on the occurrence of multiple irAEs. We sought to characterize development of single and multiple irAEs, and association of irAE(s) development with clinical variables and impact upon outcomes in advanced melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 ICIs. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 190 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with single-agent anti-PD-1 ICI therapy between June 2014 and August 2020 at a large integrated network cancer center identified through retrospective review of pharmacy records. irAEs were graded based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. Results 190 patients were evaluated of whom 114 patients (60.0%) experienced ≥1 irAE, including 30 (15.8%) with grade 3/4 irAEs. The occurrence of any irAE was strongly associated with the development of investigator-assessed response to anti-PD-1 therapy (p < 0.0001); whether evaluated by current (p=0.0082) or best (p=0.0001) response. In patients with ≥2 irAEs, distinct patterns were observed. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were greater in those with any irAE compared to those without (PFS, 28 months vs. 5 months, p < 0.0001; OS, not reached vs. 9 months, p < 0.0001). Development of ≥2 irAEs had a trend towards improved PFS and OS compared to those who developed a single irAE, although this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.2555, PFS; p=0.0583, OS). Obesity but not age or gender was distinctly associated with irAE development. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated that irAE occurrence was significantly associated with response to anti-PD-1 therapy and improved PFS/OS. Those who developed multiple irAEs had a trend towards improved PFS and OS compared to those who developed only a single irAE. Increased BMI but neither age nor gender were associated with irAE development. Distinct patterns of irAEs observed suggest shared etiopathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Bastacky
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dylan Fortman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zahra Rahman
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gerard P Mascara
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Timothy Brenner
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yana G Najjar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hassane M Zarour
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Diwakar Davar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Holstead RG, Kartolo BA, Hopman WM, Baetz TD. Impact of the development of immune related adverse events in metastatic melanoma treated with PD -1 inhibitors. Melanoma Res 2021; 31:258-263. [PMID: 33904518 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Some clinical trials have described improved outcomes in patients who develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs) while receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced melanoma. It is unknown if this effect would be seen in a real-world population. This is a single-center retrospective analysis of all patients receiving single-agent PD-1 inhibitor for unresectable stage III or stage IV melanoma between 2012 and 2018. The majority of patients had cutaneous melanoma and were elderly (put in median and range). Totally 33.3% were BRAF mutated and 66.7% had PD-1 inhibitor as first-line treatment for metastatic disease. Also, 22% of patients had brain metastases at presentation. Of the 87 patients included in this analysis, 48 (55%) developed at least one irAE. Dermatologic toxicities were the most common irAE. The median time to develop any irAE was 12 weeks. Only one patient died of immune-related toxicity. Overall survival in the population of patients that had an irAE was significantly greater than those that did not have any toxicity (21.1 vs. 7.5 months; P < 0.001). The development of endocrine toxicity had the strongest correlation with survival as did patient with grade 1 (NCI V.5) toxicity. The development of multiple toxicities did not correlate with survival. In patients with multiple toxicities, the type of irAE that presented initially did not impact the outcome. These findings add to the growing body of literature suggesting an association between irAEs and immune-checkpoint inhibitor efficacy while suggesting that this benefit may depend on the type of toxicity and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wilma M Hopman
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Wang C, Li M, Wei R, Wu J. Adoptive transfer of TILs plus anti-PD1 therapy: An alternative combination therapy for treating metastatic osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2020; 25:100332. [PMID: 33145154 PMCID: PMC7591383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-PD1 therapy for metastatic osteosarcoma patients is limited and the identification of new strategies for these patients is urgently needed. TILs plus anti-PD1 therapy significantly increases ORR, mPFS and mOS of patients. More infusion of TIL numbers and CD8+TIL percentage and less infusion of CD8+PD1+ TIL percentage and CD4+FoxP3+ TIL percentage may be potential prognostic factors which can predict clinical response to combined TILs and anti-PD1 therapy. PD1hi in fresh TILs is another good prognostic factor that predict PFS and OS.
Aim We sought to investigate the efficacy of adoptive transfer of TILs plus anti-PD1 therapy in metastatic osteosarcoma patients. Materials and methods A total of 30 patients received anti-PD1 therapy (Group 1) while 30 patients were subjected to TILs plus anti-PD1 therapy (Group 2). Progression-free survival time (PFS) and overall survival time (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Potential prognostic factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results The ORR in Group 2 is 33.3%, which is significantly higher than Group1 (6.67%). In addition, we found significantly prolonged mPFS (5.4 months) and mOS (15.2 months) in Group 2 compared to those in Group 1, which recorded mPFS and mOS of 3.8 and 6.6 months, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that patients with more infusions of TIL numbers and CD8+TILs or less infusions of CD8+ PD1+TILs and CD4+FoxP3+ TILs show increased PFS and OS. Moreover, PD1hi is another good prognostic factor that predict PFS and OS. Conclusion Overall, these findings indicated that TILs plus anti-PD1 therapy has significant clinical outcomes in metastatic osteosarcoma patients. However, further studies are essential to validate and characterize the therapeutic activity of TILs plus anti-PD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471009, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471009, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471009, China
| | - Junlong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471009, China
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4
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Liu LP, Li YM, Guo NN, Li S, Ma X, Zhang YX, Gao Y, Huang JL, Zheng DX, Wang LY, Xu H, Hui L, Zheng YW. Therapeutic Potential of Patient iPSC-Derived iMelanocytes in Autologous Transplantation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:455-466.e5. [PMID: 30970249 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising melanocyte source as they propagate indefinitely and can be established from patients. However, the in vivo functions of human iPSC-derived melanocytes (hiMels) remain unknown. Here, we generated hiMels from vitiligo patients using a three-dimensional system with enhanced differentiation efficiency, which showed characteristics of human epidermal melanocytes with high sequence similarity and involved in multiple vitiligo-associated signaling pathways. A modified hair follicle reconstitution assay in vivo showed that MITF+PAX3+TYRP1+ hiMels were localized in the mouse hair bulb and epidermis and produced melanin up to 7 weeks after transplantation, whereas MITF+PAX3+TYRP1- hiMelanocyte stem cells integrated into the bulge-subbulge regions. Overall, these data demonstrate the long-term functions of hiMels in vivo to reconstitute pigmented hair follicles and to integrate into normal regions for both mature melanocytes and melanocyte stem cells, providing an alternative source of personalized cellular therapy for depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China.
| | - Ning-Ning Guo
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Shu Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Yimeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian-Ling Huang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Dong-Xu Zheng
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Lu-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Academy, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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5
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Dousset L, Boniface K, Seneschal J. Vitiligo-like lesions occurring in patients receiving anti-programmed cell death-1 therapies. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:435-443. [PMID: 30650959 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have shown strong efficacy in the treatment of metastatic cancers as melanoma. However, restoring the immune function with these therapies to target cancer cells leads to immune side effects including immune cutaneous events. Vitiligo-like lesions in patients receiving anti-PD-1 is one of the most common skin adverse event reported and the incidence seems to be higher than in patients receiving other immune-checkpoints therapies. Initially described in patients with metastatic melanoma, vitiligo-like lesions have now been reported in other metastatic cancers treated with anti-PD-1. Several reports suggest that this side effect could be different from spontaneously occurring vitiligo and could be associated with increased response to the therapy and patients' survival. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical presentation of vitiligo-like lesions occurring in patients receiving anti-PD-1, and the hypothesis to explain the mechanism involved in the development of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Dousset
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Center for Rare Skin Disorders, Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospitals, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Julien Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Center for Rare Skin Disorders, Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospitals, Bordeaux, France - .,INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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6
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Kitano S, Nakayama T, Yamashita M. Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:270. [PMID: 30073150 PMCID: PMC6058029 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have now become a standard therapy for malignant melanoma. However, as immunotherapies are effective in only a limited number of patients, biomarker development remains one of the most important clinical challenges. Biomarkers predicting clinical benefit facilitate appropriate selection of individualized treatments for patients and maximize clinical benefits. Many biomarkers derived from tumors and peripheral blood components have recently been reported, mainly in retrospective settings. This review summarizes the recent findings of biomarker studies for predicting the clinical benefits of immunotherapies in melanoma patients. Taking into account the complex interactions between the immune system and various cancers, it would be difficult for only one biomarker to predict clinical benefits in all patients. Many efforts to discover candidate biomarkers are currently ongoing. In the future, verification, by means of a prospective study, may allow some of these candidates to be combined into a scoring system based on bioinformatics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Kitano
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakayama
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamashita
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Foppoli M, Citterio G, Polastri D, Guerrieri R. The Feasibility of Repetitive Courses of High-Dose Continuous Intravenous Infusion Interleukin-2 and Subcutaneous Alpha-Interferon with Polychemotherapy in Advanced Malignant Melanoma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 81:102-6. [PMID: 7778212 DOI: 10.1177/030089169508100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background A Phase I study of repetitive courses of chemotherapy (carmustine, cis-platinum, dacarbazine) and immunotherapy (continuous intravenous infusion recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and subcutaneous (sc) alpha-interferon 2b) plus tamoxifen was performed in order to establish a more efficaciuous way to sequence this kind of treatment for advanced malignant melanoma. Study design Patients who had measurable metastatic melanoma, a Karnofsky performance status ≥ 80, and no clinically significant hematologic or cardiac disfunction were considered eligible. Treatment consisted of BCNU, 150 mg/m2 i.v. day 1 in alternating cycles; DTIC, 220 mg/m2 i.v. days 1, 2 and 3; CDDP, 25 mg/m2 i.v. days 1, 2 and 3; tamoxifen 10 mg twice/day per os continuously; rIL-2, 18 × 106 IU/m2/day continuous i.v. infusion days 5-8 (96 h) and days 19-22 (96 h); alpha-interferon (IFN) s.c. 3 × 106 U day 12, 6 × 106 U day 14, 9 × 106 U days 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, and 28 (from cycle 2, 9 × 106 U days 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, and 28). Two consecutive cycles were planned until response evaluation. Results Three patients were treated according with the protocol; none of them was able to respect the planned dose-intensity schedule. The given dose intensity/planned dose intensity ratios were as follows: DTIC, 0.74 (range, 0.70-0.80); CDDP, 0.77 (0.72-0.80); BCNU, 0.77 (0.72-0.80); rIL-2, 0.65 (0.36-0.80); alpha-IFN, 0.01 (0-0.03); tamoxifen, 1.0. Systemic side effects of rIL-2 and myelotoxicity were the main reasons for treatment delay and/or dose-reduction, and for the long period of hospital care. Conclusions We conclude that the treatment schedule is not feasible. However, since we believe that combined chemo-immunotherapy is a potentially active treatment in metastatic malignant melanoma, we have modified it in order to make it more feasible and consequently efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foppoli
- Divisione di Medicina II, IRCCS H S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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8
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Sasse AD, Sasse EC, Clark LGO, Clark OAC. WITHDRAWN: Chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic malignant melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 2:CD005413. [PMID: 29409139 PMCID: PMC6491196 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005413.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma, one of the most aggressive of all skin cancers, is increasing in incidence throughout the world. Surgery remains the cornerstone of curative treatment in earlier stages. Metastatic disease is incurable in most affected people, because melanoma does not respond to most systemic treatments. A number of novel approaches are under evaluation and have shown promising results, but they are usually associated with increased toxicity and cost. The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy has been reported to improve treatment results, but it is still unclear whether evidence exists to support this choice, compared with chemotherapy alone. No language restrictions were imposed. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of therapy with chemotherapy and immunotherapy (chemoimmunotherapy) versus chemotherapy alone in people with metastatic malignant melanoma. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register (14 February 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (2003 to 30 January 2006 ), EMBASE (2003 to 20 July 2005) and LILACS (1982 to 20 February 2006). References, conference proceedings, and databases of ongoing trials were also used to locate trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials that compared the use of chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy on people of any age, diagnosed with metastatic melanoma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed each study to determine whether it met the pre-defined selection criteria, with differences being resolved through discussion with the review team. Two authors independently extracted the data from the articles using data extraction forms. Quality assessment included an evaluation of various components associated with biased estimates of treatment effect. Whenever possible, a meta-analysis was performed on the extracted data, in order to calculate a weighed treatment effect across trials. MAIN RESULTS Eighteen studies met our criteria and were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 2625 participants. We found evidence of an increase of objective response rates in people treated with chemoimmunotherapy, in comparison with people treated with chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the impact of these increased response rates was not translated into a survival benefit. We found no difference in survival to support the addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy in the systemic treatment of metastatic melanoma, with a hazard ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.11, P = 0.31). Additionally, we found increased hematological and non-hematological toxicities in people treated with chemoimmunotherapy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We failed to find any clear evidence that the addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy increases survival of people with metastatic melanoma. Further use of combined immunotherapy and chemotherapy should only be done in the context of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre D Sasse
- UNICAMP (Universidade Estadual de Campinas)Internal MedicineAv Dr. Luiz de Tella 1515Cidade UniversitariaCampinasSao PauloBrazil13083 000
| | - Emma C Sasse
- UNICAMP (Universidade Estadual de Campinas)Internal MedicineAv Dr. Luiz de Tella 1515Cidade UniversitariaCampinasSao PauloBrazil13083 000
| | - Luciana GO Clark
- Hospital Celso Pierro/PUC‐Campinas e Instituto do Radium de CampinasOncologyAv. Dr. Luiz de Tella 970Cidade UniveristariaCampinasSão PauloBrazilCEP 13083 000
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9
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Nakamura Y, Tanaka R, Asami Y, Teramoto Y, Imamura T, Sato S, Maruyama H, Fujisawa Y, Matsuya T, Fujimoto M, Yamamoto A. Correlation between vitiligo occurrence and clinical benefit in advanced melanoma patients treated with nivolumab: A multi-institutional retrospective study. J Dermatol 2016; 44:117-122. [PMID: 27510892 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is occasionally seen in melanoma patients. Although several studies indicate a correlation between vitiligo occurrence and clinical response in melanoma patients receiving immunotherapy, most studies have included heterogeneous patient and treatment settings. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the occurrence of vitiligo and clinical benefit of nivolumab treatment in advanced melanoma patients. We retrospectively reviewed unresectable stage III or IV melanoma patients treated with nivolumab. Of 35 melanoma patients treated with nivolumab, 25.7% (9/35) developed vitiligo during treatment. The time from the start of nivolumab treatment to occurrence of vitiligo ranged 2-9 months (mean, 5.2). Of nine patients who developed vitiligo, two (22.2%) had a complete response to nivolumab and two (22.2%) had a partial response. The objective response rate was significantly higher in patients with vitiligo than in patients without vitiligo (4/9 [44.4%] vs 2/26 [7.7%]; P = 0.027). The mean time to vitiligo occurrence in patients achieving an objective response was significantly less than that in patients who showed no response (3.1 vs 6.8 months, P = 0.004). Vitiligo occurrence was significantly associated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.24 and 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.55 and 0.03-0.79; P = 0.005, and 0.047, respectively). At the 20-week landmark analysis, however, vitiligo was not associated with a statistically significant overall survival benefit (P = 0.28). The occurrence of vitiligo during nivolumab treatment may be correlated with favorable clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuri Asami
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Teramoto
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Imamura
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Sato
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maruyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsuya
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yamamoto
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
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10
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Palacios-Álvarez I, Román-Curto C, Mir-Bonafé JM, Cañueto J, Usero-Bárcena T, Fernández-López E. Autoimmune response as a side effect of treatment with interferon-α in melanoma: does this have prognostic implications? Int J Dermatol 2014; 54:e91-3. [PMID: 25521221 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Saraceni MM, Khushalani NI, Jarkowski A. Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advances and Promising New Therapies. J Pharm Pract 2014; 28:193-203. [PMID: 24674910 DOI: 10.1177/0897190014527317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of melanoma are on the rise. Historically, patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma were faced with a grim prognosis, with survival rates of 15% at 5 years. Prior to 2011, no drug or therapeutic regimen had been shown to improve overall survival (OS) in metastatic melanoma. Chemotherapeutic agents, such as dacarbazine or temozolomide, are often given to patients for palliative purposes; high-dose interleukin 2 and biochemotherapy are immunotherapeutic options that could be offered to patients with a good performance status at specialized centers. Neither has been shown to impact OS, but durable complete responses are seen in a minority of patients. Since 2011, 4 new drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, all of which improve survival. Three of these agents (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib) are targeted therapies, with ipilimumab being the only new immunotherapy. With a focus on immunotherapeutic agents, this review seeks to summarize the treatment options currently available for metastatic melanoma and to examine those on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Saraceni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Abstract
Research shows that cancers are recognized by the immune system but that the immune recognition of tumors does not uniformly result in tumor rejection or regression. Quantitating the success or failure of the immune system in tumor elimination is difficult because we do not really know the total numbers of encounters of the immune system with the tumors. Regardless of that important issue, recognition of the tumor by the immune system implicitly contains the idea of the tumor antigen, which is what is actually recognized. We review the molecular identity of all forms of tumor antigens (antigens with specific mutations, cancer-testis antigens, differentiation antigens, over-expressed antigens) and discuss the use of these multiple forms of antigens in experimental immunotherapy of mouse and human melanoma. These efforts have been uniformly unsuccessful; however, the approaches that have not worked or have somewhat worked have been the source of many new insights into melanoma immunology. From a critical review of the various approaches to vaccine therapy we conclude that individual cancer-specific mutations are truly the only sources of cancer-specific antigens, and therefore, the most attractive targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Blanchard
- Department of Immunology, and Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy consists of approaches that modify the host immune system, and/or the utilization of components of the immune system, as cancer treatment. During the past 25 years, 17 immunologic products have received regulatory approval based on anticancer activity as single agents and/or in combination with chemotherapy. These include the nonspecific immune stimulants BCG and levamisole; the cytokines interferon-α and interleukin-2; the monoclonal antibodies rituximab, ofatumumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab; the radiolabeled antibodies Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan and I-131 tositumomab; the immunotoxins denileukin diftitox and gemtuzumab ozogamicin; nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplants with donor lymphocyte infusions; and the anti-prostate cancer cell-based therapy sipuleucel-T. All but two of these products are still regularly used to treat various B- and T-cell malignancies, and numerous solid tumors, including breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, melanoma, kidney, glioblastoma, bladder, and head and neck. Positive randomized trials have recently been reported for idiotype vaccines in lymphoma and a peptide vaccine in melanoma. The anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody ipilumumab, which blocks regulatory T-cells, is expected to receive regulatory approval in the near future, based on a randomized trial in melanoma. As the fourth modality of cancer treatment, biotherapy/immunotherapy is an increasingly important component of the anticancer armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Dillman
- Hoag Cancer Institute of Hoag Hospital , Newport Beach, California 92658, USA.
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Quaglino P, Marenco F, Osella-Abate S, Cappello N, Ortoncelli M, Salomone B, Fierro M, Savoia P, Bernengo M. Vitiligo is an independent favourable prognostic factor in stage III and IV metastatic melanoma patients: results from a single-institution hospital-based observational cohort study. Ann Oncol 2010; 21:409-414. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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O'Day SJ, Atkins MB, Boasberg P, Wang HJ, Thompson JA, Anderson CM, Gonzalez R, Lutzky J, Amatruda T, Hersh EM, Weber JS. Phase II multicenter trial of maintenance biotherapy after induction concurrent Biochemotherapy for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:6207-12. [PMID: 19917850 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.20.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biochemotherapy improves responses in metastatic melanoma, but not overall survival, in randomized trials. We developed a maintenance biotherapy regimen after induction biochemotherapy in an attempt to improve durability of responses and overall survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred thirty-three chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic melanoma without CNS metastases were treated at 10 melanoma centers. The biochemotherapy induction regimen included cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, decrescendo interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon alfa-2b with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokine support. Patients not experiencing disease progression were eligible for maintenance biotherapy with low-dose IL-2 and GM-CSF followed by intermittent pulses of decrescendo IL-2 over 12 months. Patients were observed for response, progression-free survival, toxicity, and overall survival. RESULTS The response rate to induction biochemotherapy was 44% (95% CI, 35% to 52%; complete response, 8%; partial response, 36%; stable disease, 29%). The median number of biochemotherapy cycles was four, and the median number of maintenance biotherapy cycles was five. The median progression-free survival was 9 months, and the median survival was 13.5 months. The 12-month and 24-month survival rates were 57% and 23%, respectively. Twenty percent of patients remain alive (12 without disease), with median follow-up of 30 months (95% CI, 25+ to 45+ months). Thirty-nine percent of patients developed CNS metastases. The median times to CNS progression and death were 8 months and 5 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Maintenance biotherapy after induction biochemotherapy seems to prolong progression-free survival and improve overall survival compared with recent multicenter trials of biochemotherapy or chemotherapy. The regimen should be studied in a randomized clinical trial in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. CNS progression remains a formidable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J O'Day
- Melanoma Program, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, 2001 Santa Monica Blvd, Suite 560 W, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remains a lethal disease with a long-term remission rate of less than 10%. Despite many years of research, there has not been a new drug approved in this disease in over two decades. Single-agent chemotherapy is palliative in some patients and there is no advantage of combination chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy in randomized trials. High-dose bolus IL-2 produces some long-term remissions and is available for highly selected individuals at selected centers in the USA but is impractical for most patients. Research is ongoing in exploring novel immunotherapeutic and targeted approaches. The status of recently completed and ongoing trials is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv S Agarwala
- St Luke's Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
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17
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Fujita M, High WA, Asgari S, Lewis KD, Gonzalez R. Development of vitiligo during melanoma treatment with a novel survivin inhibitor: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:426-30. [PMID: 19335434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of vitiligo has been associated with an improved clinical response in melanoma patients. METHODS We report a case of vitiligo associated with a novel antisurvivin drug and review the literature to determine the pathogenesis of vitiligo occurring during melanoma treatment. RESULTS A 78-year-old man with stage IV malignant melanoma developed vitiligo after the first therapeutic cycle of a novel antisurvivin drug. Although his vitiligo remained static, his melanoma continued to progress and he died in 8 months. A review of the literature demonstrates a relationship between vitiligo development and improved clinical response in many melanoma cases treated with immunotherapy; however, the relationship may depend on the type of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Understanding complex immune responses in vitiliginous skin and melanoma sites is important in order to interpret the development of vitiligo occurring during melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology and Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80010-7163, USA.
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Eapen S, Dutcher JP. A Review of Evidence-Based Treatment of Stage IIB to Stage IV Melanoma. Cancer Invest 2009; 23:323-37. [PMID: 16100945 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-58865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saji Eapen
- Our Lady of Mercy Cancer Center, New York Medical College, Bronx, New York 10466, USA
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19
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Neri B, Vannozzi L, Fulignati C, Pantaleo P, Pantalone D, Paoletti C, Perfetto F, Turrini M, Mazzanti R. Long-Term Survival in Metastatic Melanoma Patients Treated with Sequential Biochemotherapy: Report of a Phase II Study. Cancer Invest 2009; 24:474-8. [PMID: 16939954 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600817758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The overall survival for patients with metastatic melanoma is very poor, with a median survival of 8.5 months. In this Phase II trial, we assessed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a sequential biochemotherapy schedule, using dacarbazine as antiblastic agent and immunomodulant doses of interleukin-2 and interferon-alfa. Thirty-one eligible patients with metastatic melanoma received dacarbazine IV as antiblastic therapy and interluekin-2, plus interferon-alfa SC as sequential immunotherapy, for 6 months. Responding and nonprogressing patients were subsequently maintained on immunotherapy treatment for further 6 months. Twenty-nine patients had an adequate trial, and were assessable for both response and toxicities, with a median follow-up of 49 months. The overall response rate was 52 percent (3 CR and 12 PR), SD was 8 (27 percent) and PD were achieved in 6 patients (21 percent). The median survival duration of responders was 28 months, significantly longer (p < 0.001) than the 16 months of nonresponders. Therapy was well tolerated and produced a significant improvement in progressive-free survival. Further studies, thus, are recommended for larger groups of patients not only to confirm these results, but also to apply this biochemotherapy regimen as adjuvant postsurgical treatment in early stages of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Neri
- Department of Internal Medicine-Centre of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Postgraduate School of Oncology, University of Florence, Italy.
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Bedikian AY, Johnson MM, Warneke CL, Papadopoulos NE, Kim K, Hwu WJ, McIntyre S, Hwu P. Prognostic Factors That Determine the Long-Term Survival of Patients with Unresectable Metastatic Melanoma. Cancer Invest 2009; 26:624-33. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900802027073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Abstracts. Cancer Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/07357909609023054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Minimally Cultured or Selected Autologous Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes After a Lympho-depleting Chemotherapy Regimen in Metastatic Melanoma Patients. J Immunother 2009; 32:415-23. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31819c8bda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Ali OA, Huebsch N, Cao L, Dranoff G, Mooney DJ. Infection-mimicking materials to program dendritic cells in situ. NATURE MATERIALS 2009; 8:151-8. [PMID: 19136947 PMCID: PMC2684978 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines typically depend on cumbersome and expensive manipulation of cells in the laboratory, and subsequent cell transplantation leads to poor lymph-node homing and limited efficacy. We propose that materials mimicking key aspects of bacterial infection may instead be used to directly control immune-cell trafficking and activation in the body. It is demonstrated that polymers can be designed to first release a cytokine to recruit and house host dendritic cells, and subsequently present cancer antigens and danger signals to activate the resident dendritic cells and markedly enhance their homing to lymph nodes. Specific and protective anti-tumour immunity was generated with these materials, as 90% survival was achieved in animals that otherwise die from cancer within 25 days. These materials show promise as cancer vaccines, and more broadly suggest that polymers may be designed to program and control the trafficking of a variety of cell types in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Ali
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Nathaniel Huebsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lan Cao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David J. Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA
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Bedikian AY, Johnson MM, Warneke CL, McIntyre S, Papadopoulos N, Hwu WJ, Kim K, Hwu P. Systemic Therapy for Unresectable Metastatic Melanoma: Impact of Biochemotherapy on Long-Term Survival. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5:201-7. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910802131519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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25
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Abstract
Depigmented or hypopigmented macules and patches have been described in association to primary and metastatic melanoma. Primary melanoma presenting at the onset as a vitiliginous patch without histopathological evidence of regression seems to be a rare event. We report 2 patients with melanoma in situ that expressed clinically as vitiligo-like patches and review the possible immunologic mechanisms responsible for this unusual presentation.
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26
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Heys SD, Gough DB, Eremin O. Section Review: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Immunotherapy with interleukin-2: Recent developments. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.3.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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28
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Nashan D, Müller ML, Grabbe S, Wustlich S, Enk A. Systemic therapy of disseminated malignant melanoma: an evidence-based overview of the state-of-the-art in daily routine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:1305-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cisplatin, gemcitabine, and treosulfan in relapsed stage IV cutaneous malignant melanoma patients. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1329-32. [PMID: 17971774 PMCID: PMC2360238 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of cisplatin, gemcitabine, and treosulfan (CGT) in 91 patients with pretreated relapsed AJCC stage IV cutaneous malignant melanoma. Patients in relapse after first-, second-, or third-line therapy received 40 mg m−2 intravenous (i.v.) cisplatin, 1000 mg m−2 i.v. gemcitabine, and 2500 mg m−2 i.v. treosulfan on days 1 and 8. Cisplatin, gemcitabine, and treosulfan therapy was repeated every 5 weeks until progression of disease occurred. A maximum of 11 CGT cycles (mean, two cycles) was administered per patient. Four patients (4%) showed a partial response; 15 (17%) patients had stable disease; and 72 (79%) patients progressed upon first re-evaluation. Overall survival of all 91 patients was 6 months (2-year survival rate, 7%). Patients with partial remission or stable disease exhibited a median overall survival of 11 months (2-year survival rate, 36%), while patients with disease progression upon first re-evaluation had a median overall survival of 5 months (2-year survival rate, 0%). Treatment with CGT was efficient in one-fifth of the pretreated relapsed stage IV melanoma patients achieving disease stabilisation or partial remission with prolonged but limited survival.
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30
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Hofmann MA, Sterry W, Trefzer U. Complex Combination Biochemotherapy Regimen in Advanced Metastatic Melanoma in a Non-intensive Care Unit: Toxicity or Benefit? Jpn J Clin Oncol 2007; 37:224-9. [PMID: 17472972 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hym009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy regimen that has shown impact on survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Different biochemotherapy protocols showed promise with high response rates, but again without significant impact on survival. METHODS We report the results of a retrospective analysis of a regimen consisting of dacarbazine, cisplatin, vindesine, interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha2b in 25 consecutively treated patients with regard to toxicity, efficacy and practicability. The treatment was performed on a regular dermatological ward. RESULTS Grade III and IV toxicities were mainly haematological, with few cases of infection because of neutropenia seen. Best overall responses were CR 2/25, PR 2/25 and SD 9/25. The median progression free interval was 4 months (range 0-19) for all patients and the median survival time was 12 months (range 2-26). From a safety and practical point of view, there was no draw-back on treating patients in a non-intensive care unit. The median survival time is in the range of the one reported for monochemotherapy regimen. While there are some responding patients, the responses are short lived and go in parallel with high toxicity and impaired performance status. CONCLUSION This complex and highly toxic chemoimmunotherapeutic regimen should not be considered as standard therapy in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja A Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Centre, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Sasse AD, Sasse EC, Clark LGO, Ulloa L, Clark OAC. Chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic malignant melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD005413. [PMID: 17253556 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005413.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma, one of the most aggressive of all skin cancers, is increasing in incidence throughout the world. Surgery remains the cornerstone of curative treatment in earlier stages. Metastatic disease is incurable in most affected people, because melanoma does not respond to most systemic treatments. A number of novel approaches are under evaluation and have shown promising results, but they are usually associated with increased toxicity and cost. The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy has been reported to improve treatment results, but it is still unclear whether evidence exists to support this choice, compared with chemotherapy alone. No language restrictions were imposed. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of therapy with chemotherapy and immunotherapy (chemoimmunotherapy) versus chemotherapy alone in people with metastatic malignant melanoma. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register (14 February 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (2003 to 30 January 2006 ), EMBASE (2003 to 20 July 2005) and LILACS (1982 to 20 February 2006). References, conference proceedings, and databases of ongoing trials were also used to locate trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials that compared the use of chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy on people of any age, diagnosed with metastatic melanoma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed each study to determine whether it met the pre-defined selection criteria, with differences being resolved through discussion with the review team. Two authors independently extracted the data from the articles using data extraction forms. Quality assessment included an evaluation of various components associated with biased estimates of treatment effect. Whenever possible, a meta-analysis was performed on the extracted data, in order to calculate a weighed treatment effect across trials. MAIN RESULTS Eighteen studies met our criteria and were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 2625 participants. We found evidence of an increase of objective response rates in people treated with chemoimmunotherapy, in comparison with people treated with chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the impact of these increased response rates was not translated into a survival benefit. We found no difference in survival to support the addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy in the systemic treatment of metastatic melanoma, with a hazard ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.11, p=0.31). Additionally, we found increased hematological and non-hematological toxicities in people treated with chemoimmunotherapy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We failed to find any clear evidence that the addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy increases survival of people with metastatic melanoma. Further use of combined immunotherapy and chemotherapy should only be done in the context of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Sasse
- Oncology Department, Av Dr Luiz de Tella 970, Cidade Universitaria, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 13083-000.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Arpaia
- 2nd Unit of Dermatology, MIDIM Department, University of Bari, and Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, I.D.I., I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
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Severino L, Luongo D, Bergamo P, Lucisano A, Rossi M. Mycotoxins nivalenol and deoxynivalenol differentially modulate cytokine mRNA expression in Jurkat T cells. Cytokine 2006; 36:75-82. [PMID: 17166736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its hydroxylated form nivalenol (NIV) are Fusarium mycotoxins that occur in cereal grains alone or in combination. Several studies have shown that these metabolites affect lymphocyte functions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their activities are still partially known. To address this issue, we examined the influence of NIV and DON in modulating IFNgamma, IL-2 and IL-8 mRNA levels in Jurkat T cells. In PMA/ionomycin stimulated cells, pre-incubated with increasing concentrations of NIV, transcription was induced in the range 0.06-2 microM; higher concentrations of NIV were found non-stimulating (4 microM) or inhibitory (8 microM) for IFNgamma and IL-2 whereas IL-8 was still induced. DON administration elicited a similar profile for IL-8 and IFNgamma, whilst IL-2 mRNA was induced in a broader range of concentrations. Combination of NIV and DON at 1:1 and 1:10 ratios essentially restored the cytokine transcriptional pattern observed with NIV alone but the level of transcripts, with the exception of IL-8, peaked at lower concentrations suggesting interactive effects. Moreover both mycotoxins caused inhibition of cell proliferation, mediated by induction of apoptosis, confirming previous results and highlighting the usefulness of Jurkat as a T-cell model to study the effects of mycotoxins on the immune functions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Severino
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Division of Toxicology, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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34
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Boasberg PD, Hoon DSB, Piro LD, Martin MA, Fujimoto A, Kristedja TS, Bhachu S, Ye X, Deck RR, O'Day SJ. Enhanced Survival Associated with Vitiligo Expression during Maintenance Biotherapy for Metastatic Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:2658-63. [PMID: 16946711 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo, an autoimmune skin disorder, was evaluated in 49 metastatic melanoma patients treated with an immunotherapy regimen of maintenance biotherapy (mBT) following induction concurrent biochemotherapy (cBCT). Patients receiving mBT demonstrated a stable or better response to cBCT. The mBT regimen consisted of outpatient subcutaneous injections of low-dose IL-2 (1 MIU/m(2)) 5/7 days weekly, GM-CSF (125 mcg/m(2)) 14 days monthly, and high-dose pulses of in-patient continuous infusion decrescendo IL-2 (54 MIU/m(2)) over 48 hours monthly for the first 6 months and every 2 months thereafter. The majority of patients had poor prognostic features. Forty-nine patients were without evidence of vitiligo at the start of mBT. Of these, 21 patients (43%) developed vitiligo during mBT and had a median overall survival from the start of mBT of 18.2 months (95% CI, 12.3-N/A) compared to 8.5 months (95%CI <6.7-12.7) for 28 non-vitiligo patients (P=0.027). Six of 21 vitiligo patients (29%) expressed IgG antibody titers to tyrosinase-related protein-2 compared to four of 28 non-vitiligo patients (14%) (P=NS). The development of vitiligo in metastatic melanoma patients on cBCT/mBT immunotherapy correlates with a better therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Boasberg
- The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Cell for cell, probably no human cancer is as aggressive as melanoma. It is among a handful of cancers whose dimensions are reported in millimeters. Tumor thickness approaching 4 mm presents a high risk of metastasis, and a diagnosis of metastatic melanoma carries with it an abysmal median survival of 6-9 mo. What features of this malignancy account for such aggressive behavior? Is it the migratory history of its cell of origin or the programmed adaptation of its differentiated progeny to environmental stress, particularly ultraviolet radiation? While the answers to these questions are far from complete, major strides have been made in our understanding of the cellular, molecular, and genetic underpinnings of melanoma. More importantly, these discoveries carry profound implications for the development of therapies focused directly at the molecular engines driving melanoma, suggesting that we may have reached the brink of an unprecedented opportunity to translate basic science into clinical advances. In this review, we attempt to summarize our current understanding of the genetics and biology of this disease, drawing from expanding genomic information and lessons from development and genetically engineered mouse models. In addition, we look forward toward how these new insights will impact on therapeutic options for metastatic melanoma in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Chin
- Melanoma Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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36
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Daneshpazhooh M, Shokoohi A, Dadban A, Raafat J. The course of melanoma-associated vitiligo: report of a case. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:371-3. [PMID: 16845334 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000222590.68234.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of vitiligo-like lesions in patients with malignant melanoma is a well-known yet uncommon phenomenon. This finding is especially reported in patients undergoing immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy for malignant melanoma and is generally believed to be associated with a better prognosis. We report a case of preexisting vitiligo in a 48-year-old man, aggravated after chemo-immunotherapy of pulmonary metastatic melanoma with interferon-alpha, vinblastine and dacarbazine. Skin lesions remained stable after discontinuation of the treatment, and repigmentation heralded the recurrence of metastatic disease. These findings were in favor of vitiligo being a marker of the immunity against melanoma cells and its favorable impact on the prognosis of melanoma patients.
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Abstract
The management of metastatic melanoma in 2005 remains a major clinical challenge. Multidisciplinary treatment planning and careful attention to sites of metastases, tumor biology, and comorbid conditions are critical to making the best clinical decisions for individual patients. No standard of care exists because no systemic therapies have yet shown efficacy in phase III trials. Single-agent or combination chemotherapy has not impacted over-all survival, and response rates are of short duration. High-dose IL-2 produces durable responses in a small subset (7%) of highly selected patients and has considerable toxicity and quality-of-life trade-offs. Biochemotherapy results in overall higher responses, but its impact on overall survival has been disappointing and its toxicity and expense are considerable. Re-searchers are further investigating biochemotherapy modifications with maintenance biotherapy and CNS consolidation in effort to increase durability of responses and prevent or delay the devastating sequela of CNS metastases. Despite a disappointing past, the advancement of science and a better understanding of critical cellular targets and pathways make the future of melanoma research encouraging. Clinical trials are actively studying novel immune potentiators, cytotoxics, and targeted therapies. Combinations of these new agents will likely be necessary to advance the treatment of the dis-ease. All patients should be encouraged to participate in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Day
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, KAM 500, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9034, USA.
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Alexandrescu DT, Dutcher JP, Wiernik PH. Metastatic melanoma: is biochemotherapy the future? Med Oncol 2005; 22:101-11. [PMID: 15965272 DOI: 10.1385/mo:22:2:101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment options in metastatic melanoma are of limited efficacy. Achievement of durable responses with biological agents, and the possibility to complement the higher response rate of chemotherapy and combined chemotherapy by prolonged duration of responses, led to development of biochemotherapy. Although a clear improvement in response rate (40-60% OR) resulted in some studies of the combined modality, several phase III studies had mixed results on the duration of survival. Various timeframes between the administration of chemotherapy and biologics have been tested, ranging between concurrent biochemotherapy, 1 d (immediately sequential), and up to 3 wk (long sequence or alternating). An analysis of the trend of responses and survival versus the duration of the chemobiotherapy sequence showed that, as the timeframe between chemo and bio components increases, the overall survival, survival of complete responders, and survival of partial responders appear to increase, but the effect is only present for the chemo-bio, and not for the bio-chemo sequence. Because there is no current explanation for this observation, it appears possible that the interaction between components of biochemotherapy results in a double effect: an increase in the immediate response reflected in the OR, CR, PR on one side, and an increase in survival on the other side. An analysis of mechanisms involved in the response leads us hypothesize that macrophage activation, as measured by the neopterin levels, may correlate with the survival of patients undergoing biochemotherapy, while the generation of nitric oxide, acting synergistically with chemotherapy in producing tumor cell killing, may be reflected in the overall response rate seen with the biochemotherapy combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doru T Alexandrescu
- New York Medical College, Our Lady of Mercy Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, NY 10466, USA.
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Keilholz U, Punt CJA, Gore M, Kruit W, Patel P, Lienard D, Thomas J, Proebstle TM, Schmittel A, Schadendorf D, Velu T, Negrier S, Kleeberg U, Lehman F, Suciu S, Eggermont AMM. Dacarbazine, cisplatin, and interferon-alfa-2b with or without interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase III trial (18951) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:6747-55. [PMID: 16170182 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.03.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on phase II trial results, chemoimmunotherapy combinations have become the preferred treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma in many institutions. This study was performed to determine whether interleukin-2 (IL-2) as a component of chemoimmunotherapy influences survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced metastatic melanoma were randomly assigned to receive dacarbazine 250 mg/m2 and cisplatin 30 mg/m2 on days 1 to 3 combined with interferon-alfa-2b 10 x 10(6) U/m2 subcutaneously on days 1 through 5 without (arm A) or with (arm B) a high-dose intravenous decrescendo regimen of IL-2 on days 5 through 10 (18 x 10(6) U/m2/6 hours, 18 x 10(6) U/m2/12 hours, 18 x 10(6) U/m2/24 hours, and 4.5 x 10(6) U/m2 for 3 x 24 hours). Treatment cycles were repeated in the absence of disease progression every 28 days to a maximum of four cycles. RESULTS Three hundred sixty-three patients with advanced metastatic melanoma were accrued. The median survival was 9 months in both arms, with a 2-year survival rate of 12.9% and 17.6% in arms A and B, respectively (P = .32; hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.11). There was also no statistically significant difference regarding progression-free survival (median, 3.0 v 3.9 months) and response rate (22.8% v 20.8%). CONCLUSION Despite its activity in melanoma as a single agent or in combination with interferon-alfa-2b, the chosen schedule of IL-2 added to the chemoimmunotherapy combination had no clinically relevant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Keilholz
- Department of Medicine III, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Meyer RG, Britten CM, Siepmann U, Petzold B, Sagban TA, Lehr HA, Weigle B, Schmitz M, Mateo L, Schmidt B, Bernhard H, Jakob T, Hein R, Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B, Wagner SN, Drexler I, Sutter G, Arndtz N, Chaplin P, Metz J, Enk A, Huber C, Wölfel T. A phase I vaccination study with tyrosinase in patients with stage II melanoma using recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-hTyr). Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:453-67. [PMID: 15627214 PMCID: PMC11033008 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A significant percentage of patients with stage II melanomas suffer a relapse after surgery and therefore need the development of adjuvant therapies. In the study reported here, safety and immunological response were analyzed after vaccination in an adjuvant setting with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara carrying the cDNA for human tyrosinase (MVA-hTyr). A total of 20 patients were included and vaccinated three times at 4-week intervals with 5x10(8) IU of MVA-hTyr each time. The responses to the viral vector, to known HLA class I-restricted tyrosinase peptides, and to dendritic cells transfected with tyrosinase mRNA, were investigated by ELISpot assay on both ex vivo T cells and on T cells stimulated in vitro prior to testing. The delivery of MVA-hTyr was safe and did not cause any side effects above grade 2. A strong response to the viral vector was achieved, indicated by an increase in the frequency of MVA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and an increase in virus-specific antibody titers. However, no tyrosinase-specific T-cell or antibody response was observed with MVA-hTyr in any of the vaccinated patients. Although MVA-hTyr provides a safe and effective antigen-delivery system, it does not elicit a measurable immune response to its transgene product in patients with stage II melanoma after repeated combined intradermal and subcutaneous vaccination. We presume that modification of the antigen and/or prime-boost vaccination applying different approaches to antigen delivery may be required to induce an effective tyrosinase-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G. Meyer
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cedrik M. Britten
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Siepmann
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Tolga A. Sagban
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans A. Lehr
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Weigle
- Institut fuer Immunologie, Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institut fuer Immunologie, Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luis Mateo
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schmidt
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Helga Bernhard
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Klinische Kooperationsgruppe Umweltdermatologie und Allergologie GSF/TUM, Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hein
- Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ingo Drexler
- GSF, Institut fuer Molekulare Virologie, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- GSF, Institut fuer Molekulare Virologie, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Jost Metz
- HSK-Aukammallee, Wilhelm Fresenius Klinik, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Hautklinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Huber
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Wölfel
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
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Brandt O, Christophers E, Fölster-Holst R. Halo dermatitis followed by the development of vitiligo associated with Sutton's nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52:S101-4. [PMID: 15858503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Halo dermatitis (Meyerson's nevus) is an inflammatory, sometimes itchy, eczematous eruption usually encircling a preexisting melanocytic nevus that can be mistaken for malignant melanoma or Sutton's nevus. Unlike the latter, it mostly resolves spontaneously within weeks and never causes regression of the central lesion. Sutton's nevi, however, are frequently found in otherwise healthy individuals and patients suffering from vitiligo or malignant melanoma. The simultaneous appearance of Sutton's nevus and halo dermatitis has been reported before. However, the causes of both diseases remain unclear. We report a 16-year-old female who developed vitiligo and Sutton's nevi 6 months after a halo dermatitis lesion was excised. The coincidence of these disorders suggests common or similar immunological mechanisms induced by pigment cells and/or their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Brandt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Germany
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Di Nicola M, Carlo-Stella C, Anichini A, Mortarini R, Guidetti A, Tragni G, Gallino F, Del Vecchio M, Ravagnani F, Morelli D, Chaplin P, Arndtz N, Sutter G, Drexler I, Parmiani G, Cascinelli N, Gianni AM. Clinical protocol. Immunization of patients with malignant melanoma with autologous CD34(+) cell-derived dendritic cells transduced ex vivo with a recombinant replication-deficient vaccinia vector encoding the human tyrosinase gene: a phase I trial. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 14:1347-60. [PMID: 14503969 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322319426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Di Nicola
- Cristina Gandini Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan I-20133, Italy.
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Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired dermatological disorder characterized by a loss of epidermal melanocytes resulting in depigmentation of the skin. Mechanisms underlying the destruction of melanocytes in vitiligo remain unclear. An animal model to study spontaneously occurring autoimmune vitiligo is the mutant Smyth line (SL) of chickens. This investigation was designed to determine whether the pathogenesis of depigmentation in Smyth line chicken vitiligo (SLV) involves an apoptotic mechanism. Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated fluorescein-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect in situ cell apoptosis in cryostat sections of 2-week-old regenerating feathers. Two-week-old regenerating feathers were obtained from SL chickens and their normally pigmented controls including the parental Brown line (BL) and Light Brown Leghorn (LBL) chickens at 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age. In feathers from vitiliginous SL chickens, the number of TUNEL+ cells was significantly (P<or=0.05) higher than that in the feathers of non-vitiliginous SL, BL or LBL chickens. These TUNEL+ cells were primarily located in the epithelial barb ridge where melanocyte cell bodies are located. The extent of this apoptosis in the feathers of SLV chickens varied with the severity of depigmentation of the feathers (i.e., highest in active depigmentation), suggesting a close association between apoptosis and the disappearance of melanocytes. In addition to TUNEL staining, most sections were double-stained with monoclonal antibodies specific to either CD8 or MHC class II molecules to further explore the relationship between CD8+ feather-infiltrating lymphocytes and this increase in apoptotic cells. Compared to normally pigmented controls, the number of CD8+ and MHC class II+ cells in the feather pulp and the barb ridge increased 2-4 weeks before the visible onset of SLV, and was directly related to the changes in the number of TUNEL+ cells prior to, at onset and during depigmentation. Moreover, some of these infiltrating CD8+ cells were localized next to or near the TUNEL+ cells. These observations suggest that enhanced apoptosis in the feather of SLV chickens is a pathogenic mechanism involved in the death of melanocytes and appears to be induced by infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+).
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Agarwala S. Improving survival in patients with high-risk and metastatic melanoma: immunotherapy leads the way. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4:333-46. [PMID: 12688838 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200304050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a neoplasm with an incidence in the US that is rising at a rate second only to lung cancer in women. Early stage melanoma is curable, but advanced metastatic melanoma is almost uniformly fatal, even in 2003. The close relationship of melanoma with the immune system has led to a recent resurgence in the investigation of immunotherapy in the treatment of this disease. The two most widely investigated immunotherapy drugs for melanoma are interferon (IFN)-alpha and interleukin-2 (IL-2). The role of IFNalpha-2b in the adjuvant therapy of patients with localized melanoma at high risk for relapse has recently been established by the results of three large randomized trials conducted by the US Intergroup; all three trials demonstrated an improvement in relapse-free survival and two in overall survival. Recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) has an overall response rate of 15-20% in metastatic melanoma and is capable of producing complete and durable remissions in about 6% of patients treated. Based upon these data, the US FDA has recently approved the use of high-dose bolus administration of rIL-2 for the therapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. Results of combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens containing rIL-2 and IFNalpha (biochemotherapy) are promising, but conclusions regarding an advantage for this therapy in terms of survival must await the completion of ongoing randomized trials. The use of therapeutic vaccines is an ongoing area of research, and clinical trials of several types of vaccines (whole cell, carbohydrate, peptide) are being conducted in patients with intermediate and late-stage melanoma. In the setting of adjuvant therapy, to date, no vaccine has demonstrated a survival benefit in comparison with either observation or IFNalpha. Vaccines are also being tested in patients with metastatic melanoma to determine their immune effects and to define their activity in combination with other immunotherapeutic agents such as IL-2 or IFNalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Agarwala
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM. Temozolomide in combination with interferon alpha-2b in patients with metastatic melanoma: a phase I dose-escalation study. Cancer 2003; 97:121-7. [PMID: 12491513 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic melanoma (MM) is associated with a high risk of central nervous system (CNS) metastases, and current chemotherapy does not adequately treat or protect patients with MM against CNS metastases. Therefore, the authors initiated a Phase I study to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of temozolomide (TMZ), a novel oral alkylating agent known to cross the blood-brain barrier, in combination with interferon alpha-2b (IFN-alpha2b). METHODS Twenty-three patients with MM were enrolled in this single-center, open-label study. Patients with CNS metastasis were excluded. One cohort (n = 6 patients) received oral TMZ (200 mg/m(2) per day) for 5 days every 28-day cycle plus subcutaneous IFN-alpha2b (5 million International Units [MIU]/m(2) per day, 3 times per week). A second cohort (n = 17 patients) received TMZ 150 mg/m(2) per day on the same schedule plus escalating doses of IFN-alpha2b (5.0 MIU/m(2) per day, 7.5 MIU/m(2) per day, and 10 MIU/m(2) per day 3 times per week). RESULTS The most common adverse events were fatigue, fever, nausea/emesis, anxiety, and diarrhea. Most toxicity was mild to moderate in severity. The primary dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia. The maximum tolerated dose was either TMZ 150 mg/m(2) plus IFN-alpha2b 7.5 MIU/m(2) or TMZ 200 mg/m(2) plus IFN-alpha2b 5.0 MIU/m(2). Four patients (17%) had objective responses (one complete response and three partial responses), and four patients had stable disease. The median survival was 9 months. The pharmacokinetics of TMZ were not affected by coadministration of IFN-alpha2b. CONCLUSIONS TMZ can be combined safely with IFN-alpha2b. This regimen demonstrated clinical activity in patients with MM and merits further investigation to define its effect on the incidence of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv S Agarwala
- Melanoma Center, Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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García-F-Villalta MJ, Ruiz-Genao D, Ríos L, Fraga J, García-Díez A, Fernández-Herrera J. Leucodermia en pacientes con melanoma tratados con interferón. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(03)76666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Zalaudek I, Ferrara G, Argenziano G, Ruocco V, Soyer HP. Diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous melanoma: a practical guide. Skinmed 2003; 2:20-31; quiz 32-3. [PMID: 14673321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2003.01761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, a number of new scientific evidences have been provided allowing a better understanding of the nature of cutaneous melanoma. New scientific methods, such as dermoscopy, have been shown to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pigmented skin lesions and early recognition of melanoma. Aggressive approaches for the surgical treatment of melanoma have been shown to be useless and have been replaced by more conservative surgical protocols and by sentinel lymph node biopsy. In the advanced stage of melanoma, new chemotherapy protocols and immunotherapy have been proposed, whereas the role of vaccines is still under investigation. In this review, the authors present an up-to-date overview of the epidemiologic, clinical, histopathologic, and therapeutic aspects of melanoma that can be used as a practical guide for the management of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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49
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Abstract
Despite the evaluation of many different chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs, the median survival in metastatic melanoma remains in the range of 6 to 9 months. Combination chemotherapy or combination immunotherapy has not produced a significant advantage over single-agent therapy but is associated with greater toxicity. Based on the potential for additive or synergistic activity with the combination of chemotherapy and biotherapy, many investigators have evaluated biochemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma. Aggregate results suggest that biochemotherapy is tolerable and produces a response rate in the range of 50% with a complete response rate of 10%. Although these phase II results appear superior to previous results with chemotherapy or immunotherapy alone, the true benefits of biochemotherapy can only be determined with the results of randomized phase III trials; therefore, biochemotherapy should be considered an as yet experimental therapy. Many other issues regarding biochemotherapy, such as sequence, outpatient administration, and use in the adjuvant setting, for stage III melanoma are being actively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Flaherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Wayne State University/Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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Stein ME, Bernstein Z, Tsalic M, Drumea K, Steiner M, Sklar Z, Haim N. Chemoimmunohormonal therapy with carmustine, dacarbazine, cisplatin, tamoxifen, and interferon for metastatic melanoma: a prospective phase II study. Am J Clin Oncol 2002; 25:460-3. [PMID: 12393984 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-200210000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of our treatment regimen in metastatic melanoma. Thirty patients entered the study after undergoing a thorough metastatic workup. Treatment protocol included carmustine (BCNU) (150 mg/m(2) IV, day 1) every 6 weeks, dacarbazine (DTIC) (220 mg/m(2) IV, days 1-3), and cisplatin (25 mg/m(2) IV, days 1-3) every 3 weeks, interferon A-2B (6 x 10(6) U/m daily s.c. on days 4-8 and 16-20) and tamoxifen 20 mg/day for 6 weeks. Among 29 evaluable patients, overall response was seen in 15 (52%) and complete response in 5 (17%) patients. Median duration of partial response was 4 months (range, 1-12 months); of complete response was 8 months (range, 2-14 months). Complete response continues in two patients with lung metastases. Median survival time was 8.7 months. Side effects were tolerable. Four (13%) patients developed neutropenic fever, and platelet transfusions were required in five (17%) patients. One patient died of neutropenic sepsis. Thrombocytopenia caused prolongation of the median interval between the first and second courses, and drug doses were reduced in the second course in 8 of 26 (31%) patients. Our chemoimmunohormonal regimen is efficient in metastatic malignant melanoma and can induce durable remission. Severe thrombocytopenia leads to a reduction of carmustine dose in a new protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe E Stein
- Department of Oncology, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B. 9602, Haifa 31096, Israel
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