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Anisetti B, Ahmed AK, Coston T, Gardner L, Majeed U, Reynolds J, Babiker H. Delayed brain metastasis in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation: a case report highlighting the predictive value of microvascular invasion. Clin J Gastroenterol 2023; 16:864-870. [PMID: 37532904 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-023-01839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant challenge after liver transplantation, affecting approximately 10-23% of patients with a median onset of 13 months post-transplantation. Extrahepatic involvement, such as lung, bone, adrenal glands, peritoneum, lymph nodes, and central nervous system (CNS), is commonly observed among transplant recipients with HCC recurrence. Notably, vascular invasion (VI), including microvascular invasion (MiVI) and macrovascular invasion (MVI), substantially increase the risk of recurrence by 2.42- and 7.82-fold, respectively. This article presents a unique case of a 72-year-old male patient with a history of HCV-related cirrhosis and HCC who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Six years later, he presented to the emergency department following a fall, which led to the discovery of a pathologic fracture of T7 and an incidental intracranial mass during imaging. Subsequent biopsy confirmed metastatic HCC in the T7 lesion, while magnetic resonance imaging revealed two enhancing brain masses. One mass measured 4.8 cm in the left occipitotemporal lobe, and the other measured 1.7 cm in the right frontal gyrus. Notably, the patient had exhibited MiVI and a mildly elevated alpha-fetoprotein level (AFP) of 7.6 ng/mL at the time of his OLT. This case underscores the predictive value of MiVI in HCC recurrence post-OLT. Accordingly, extended post-transplantation surveillance is crucial for patients with HCC and MiVI. Moreover, this report highlights the uncommon occurrence of delayed brain metastasis following OLT in a patient with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrugun Anisetti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Ahmed K Ahmed
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Tucker Coston
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Lindsay Gardner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Umair Majeed
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jordan Reynolds
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Hani Babiker
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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2
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Oh RK, Hwang S, Song GW, Ahn CS, Moon DB, Ha TY, Jung DH, Park GC, Yoon YI, Kang WH. Donor sex and donor-recipient sex disparity do not affect hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after living donor liver transplantation. Ann Surg Treat Res 2023; 105:133-140. [PMID: 37693289 PMCID: PMC10485355 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2023.105.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies have yielded contradictory results on whether donor sex and donor-recipient sex disparity affect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The present study assessed whether donor sex or donor-recipient sex disparity affects HCC recurrence after LDLT at a high-volume center. Methods This study included 772 HCC patients who underwent LDLT between January 2006 and December 2015 at Asan Medical Center. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the sex of the donor and recipient: male-to-male (n = 490, 63.5%), male-to-female (n = 75, 9.7%), female-to-male (n = 170, 22.0%), and female-to-female (n = 37, 4.8%). Results Disease-free survival (DFS; P = 0.372) and overall survival (OS; P = 0.591) did not differ significantly among the 4 groups. DFS also did not differ significantly between LDLT recipients with male and female donors (P = 0.792) or between male and female recipients (P = 0.084). After patient matching with an α-FP/des-γ-carboxy prothrombin/tumor volume score cutoff of 5logs, donor-recipient sex disparity did not significantly affect DFS (P = 0.598) or OS (P = 0.777). There were also no differences in DFS in matched LDLT recipients with male and female donors (P = 0.312) or between male and female recipients (P = 0.374). Conclusion Neither donor sex nor donor-recipient sex disparity significantly affected posttransplant HCC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rak Kyun Oh
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Ahn
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deok-Bog Moon
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Ha
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jung
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gil-Chun Park
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-In Yoon
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Hyoung Kang
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sposito C, Citterio D, Virdis M, Battiston C, Droz Dit Busset M, Flores M, Mazzaferro V. Therapeutic strategies for post-transplant recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4929-4942. [PMID: 36160651 PMCID: PMC9494935 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i34.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite stringent selection criteria, hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) still occurs in up to 20% of cases, mostly within the first 2–3 years. No adjuvant treatments to prevent such an occurrence have been developed so far. However, a balanced use of immunosuppression with minimal dose of calcineurin inhibitors and possible addition of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors is strongly advisable. Moreover, several pre- and post-transplant predictors of recurrence have been identified and may help determine the frequency and duration of post-transplant follow-up. When recurrence occurs, the outcomes are poor with a median survival of 12 mo according to most retrospective studies. The factor that most impacts survival after recurrence is timing (within 1–2 years from LT according to different authors). Several therapeutic options may be chosen in case of recurrence, according to timing and disease presentation. Surgical treatment seems to provide a survival benefit, especially in case of late recurrence, while the benefit of locoregional treatments has been suggested only in small retrospective studies. When systemic treatment is indicated, sorafenib has been proved safe and effective, while only few data are available for lenvatinib and regorafenib in second line. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is controversial in this setting, given the safety warnings for the risk of acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sposito
- HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan 20100, Italy
| | - Davide Citterio
- HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Virdis
- HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Carlo Battiston
- HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Michele Droz Dit Busset
- HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Maria Flores
- HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaferro
- HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan 20100, Italy
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Bredt LC, Felisberto IBG, Felisberto DEG. Is there a role for liver transplantation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver? World J Meta-Anal 2022; 10:46-51. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v10.i2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether liver transplantation (LT) plays a role in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-cirrhotic liver (NCL) is a matter of debate. The recommendations for LT in this setting are extremely fragile and less well-defined than for cirrhosis-associated HCC. All reports of LT for NCL-HCC revealed that long-term outcomes of these patients are poor, and these dismal figures are justified by the advanced tumor stage at the time of LT, suggesting the presence of systemic micrometastatic disease. The decision-making regarding LT for NCL-HCC is difficult, since specific selection criteria are scarce, and basically the potential candidates are those with unresectable only-liver tumor at admission, or unresectable intrahepatic recurrence post-resection. Besides the surgical aspects regarding the tumor resectability, other phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the tumor should be considered for the indication of LT in this scenario. The present minireview aims to discuss and analyze the last series of LT for NCL-HCC, in order to help clinicians in the decision-making process regarding the role of LT in NCL-HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cesar Bredt
- Surgical Oncology and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Unioeste University, Cascavel 85819-110, Paraná, Brazil
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5
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Taura K, Shimamura T, Akamatsu N, Umeshita K, Fujiyoshi M, Abe H, Morita S, Uemoto S, Eguchi S, Furukawa H, Takada Y, Egawa H, Ohdan H, Hatano E. No Impact of Donor Sex on the Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Liver Transplantation. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2022; 29:570-584. [DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Taura
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimamura
- Division of Organ Transplantation Hokkaido University Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Akamatsu
- Artificial Organ and Transplantation Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Koji Umeshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Masato Fujiyoshi
- Division of Organ Transplantation Hokkaido University Hospital Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Abe
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science Kyoto University Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Satoshi Morita
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science Kyoto University Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furukawa
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Takada
- Department of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary and Breast Surgery Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine Ehime Japan
| | - Hiroto Egawa
- Department of Surgery Institute of Gastroenterology Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
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Jiang C, Ma G, Liu Q, Song S. The value of preoperative 18F-FDG PET metabolic and volumetric parameters in predicting microvascular invasion and postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:100-107. [PMID: 34456318 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular invasion (MVI) is very important in the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but diagnosis is determined by postoperative pathology; thus, preoperative noninvasive methods will play an active role. The purpose of the study was to assess the performance of metabolic parameters of preoperative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computerized tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in the prediction of MVI and postoperative recurrence in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS We retrospectively collected 72 patients with HCC who have performed 18F-FDG PET/CT scan before partial hepatectomy between 2016 and 2019. We used both normal liver tissue and inferior vena cava as the reference background and combined with clinicopathological features, 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic and volumetric indices to predict MVI and postoperative recurrence of primary HCC before surgery. RESULTS Twenty-one of the 72 patients recurred, in recurrent cases showed higher maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), TNR (ratio of tumor SUVmax to mean SUV [SUVmean] of the background tissue), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) than nonrecurrence cases (P < 0.001). All 18F-FDG PET metabolic and volumetric indices for predicting postoperative HCC recurrence were significant on receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analyses (P < 0.05). TNRIVC, TNRNL, MTVIVC, MTVNL TLGIVC and TLGNL were significant factors for predicting MVI in HCC (P < 0.05). On multivariate analyses, MVI, SUVmax, TNRIVC, TNRNL, MTVIVC, MTVNL, TLGIVC and TLGNL (P < 0.05) are independent risk factors for predicting postoperative HCC recurrence. TNRIVC is the most relevant PET/CT parameter for predicting MVI in HCC, and MTVIVC is the most valuable for predicting postoperative HCC recurrence. Moreover, the PET/CT parameters are more accurate for prognosis with inferior vena cava as a reference background than with normal liver tissue. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic and volumetric indices are effective predictors, and could noninvasively provide more comprehensive predictive information on MVI and postoperative recurrence of primary HCC before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center
- Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Probes, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center
- Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Probes, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center
- Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Probes, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoli Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center
- Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Probes, Shanghai, China
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Pelizzaro F, Gambato M, Gringeri E, Vitale A, Cillo U, Farinati F, Burra P, Russo FP. Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence after Liver Transplantation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194882. [PMID: 34638365 PMCID: PMC8508053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasingly important indication for liver transplantation (LT) worldwide. However, LT in the setting of liver cancer is burdened by the risk of tumor recurrence. The prognosis of patients with post-LT HCC recurrence is still very poor and several areas of uncertainty remain in the management of these patients. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of available evidence regarding the management of HCC recurrence after LT, starting from the pre- and post-transplant stratification criteria and encompassing post-LT surveillance, preventive strategies and treatment. Much work has been done in the last several years but further effort is still needed in order to improve the outcome of these patients. Abstract Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT), occurring in 10–15% of cases, is a major concern. A lot of work has been done in order to refine the selection of LT candidates with HCC and to improve the outcome of patients with recurrence. Despite this, the prognosis of these patients remains poor, partly due to the several areas of uncertainty in their management. Even if surveillance for HCC recurrence is crucial for early detection, there is currently no evidence to support a specific and cost-effective post-LT surveillance strategy. Concerning preventive measures, consensus on the best immunosuppressive drugs has not been reached and not enough data to support adjuvant therapy are present. Several therapeutic approaches (surgical, locoregional and systemic treatments) are available in case of recurrence, but there are still few data in the post-LT setting. Moreover, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is controversial in transplant recipients considered the risk of rejection. In this paper, the available evidence on the management of HCC recurrence after LT is comprehensively reviewed, considering pre- and post-transplant risk stratification, post-transplant surveillance, preventive strategies and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pelizzaro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.); (P.B.)
| | - Martina Gambato
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.); (P.B.)
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Gringeri
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (E.G.); (A.V.); (U.C.)
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (E.G.); (A.V.); (U.C.)
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (E.G.); (A.V.); (U.C.)
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.); (P.B.)
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.); (P.B.)
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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What is the optimal surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the debate between anatomical versus non-anatomical resection? Surg Today 2021; 52:871-880. [PMID: 34392420 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-021-02352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The optimal type of hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-anatomical or non-anatomical resection-remains controversial despite numerous comparative studies. There are common fundamental issues in published studies comparing anatomical resection with non-anatomical resection: (1) confounding by indication, (2) setting primary outcomes, and (3) a lack of a clear definition of non-anatomical resection. This degrades the quality of the comparison of the two types of surgery. To measure the therapeutic effect of hepatectomy, it is essential to understand the accumulated knowledge underlying these issues, such as the mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma spread, tumor blood flow drainage theory, and the three patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence: (1) local intrahepatic metastasis, (2) systemic metastasis, and (3) multicentric carcinogenesis recurrence. Based on evidence that the incidence of local intrahepatic metastasis was so low it was almost negligible, the therapeutic effect of anatomical resection on the oncological survival was determined to be similar to that of non-anatomical resection. Recent research progress demonstrating the clinical impact of subclinical dissemination of HCC after surgery may stimulate new debate on the optimal surgical treatment for HCC beyond the comparison of anatomical and non-anatomical resection.
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Goto R, Kosai-Fujimoto Y, Yagi S, Kobayashi T, Akamatsu N, Shimamura T, Imura S, Ogiso S, Mizuno S, Takatsuki M, Fukuhara T, Kanto T, Eguchi S, Yanaga K, Ogura Y, Fukumoto T, Shimada M, Hasegawa K, Ohdan H, Uemoto S, Soejima Y, Ikegami T, Yoshizumi T, Taketomi A, Maehara Y. De novo hepatocellular carcinoma in living donor liver grafts: A Japanese multicenter experience. Hepatol Res 2020; 50:1365-1374. [PMID: 32860719 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus have reduced the decompensation risk. Immunosuppressants for transplantation raise the risk of occurrence of de novo malignancies. We assessed the probabilities of and risk factors for de novo hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development post-living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the data of developed HCC in a graft including metastatic HCC post-LDLT from 2779 adult cases collected from nine major liver transplantation centers in Japan. RESULTS Of 2779 LDLT adult recipients, 34 (1.2%) developed HCCs in their grafts. Of 34, five HCCs appeared to be de novo because of a longer period to tumor detection (9.7 [6.4-15.4] years) and no HCC within the native liver of the two recipients. The donor origin of three of five de novo HCCs was confirmed using microsatellite analysis in resected tissue. Primary disease of all five was hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis, of which two were treated with direct-acting antivirals. Four of five developed HCC de novo in the hepatitis B core antibody-positive grafts. De novo HCCs had favorable prognosis; four of five were cured with complete remission. However, recurrent HCC (n = 29) in the graft had a poorer outcome, especially in patients with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio scores above 4 (median survival time, 262 [19-463] days). CONCLUSION Analysis of the database from major liver transplantation institutes in Japan revealed that de novo HCCs determined by microsatellite analysis were rarely detected, but the majority were successfully treated. LDLT recipients with higher risks of de novo HCC, including those with hepatitis B core antibody-positive grafts, should be carefully followed by surveillance of the liver graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kosai-Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yagi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Akamatsu
- Division of Artificial Organ and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimamura
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shugo Mizuno
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Mitsuhisa Takatsuki
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogura
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takumi Fukumoto
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Division of Artificial Organ and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Soejima
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Kyushu Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Outcomes of Liver Resections after Liver Transplantation at a High-Volume Hepatobiliary Center. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113685. [PMID: 33212913 PMCID: PMC7698397 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although more than one million liver transplantations have been carried out worldwide, the literature on liver resections in transplanted livers is scarce. We herein report a total number of fourteen patients, who underwent liver resection after liver transplantation (LT) between September 2004 and 2017. Hepatocellular carcinomas and biliary tree pathologies were the predominant indications for liver resection (n = 5 each); other indications were abscesses (n = 2), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (n = 1) and one benign tumor. Liver resection was performed at a median of 120 months (interquartile range (IQR): 56.5-199.25) after LT with a preoperative Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of 11 (IQR: 6.75-21). Severe complications greater than Clavien-Dindo Grade III occurred in 5 out of 14 patients (36%). We compared liver resection patients, who had a treatment option of retransplantation (ReLT), with actual ReLTs (excluding early graft failure or rejection, n = 44). Bearing in mind that late ReLT was carried out at a median of 117 months after first transplantation and a median of MELD of 32 (IQR: 17.5-37); three-year survival following liver resection after LT was similar to late ReLT (50.0% vs. 59.1%; p = 0.733). Compared to ReLT, liver resection after LT is a rare surgical procedure with significantly shorter hospital (mean 25, IQR: 8.75-49; p = 0.034) and ICU stays (mean 2, IQR: 1-8; p < 0.001), acceptable complications and survival rates.
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11
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Werner JM, Hornung M, Krah R, Götz M, Schnitzbauer AA, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK. HCC recurrence in HCV-infected patients after liver transplantation: SiLVER Study reveals benefits of sirolimus in combination with CNIs - a post-hoc analysis. Transpl Int 2020; 33:917-924. [PMID: 32314828 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting outcomes in liver transplant (LTx) recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection include the choice of immunosuppression. Here, we analyzed the HCV+ subgroup of patients from the randomized controlled, international SiLVER Study. We performed a post hoc analysis of 166 HCV+ SiLVER Study patients regarding HCC outcome after LTx. Control patients (group A: n = 88) received mTOR inhibitor (mTORi)-free, calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based versus sirolimus-based immunosuppression (group B: n = 78). We found no significant difference regarding HCV-RNA titers between group A and B. Since no effect in group B could be due to variable sirolimus dosing, we split group B into patients receiving sirolimus-based immunosuppression + CNIs for >50% (B1; n = 44) or <50% (B2; n = 34) of the time. While there remained no difference in HCV-RNA titer between groups, HCC recurrence-free survival in group B1 (81.8%) was markedly better versus both group A (62.7%; P = 0.0136) and group B2 (64.7%; P = 0.0326); Interestingly, further subgroup analysis revealed an increase (P = 0.0012) in liver enzyme values in group B2. Taken together, in HCV-infected patients with HCC and LTx, mTORi immunosuppression + CNIs yields excellent outcomes. Unexpectedly, higher levels of liver inflammation and poorer outcomes occur with mTORi monotherapy in the HCV+ subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hornung
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rubertha Krah
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Götz
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas A Schnitzbauer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Focus on Very Late Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurring After Liver Transplantation: A Case Report and Literature Review. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:2998-3000. [PMID: 31607618 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurring after liver transplantation (LT) is a major clinical concern, occurring in up to 20% and being the most frequent cause of death in this setting. Usually recurrence occurs within the first 2 years, whereas late and very late recurrences are rare. We report a 71-year-old woman with HCC recurrence after 25 years from LT, an event never reported before. Diagnosis was achieved with a progressive increase of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) followed by a computed tomography scan, showing a mediastinal, upper diaphragmatic, right paracaval mass of 5 cm in size. The lesion was treated with a surgical approach involving a multidisciplinary team including hepatobiliary, thoracic, and cardiovascular surgeons. A sternotomy and mass removal was performed without the need of an extracorporeal bypass. A complete resection of the tumor was achieved, with a drop in AFP and without signs of recurrence after 1-year follow up. In conclusion, the possibility of late HCC recurrences after LT, despite being rare, underlines the need of a standardized, cost-benefit, optimal strategy of a long-term surveillance. From a surgical point of view, our case is unusual for the site and the character of the lesion, and for the absence of the need of an extracorporeal bypass during the operation.
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13
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Hong SK, Lee K, Yoon KC, Kim H, Ahn S, Kim H, Lee J, Cho J, Yi N, Suh K. Different prognostic factors and strategies for early and late recurrence after adult living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13703. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Kyun Hong
- Department of Surgery Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kwang‐Woong Lee
- Department of Surgery Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- Department of Surgery Division of HBP Surgery & Liver Transplantation Anam Hospital Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hyo‐Sin Kim
- Department of Surgery Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital Gwangju Korea
| | - Sung‐Woo Ahn
- Department of Surgery Chonbuk National University College of Medicine Jeonju Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery Eulji University Hospital Eulji University College of Medicine Daejeon Korea
| | - Jeong‐Moo Lee
- Department of Surgery Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jae‐Hyung Cho
- Department of Surgery Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Nam‐Joon Yi
- Department of Surgery Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung‐Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Uyei J, Taddei TH, Kaplan DE, Chapko M, Stevens ER, Braithwaite RS. Setting ambitious targets for surveillance and treatment rates among patients with hepatitis C related cirrhosis impacts the cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular cancer surveillance and substantially increases life expectancy: A modeling study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221614. [PMID: 31449554 PMCID: PMC6709904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocelluar cancer (HCC) is the leading cause of death among people with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis. Our aim was to determine the optimal surveillance frequency for patients with HCV-related compensated cirrhosis. METHODS We developed a decision analytic Markov model and validated it against data from the Veterans Outcomes and Costs Associated with Liver Disease (VOCAL) study group and published epidemiologic studies. Four strategies of different surveillance intervals were compared: no surveillance and ultrasound surveillance every 12, 6, and 3 months. We estimated lifetime survival, life expectancy, quality adjusted life years (QALY), total costs associated with each strategy, and incremental cost effectiveness ratios. We applied a willingness to pay threshold of $100,000. Analysis was conducted for two scenarios: a scenario reflecting current HCV and HCC surveillance compliance rates and treatment use and an aspirational scenario. RESULTS In the current scenario the preferred strategy was 3-month surveillance with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $7,159/QALY. In the aspirational scenario, 6-month surveillance was preferred with an ICER of $82,807/QALY because treating more people with HCV led to a lower incidence of HCC. Sensitivity analyses suggested that surveillance every 12 months would suffice in the particular circumstance when patients are very likely to return regularly for testing and when appropriate HCV and HCC treatment is readily available. Compared with the current scenario, the aspirational scenario resulted in a 1.87 year gain in life expectancy for the cohort because of large reductions in decompensated cirrhosis and HCC incidence. CONCLUSIONS HCC surveillance has good value for money for patients with HCV-related compensated cirrhosis. Investments to improve adherence to surveillance should be made when rates are suboptimal. Surveillance every 12 months will suffice when patients are very likely to return regularly for testing and when appropriate HCV and HCC treatment is readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Uyei
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamar H. Taddei
- VA Connecticut-Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - David E. Kaplan
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Chapko
- Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Health Services Research & Development, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Stevens
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - R. Scott Braithwaite
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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15
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Zakka K, Jiang R, Alese OB, Shaib WL, Wu C, Wedd JP, Sellers MT, Behera M, El-Rayes BF, Akce M. Clinical outcomes of rare hepatocellular carcinoma variants compared to pure hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2019; 6:119-129. [PMID: 31413960 PMCID: PMC6660638 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s215235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HCC variants are rare primary hepatic tumors. The aim of this study is to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of HCC variants with pure HCC. Methods Patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 with ICD-O-3 8180/3 and 8170/3-8175/3 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were conducted to analyze the association between histology and overall survival (OS). Results 80,280 patients were identified; pure HCC 78,461 (97.7%), fibrolamellar (FLHCC) 310 (0.4%), scirrhous 161 (0.2%), spindle cell 72 (0.1%), clear cell 487 (0.6%), pleomorphic 23 (0.0%), and combined HCC and cholangiocarcinoma (mixed HCC) 766 (1.0%). 76.7% were male and 72% Caucasian. Liver transplant was performed in 10.1% of pure HCC, 14.5% of mixed HCC, 16.2% of scirrhous, 6.9% of spindle cell, 8.8% of clear cell, 8.7% of pleomorphic, and 3.2% of FLHCC (p<0.001). Pure HCC (10.6%) underwent surgical resection without transplant less often than variants except for scirrhous (9.9%) (p<0.001). More than a third of patients in each histological type received chemotherapy. FLHCC had the best 5-year OS (38.7%), spindle cell and pleomorphic had the worst (9.6% and 13.0%). In multivariate analysis stratified by histology variants, chemotherapy was associated with improved OS in all histologies except for scirrhous and pleomorphic HCC. Conclusion HCC variants underwent surgical resection more often than pure HCC. FLHCC had the best 5-year OS. Liver transplant was commonly performed in HCC variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zakka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Renjian Jiang
- Department of Research Informatics, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olatunji B Alese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Walid L Shaib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Wu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel P Wedd
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marty T Sellers
- Division of General and GI Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madhusmita Behera
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Research Informatics, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehmet Akce
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Composite criteria using clinical and FDG PET/CT factors for predicting recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 2019; 29:6009-6017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Living donor liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma: A single-center experiences. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.557019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver transplantation is also the optimal treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in the setting of chronic liver disease. Unfortunately, due to the worldwide shortage of organs, this treatment is not available for all patients with HCC. Strict selection criteria have been developed in order to obtain optimal results. A surgical perspective of the preoperative selection, perioperative management, and postoperative care of patients is reviewed in depth and provides an overview for obtaining optimal long-term results from liver transplantation for HCC. With rigorous selection and patient management, excellent long-term outcomes can be obtained with liver transplantation for patients with HCC.
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Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Child–Pugh B Cirrhosis: Hepatic Resection Versus Living Donor Liver Transplantation. World J Surg 2018; 42:2606-2616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-018-4493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Bauschke A, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Kissler H, Koch A, Malessa C, Settmacher U. Validity of eleven prognostic scores with respect to intra- and extrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2595-2605. [PMID: 28849266 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor recurrence is the most frequent cause of death after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. We selected ten other prognostic classifications to evaluate their potential to predict the risk of recurrence after LT for HCC as compared to the Milan classification. All of the other scores have not been compared with one another in a single cohort. METHODS Data of 147 consecutive patients transplanted at our department between 1996 and 2014 were analyzed and staged for morphological and functional scores of underlying liver disease. For long-term follow-up, we analyzed intrahepatic (within the liver ± distant metastases) and extrahepatic (distant metastases only) recurrence separately. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The median survival time for all patients was 106 months. The 5- and 10-year observed survival rates were 61 and 43%, respectively. The observed cumulative 5- and 10-year recurrence rates were 37 and 39%, respectively, 10-year intrahepatic and extrahepatic recurrence rates were 12 and 27%, respectively. Median survival time after diagnosis of first recurrence was 7.5 (0-120) months; 2 and 18 months for all, intra- and extrahepatic recurrence, respectively. UCSF-, up to seven-, Shanghai Fudan- or Duvoux classifications can identify patients with a cumulative 10-year recurrence rate below 20%. The pre-therapeutic AFP level should be considered in addition to the geometry of the intrahepatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bauschke
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 104, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - A Altendorf-Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 104, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - H Kissler
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 104, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - A Koch
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 104, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - C Malessa
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 104, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - U Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 104, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Predictors of Outcome of Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Indian J Surg 2017; 79:299-307. [PMID: 28827903 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-016-1474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the different factors that affect the outcome of living donor liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Between April 2003 to November 2014, 62 patients with liver cirrhosis and HCC underwent living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in the National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt. The preoperative, operative, and postoperative data were analyzed. After studying the pathology of explanted liver; 44 (71 %) patients were within the Milan criteria, and 18 (29 %) patients were beyond Milan; 13 (21.7 %) of patients beyond the Milan criteria were also beyond the University of California San Francisco criteria (UCSF) criteria. Preoperative ablative therapy for HCC was done in 22 patients (35.5 %), four patients had complete ablation with no residual tumor tissues. Microvascular invasion was present in ten patients (16 %) in histopathological study. Seven (11.3 %) patients had recurrent HCC post transplantation. The 1, 3, 5 years total survival was 88.7, 77.9, 67.2 %, respectively, while the tumor-free survival was 87.3, 82.5, 77.6 %, respectively. Expansion of selection criteria beyond Milan and UCSF had no increased risk effect on recurrence of HCC but had less survival rate than patients within the Milan criteria. Microvascular invasion was an independent risk factor for tumor recurrence.
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Xiang LY, Ou HH, Liu XC, Chen ZJ, Li XH, Huang Y, Yang DH. Loss of tumor suppressor miR-126 contributes to the development of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through the upregulation of ADAM9. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317709128. [PMID: 28639884 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317709128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common histological type of primary liver cancer, which represents the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. MiR-126 was reported to be downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, compared with its levels in noncancerous tissues. However, baseline miR-126 expression levels in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients who did not undergo pre-operational treatment remains unknown since hepatitis B virus infection and pre-operational transcatheter arterial chemoembolization were shown to upregulate miR-126 expression. Here, we demonstrated that miR-126 is generally downregulated in a homogeneous population of pre-operational treatment-naïve hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients (84.0%, 84/100), and its expression is significantly associated with pre-operational alpha-fetoprotein levels ( p < 0.05), microvascular invasion ( p < 0.05), tumor metastasis ( p < 0.05), as well as early recurrence (12 months after surgery; p < 0.01). Furthermore, the results of our study revealed that miR-126 is negatively correlated with ADAM9 expression in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Overexpression of miR-126 was shown to attenuate ADAM9 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which subsequently inhibits cell migration and invasion in vitro. In addition, Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that ADAM9 levels, tumor number, microvascular invasion, and tumor metastasis rate represent independent prognostic factors for shorter recurrence-free survival. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the loss of tumor suppressor miR-126 in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma cells contributes to the development of metastases through the upregulated expression of its target gene, ADAM9. MiR-126-ADAM9 pathway-based therapeutic targeting may represent a novel approach for the inhibition of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yang Xiang
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huo-Hui Ou
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Cheng Liu
- 2 Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Chen
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Li
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Hua Yang
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Predictive Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT for Vascular Invasion in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Liver Transplantation. Clin Nucl Med 2017; 42:e183-e187. [PMID: 28114226 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography-computed tomography using F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG PET/CT) has been widely used in oncology. Vascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a high risk of tumor recurrence and low survival rates after liver transplantation (LT). This retrospective study determined the predictive value of F-FDG PET/CT for vascular invasion in patients with HCC before LT. METHODS Sixty-five patients with HCC who underwent F-FDG PET/CT before LT were retrospectively included between January 2010 and July 2012. Volumes of interest (VOIs) were drawn for the tumors and normal liver tissues, and the standardized uptake value (SUV) in each VOI was measured. The maximal SUV (SUVmax) of the tumor, the ratio of tumor SUVmax to normal liver SUVmax (TSUVmax/LSUVmax), and the ratio of tumor SUVmax to normal liver SUVmean (TSUVmax/LSUVmean) were measured. The predictive value of metabolic parameters and conventional prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS Vascular invasion was pathologically confirmed in 15 (23.08%) of 65 patients. Compared with patients without vascular invasion, patients with vascular invasion exhibited significantly higher serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (P < 0.001), larger tumor size (P = 0.001), higher tumor number (P = 0.017), and higher SUVmax, TSUVmax/LSUVmax ratio, and higher TSUVmax/LSUVmean ratio (P = 0.008, P = 0.002, and P = 0.006, respectively). Univariate analysis revealed that SUVmax, TSUVmax/LSUVmax ratio, and TSUVmax/LSUVmean ratio of FDG PET/CT were significantly associated with vascular invasion in patients with HCC before LT (P = 0.019, P = 0.018, and P = 0.015, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that the TSUVmax/LSUVmean ratio of F-FDG PET/CT was a significant predictor of vascular invasion (P = 0.04) and that the TSUVmax/LSUVmax ratio of F-FDG PET/CT was an independent predictor of vascular invasion, although this finding demonstrated borderline statistical significance (P = 0.06) in patients with HCC before LT. CONCLUSIONS According to the study results, the TSUVmax/LSUVmean ratio is an independent and significant predictor of vascular invasion, and the TSUVmax/LSUVmax ratio of F-FDG PET/CT is an independent predictor of vascular invasion, which is the main negative outcome after LT. Therefore, FDG PET/CT can provide vital information for determining prognosis and selecting an optimal candidate of LT for HCC.
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Fernandez-Sevilla E, Allard MA, Selten J, Golse N, Vibert E, Sa Cunha A, Cherqui D, Castaing D, Adam R. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: Is there a place for resection? Liver Transpl 2017; 23:440-447. [PMID: 28187493 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT) is widely considered as a terminal condition. Therefore, the role of surgery is uncertain in this case. The purpose of this study was to identify the prognostic factors of survival after post-LT HCC recurrence and to evaluate the impact of surgery in this setting. All patients transplanted for HCC between 1991 and 2013 in a single institution and who further developed a post-LT recurrence were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors affecting postrecurrence survival. Of the 493 patients transplanted for HCC, a total of 70 (14.2%) consecutive patients developed a recurrence after a median disease-free interval of 17 months. Median survival (MS) from the time of recurrence was 19 months, with a 3-year postrecurrence survival of 26%. Most recurrences were extrahepatic (lung, lymph node, and bone; n = 51; 72.9%), whereas only intrahepatic recurrences were observed in 2 (2.8%) patients. Both intrahepatic and extrahepatic locations were found in 17 (24.3%) patients. A total of 22 (31.4%) patients underwent macroscopically complete resection of the recurrence (intrahepatic [n = 2] and extrahepatic [n = 20]). The MS for resected patients after transplantation was 35 months compared with 15 months for nonresected patients (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the independent unfavorable factors of postrecurrence survival were alpha-fetoprotein level > 100 ng/mL at relapse (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-4.1; P = 0.03), intrahepatic location (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.2; P = 0.05), and multifocal recurrence (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1; P = 0.04). The management including surgery (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7; P = 0.004) was identified as an independent favorable factor. In conclusion, recurrence of HCC after LT is associated with a poor prognosis. However, resection is associated with improved survival and should therefore be considered when feasible. Liver Transplantation 23 440-447 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc-Antoine Allard
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,Unité 935, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, Villejuif, France
| | - Jasmijn Selten
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Golse
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,Unité 785, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Vibert
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,Unité 785, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, Villejuif, France
| | - Antonio Sa Cunha
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Daniel Cherqui
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,Unité 785, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, Villejuif, France
| | - Denis Castaing
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,Unité 785, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, Villejuif, France
| | - René Adam
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,Unité 935, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche, Villejuif, France
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25
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Donat M, Alonso S, Pereira F, Ferrero E, Carrión L, Acin-Gándara D, Moreno E. Impact of Histological Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on the Outcome of Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:1968-77. [PMID: 27569930 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify predictors of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence in a cohort of 151 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis who were treated by liver transplantation (LT). PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective database of patients undergoing LT for radiologically diagnosed HCC at "12 de Octubre" Hospital, Madrid during 1986-2006 was analyzed. RESULTS The median follow-up was 67.44 months (SD = 55.7 months). Overall 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival was 87.5%, 73.7%, 64.1% and 43.4%, respectively. The 5-year OS of patients beyond the Milan criteria was 47.14%, whereas that of patients within the Milan criteria was 70.13% (P = .011). The 5-year OS of patients beyond the Milan criteria and with microvascular invasion (MVI) was 27.27%, whereas that of patients beyond the Milan criteria and without MVI criteria was 57.89% (P = .003). Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors revealed MVI and G3 to be independent and statistically significant factors affecting OS (P < .0001 and P = .045, respectively), DFS (P < .0001 and P = .004, respectively), and recurrence (P = .0002 and P = .028, respectively). Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors also revealed preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) to be an independent negative statistically significant factor affecting recurrence (P = .0022). Multivariate analysis of predictive MVI factors revealed preoperative α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels >200 ng/mL to be an independent positive and statistically significant predictor of MVI (P = .0004). CONCLUSION MVI and G3 are independent negative factors affecting OS, DFS, and recurrence. The presence of MVI or AFP levels >200 ng/mL represent a contraindication for LT, as long as the patient is beyond the Milan criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donat
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Infanta Leonor Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Alonso
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Pereira
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Ferrero
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Carrión
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Acin-Gándara
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Moreno
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Manzini G, Henne-Bruns D, Porzsolt F, Kremer M. Is there a standard for surgical therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma in healthy and cirrhotic liver? A comparison of eight guidelines. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017; 4:e000129. [PMID: 28405349 PMCID: PMC5372044 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2016-000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Liver resection (LR) and transplantation are the most reliable treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aim was to compare different guidelines regarding indication for resection and transplantation because of HCC with and without underlying cirrhosis. Methods We compared the following guidelines published after 1 January 2010: American (American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)), Spanish (Sociedad Espanola de Oncologia Medica (SEOM)), European (European Association for the study of liver-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EASL-EORTC) and European Society for Medical Oncology-European Society of Digestive Oncology (ESMO-ESDO)), Asian (Asian Pacific Association for the Study of Liver (APASL)), Japanese (Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH)), Italian (Associazione Italiana Oncologia Medica (AIOM)) and German (S3) guidelines. Results All guidelines recommend resection as therapy of choice in healthy liver. Guidelines based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system recommend resection for single HCC<2 cm and Child-Pugh A cirrhosis and for HCC≤5 cm with normal bilirubin and portal pressure, whereas transplantation is recommended for multiple tumours between Milan criteria and for single tumours ≤5 cm and advanced liver dysfunction. Patients with HCC and Child-Pugh C cirrhosis are not candidates for transplantation. JSH guidelines recommend LR for patients with Child-Pugh A/B with HCC without tumour size restriction; APASL guidelines in general exclude patients with Child-Pugh A from transplantation. In patients with Child-Pugh B, transplantation is the second-line therapy, if resection is not possible for patients within Milan criteria. German and Italian guidelines recommend transplantation for all patients within Milan criteria. Conclusions Whereas resection is the standard therapy of HCC in healthy liver, a standard regarding the indication for LR and transplantation for HCC in cirrhotic liver does not exist, although nearly all guidelines claim to be evidence based. Surprisingly, despite European guidelines, Germany and Italy use their own national guidelines which partially differ from the European. Possible solutions of the problems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Manzini
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Franz Porzsolt
- Health Care Research Group at the Hospital of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Michael Kremer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
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27
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Graham RP, Torbenson MS. Fibrolamellar carcinoma: A histologically unique tumor with unique molecular findings. Semin Diagn Pathol 2016; 34:146-152. [PMID: 28110996 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma is a unique type of hepatocellular carcinoma with a distinctive predilection for young patients without underlying liver disease, characteristic large neoplastic cells with intervening, dense fibrosis, co-expression of keratin 7 and CD68 and activation of protein kinase A (most often by formation of DNAJB1-PRKACA). Fibrolamellar carcinoma has a similar prognosis to conventional hepatocellular carcinomas arising in non-cirrhotic livers. The current American Joint Cancer Committee staging system does not provide optimal stratification of patients with fibrolamellar carcinoma and an alternate systems should be considered in the future. The only effective treatment for fibrolamellar carcinoma is complete resection. Novel therapies may be on the horizon as investigation into the molecular biology of fibrolamellar carcinoma continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondell P Graham
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael S Torbenson
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, United States
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28
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Scortegagna E, Karam AR, Sioshansi S, Bozorgzadeh A, Barry C, Hussain S. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence pattern following liver transplantation and a suggested surveillance algorithm. Clin Imaging 2016; 40:1131-1134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Yanik EL, Chinnakotla S, Gustafson SK, Snyder JJ, Israni AK, Segev DL, Engels EA. Effects of maintenance immunosuppression with sirolimus after liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2016; 22:627-34. [PMID: 26784951 PMCID: PMC4846564 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For recipients of liver transplantations (LTs) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HCC recurrence after transplantation remains a major concern. Sirolimus (SRL), an immunosuppressant with anticarcinogenic properties, may reduce HCC recurrence and improve survival. In our study, the US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was linked to pharmacy claims. For liver recipients transplanted for HCC, Cox regression was used to estimate associations of early SRL use with recurrence, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality, adjusting for recipient ethnicity, calendar year of transplant, total tumor volume, alpha-fetoprotein, transplant center size, use of interleukin 2 induction therapy, and allocated and calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. We performed stratified analyses among recipients who met Milan criteria, among those without renal failure, among those with deceased liver donors, by age at transplantation, and by tumor size. Among the 3936 included HCC LTs, 234 (6%) were SRL users. In total, there were 242 recurrences and 879 deaths, including 261 cancer-related deaths. All-cause mortality was similar in SRL users and nonusers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.01; 95% CI, 0.73-1.39). HCC recurrence and cancer-specific mortality rates appeared lower in SRL users, but associations were not statistically significant (recurrence aHR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.45-1.65; cancer-specific mortality aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.43-1.50). Among recipients >55 years old, associations were suggestive of better outcomes for SRL users (all-cause mortality aHR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.38-1.01; recurrence aHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.19-1.44; cancer-specific mortality aHR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11-1.09), whereas among recipients ≤55 years old, SRL users had worse outcomes (all-cause mortality aHR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.12-2.75; recurrence aHR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.62-3.61; cancer-specific mortality aHR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.71-3.32). In conclusion, among HCC liver recipients overall, SRL did not appear beneficial in reducing all-cause mortality. However, there were suggestions of reductions in recurrence and cancer-specific mortality, and effects appeared to be modified by age at transplantation. Liver Transplantation 22 627-634 2016 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Yanik
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Sally K. Gustafson
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jon J. Snyder
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ajay K. Israni
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Hennepin County Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Dorry L. Segev
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN,School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric A. Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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30
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Laparoscopic Resection of Recurrence from Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Transplantation: Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Oncol Med 2016; 2016:8946471. [PMID: 27034867 PMCID: PMC4791493 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8946471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT) indicates a poor prognosis. Surgery is considered the only curative option for selected patients with HCC recurrence following LT. Traditionally, the preference is given to the open approach. Methods. In this report, we present two cases of laparoscopic resections (LR) for recurrent HCC after LT, performed at Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet. Results. Both procedures were executed without intraoperative and postoperative adverse events. Whereas one of the patients had a recurrence one year after LR, the other patient did not have any sign of disease during 3-year follow-up. Conclusions. We argue that, in selected cases, patients with HCC recurrence following LT may benefit from LR due to its limited tissue trauma and timely start of subsequent treatment if curative resection cannot be obtained. In patients with relatively favorable prognosis, LR facilitates postoperative recovery course and avoids unnecessary laparotomy.
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31
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Zakaria HM, Shoreem HA, Aziz AA, Abou El-Ella KA, Ibrahim TM. Pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following living donor liver transplantation. SURGICAL PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-1633.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M. Zakaria
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
| | - Hany A. Shoreem
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
| | - Amr A. Aziz
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Abou El-Ella
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
| | - Tarek M. Ibrahim
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
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32
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Li R, Yan F, Liu L, Li H, Ren B, Hui Z, Ren X. Cytokine-induced killer cell therapy for the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma subsequent to liver transplantation: A case report. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1885-1888. [PMID: 26998094 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer, of which the most common form is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Immunotherapy based on the direct attack of tumor cells and the stimulation of an antitumor immune response may represent a novel strategy to control HCC recurrence and metastasis. The present study reports the case of a patient with HCC, and describes the safety and feasibility of successful administration with a mass of autologous activated T cells on numerous occasions subsequent to liver transplantation (LT), in order to kill the residual tumor cells and stimulate the immune system. A large number of infused activated T cells may pose a potential risk to the allograft. However, no acute or delayed adverse effects of cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK) therapy, or other symptoms of secondary acute host-versus-graft disease (HVGD), were observed. These observations demonstrate the relatively low toxicity of CIK infusion to a patient that has undergone LT, and more importantly, they demonstrate the feasibility of this immunotherapy for the patient, following successful LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmei Li
- Department of Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Biotherapy Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Biotherapy Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Biotherapy Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Baozhu Ren
- Department of Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Biotherapy Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Hui
- Department of Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Biotherapy Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Biotherapy Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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33
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Sun JJ, Wang K, Zhang CZ, Guo WX, Shi J, Cong WM, Wu MC, Lau WY, Cheng SQ. Postoperative Adjuvant Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization After R0 Hepatectomy Improves Outcomes of Patients Who have Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Microvascular Invasion. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 23:1344-51. [PMID: 26714945 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-5008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular invasion (MiVI) is a major risk factor of survival outcomes after curative resection for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate the impact of postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (PA-TACE) on HCC patients with MiVI. METHODS From January 2004 to June 2013, HCC patients with histologically confirmed MiVI and well-tolerated liver function who underwent PA-TACE after R0 hepatectomy (RH) or RH alone were studied retrospectively. In the PA-TACE group, PA-TACE was given 4 weeks after RH. Uni- and multivariate analyses were used to identify the prognostic significance of PA-TACE. RESULTS Of the 322 HCC patients with MiVI included in the analysis, 185 entered into the RH group and 137 entered into the PA-TACE group. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar except for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (p = 0.037). The 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were respectively 69.3, 55.5, 46.7, and 35.0 % for the PA-TACE group and 47.0, 36.2, 34.1, and 30.3 % for the RH group (log-rank, χ(2) = 6.309; p = 0.012). The 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were respectively 94.2, 78.8, 71.5, and 54.0 % for the PA-TACE group and 78.9, 62.2, 54.1, and 43.2 % for the RH group (log-rank, χ(2) = 7.537; p = 0.006). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed PA-TACE to be an independent risk factor of postoperative RFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that PA-TACE may be beneficial for HCC patients with MiVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jian Sun
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cun Zhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Xing Guo
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wen Ming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Chao Wu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wan Yee Lau
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shu Qun Cheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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34
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Tomasian A, Sandrasegaran K, Elsayes KM, Shanbhogue A, Shaaban A, Menias CO. Hematologic malignancies of the liver: spectrum of disease. Radiographics 2015; 35:71-86. [PMID: 25590389 DOI: 10.1148/rg.351130008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hematologic malignancies and their extranodal manifestations is continuously increasing. Previously unsuspected hepatic involvement in hematologic malignancies such as Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, myeloid sarcoma (chloroma), multiple myeloma, Castleman disease, and lymphohistiocytosis may be seen by radiologists. Although the imaging features of more common hepatic diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, metastases, and infection may overlap with those of hepatic hematologic malignancies, combining the imaging features with clinical manifestations and laboratory findings can facilitate correct diagnosis. Clinical features that suggest a hematologic neoplasm as the cause of liver lesions include a young patient (<40 years of age), no known history of cancer, abnormal bone marrow biopsy results, fever of unknown origin, and night sweats. Imaging features that suggest hematologic malignancy include hepatosplenomegaly or splenic lesions, vascular encasement by a tumor without occlusion or thrombosis, an infiltrating mass at the hepatic hilum with no biliary obstruction, and widespread adenopathy above and below the diaphragm. Familiarity with the imaging features of hepatic hematologic malignancies permits correct provisional diagnosis and may influence therapeutic management. For example, when biopsy is performed, core biopsy may be needed in addition to fine-needle aspiration so that the tissue architecture of the neoplasm can be discerned. The predominant treatment of hematologic malignancies is chemotherapy or radiation therapy rather than surgery. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderanik Tomasian
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (A.T., C.O.M.); Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (K.S.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex (A. Shanbhogue); and Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (A. Shaaban)
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35
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Geng W, Lo CM, Ng KT, Ling CC, Qi X, Li CX, Zhai Y, Liu XB, Ma YY, Man K. Interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP10) induced cisplatin resistance of HCC after liver transplantation through ER stress signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:28042-56. [PMID: 26336986 PMCID: PMC4695043 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence remains an obstacle after liver surgery, especially in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The acute-phase liver graft injury might potentially induce poor response to chemotherapy in recurrent HCC after liver transplantation. We here intended to explore the mechanism and to identify a therapeutic target to overcome such chemoresistance. The associations among graft injury, overexpression of IP10 and multidrug resistant genes were investigated in a rat liver transplantation model, and further validated in clinical cohort. The role of IP10 on HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth under chemotherapy was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanism was revealed by detecting the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathways. Moreover, the effect of IP10 neutralizing antibody sensitizing cisplatin treatment was further explored. In rat liver transplantation model, significant up-regulation of IP10 associated with multidrug resistant genes was found in small-for-size liver graft. Clinically, high expression of circulating IP10 was significant correlated with tumor recurrence in HCC patients underwent LDLT. Overexpression of IP10 promoted HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth under cisplatin treatment by activation of ATF6/Grp78 signaling. IP10 neutralizing antibody sensitized cisplatin treatment in nude mice. The overexpression of IP10, which induced by liver graft injury, may lead to cisplatin resistance via ATF6/Grp78 ER stress signaling pathway. IP10 neutralizing antibody could be a potential adjuvant therapy to sensitize cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Geng
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chung-Mau Lo
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kevin T.P. Ng
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Qi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang-Xian Li
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Zhai
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Liu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuen-Yuen Ma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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36
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Mazzola A, Costantino A, Petta S, Bartolotta TV, Raineri M, Sacco R, Brancatelli G, Cammà C, Cabibbo G. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: an update. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2923-36. [PMID: 26414336 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only curative alternative for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are not eligible for resection and/or with decompensated cirrhosis. According to Milan criteria the 5-year survival rate is 70-85%, with a recurrence-free survival of 75%. However, HCC recurrence rate after liver transplantation remains a significant problem in the clinical practice. The prognosis in patients with HCC recurrence is poor. The treatment of choice for HCC recurrence is surgery, but it seems that a systemic treatment based on combination of an mTOR inhibitor with sorafenib can be used. Data on safety and efficacy are limited, clinical monitoring is necessary. The aim of this review is to underline the main concerns, pitfalls and warnings for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mazzola
- Section of Gastroenterology - Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Unité Médicale de Transplantation Hépatique AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Costantino
- Section of Gastroenterology - Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petta
- Section of Gastroenterology - Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Raineri
- Section of Anesthesiology, Analgesia, Intensive Care & Emergency, Department of Biopathology, Medical & Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), Policlinico 'P Giaccone', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Cisanello Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Calogero Cammà
- Section of Gastroenterology - Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cabibbo
- Section of Gastroenterology - Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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An HJ, Shin WY, Lee KY, Ahn SI. A comparison of the risk factors of intrahepatic recurrence, early recurrencen, and multiple recurrences after resection for single nodular hepatocellular carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SURGERY 2015; 19:89-97. [PMID: 26379729 PMCID: PMC4568596 DOI: 10.14701/kjhbps.2015.19.3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Intrahepatic recurrence is one of the most important causes of compromised prognosis after surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This retrospective study was designed to identify and compare the risks of recurrence, early recurrence and multiple recurrences in a single patient population. Methods A series of 92 consecutive patients, who received resection for single nodular HCC at our institute from January 2007 to December 2013, were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into recurrent and non-recurrent groups; the recurrent group was further divided into subgroups by applying two criteria: early and late recurrence (with a cutoff of 18 months), and single and multiple (≥2) recurrence. The potential risk factors were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. The subgroup analysis was performed to determine the effects of different cut-off values on the analysis. Results 41 recurrences (44.6%) occurred during a mean follow-up of 42.4 months. The Child-Pugh score, and the portal vein invasion were found to be independent risk factors of recurrence, but differentiation was the only independent risk factor of early recurrence. The serum alpha-fetoprotein, tumor size, tumor necrosis, and hemorrhage were found to be the risk factors of multiple recurrences according to the univariate analysis, but lacked significance according to the multivariate analysis. When the cutoffs for early and multiple recurrences were changed to ≤10 months and >3 nodules, respectively, different risk factors were identified. Conclusions Our results implicated that different factors can predict the recurrence, timing, and multiplicity of an HCC recurrence. Further studies should be conducted to prove the complex relationships between tumor burden, invasiveness, and underlying liver cirrhosis for initial tumors, and the timing and multiplicity of recurrent HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joon An
- Department of Surgery, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Woo Young Shin
- Department of Surgery, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Keon-Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Ik Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Follow-up Imaging After Liver Transplantation Should Take Into Consideration Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Characteristics. Transplantation 2015; 99:1613-8. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Huang J, Yan L, Wu H, Yang J, Liao M, Zeng Y. Is radiofrequency ablation applicable for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation? J Surg Res 2015; 200:122-30. [PMID: 26277218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a radical treatment for both primary and recurrent small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with an optimistic outcome which is comparable with surgery. For localized recurrence of HCC after liver transplantation (LTx), surgical resection is considered the most favorable treatment. When surgical resection is contraindicated or technically infeasible, whether RFA is as efficient after transplantation as in nontransplant settings remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort study was undertaken in a population of patients that had a recurrence of HCC after LTx to evaluate the outcomes of different modalities (surgery, RFA, and conservative therapy) on long-term survival. RESULTS Seventy-eight of the 486 HCC patients who received LTx had a recurrence (16%). Fifteen patients underwent surgical resection, and 11 patients were treated with RFA. The remaining 52 patients received conservative therapy (17 patients with sirolimus plus sorafenib regimen; the others were treated with conventional supportive therapy). The 1-, 3-, and 5-y overall survival rates were 92%, 51%, and 35% for the patients treated with surgery and 87%, 51%, and 28% for the patients that received RFA. The corresponding 1-, 3-, and 5-y rerecurrence-free survival rates were 83%, 16%, and 16% for the patients treated with surgery and 76%, 22%, and 0% for the patients that received RFA, respectively. There was no significant difference in overall survival or rerecurrence-free survival between the surgical resection group and the RFA group (P = 0.879, P = 0.745). CONCLUSIONS For HCC recurrence after LTx, RFA is preferable when surgical resection is contraindicated or technically infeasible and provides comparable long-term survival compared with surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Huang
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunan Yan
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingheng Liao
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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De novo hepatocellular carcinoma of liver allograft: a neglected issue. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:47-54. [PMID: 25444925 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
De novo hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare neoplasm, ensuing after liver transplantation. Its definitive identification requires sophisticated molecular analyses. Hence, some cases, particularly those ensuing in patients who have been transplanted with HCC, are probably misclassified as recurrences of the primary tumor. Nevertheless, a tumor recurrence cannot be excluded in patients transplanted without apparent malignancy, because of an occult HCC. The main risk factor for de novo HCC is the recurrence of hepatitis/cirrhosis in the allograft. All the described de novo HCCs occurred at least 2 years after OLT, whereas most recurrent HCCs develop within 2 years from surgery. The treatment of this tumor can follow the recommendations of guidelines for primary HCC and, unlike recurrent HCC, re-transplant can be considered a therapeutic option for these patients. Prevention of this tumor relies on the prevention/cure of recurrent liver disease in the allograft and on judicious post-transplant immunosuppression. The present review analyzes this topic by addressing seven key questions. An algorithm based on clinical factors - regarding primary and secondary tumors - to trigger the suspicion of de novo origin of a post-transplant HCC is proposed.
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Park MS, Lee KW, Yi NJ, Choi YR, Kim H, Hong G, Suh KS, Kwon CHD, Joh JW, Lee SK. Optimal tailored screening protocol after living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:1360-6. [PMID: 25368488 PMCID: PMC4214935 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.10.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The indication for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expanding in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Early detection and effective management of recurrence has become an important issue in LDLT for HCC. This study aimed to find an optimal screening protocol in terms of screening interval and screening tools by analyzing recurrence pattern after LDLT for HCC. A total of 205 LDLT patients in two centers from February 1999 to October 2010 was reviewed. Recurrence appeared in 55 cases. Six risk factors for recurrence were identified: preoperative alpha-fetoprotein >400, Edmonson grade 3 or 4, tumor size >7 cm, tumor number ≥7, minimal tumor necrosis in the transarterial chemoembolization group and positive micro-vascular invasion. Four groups with different ranges of index scores showed different recurrence-free survival and median time to recurrence. Group I showed low and late recurrence. Groups II and III showed linearly increased rate of recurrence until 18 months. Group IV showed very early recurrence within 6 months. Across the groups, extra-hepatic recurrence developed in more than 40% of cases and multi-organ recurrence rate was 20%. The screening interval should be different based on the risk of recurrence. Screening should include work-up for extra-hepatic recurrence as well as intra-hepatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Su Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Yi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Rok Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon-Hyuck David Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Joh
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Koo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gringeri E, Boetto R, Bassi D, D'Amico FE, Polacco M, Romano M, Neri D, Feltracco P, Zanus G, Cillo U. Laparoscopic microwave thermal ablation for late recurrence of local hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplant: case report. Prog Transplant 2014; 24:142-5. [PMID: 24919730 DOI: 10.7182/pit2014632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplant is the preferred treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis, as both neoplastic and cirrhotic liver tissue can be removed. Treatment of recurring neoplasms is a difficult issue, especially in long-term survivors of liver transplant. No consensus has been reached on the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Although patients with extrahepatic metastases are generally not candidates for local therapy, successful multimodal salvage therapy including resection or ablation can be achieved in liver transplant recipients with local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Microwave ablation is safe and effective for treating unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, achieving excellent results in local disease down-staging or as a "bridge" to liver transplant, with no significant differences in local recurrence and complications compared with the more commonly used radiofrequency ablation. A patient with local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma 36 months after liver transplant for multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis due to hepatitis C was successfully treated with laparoscopic microwave ablation without any postoperative complications. The patient is disease free 24 months after microwave ablation.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer relapse, associated with increased drug resistance and rate of metastasis, often follows completion of chemotherapy but the cancer escape mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) has been used for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for decades, while the recurrence after PEI treatment remains a major limitation. Recent evidence mounted that cancer cells could survive from chemical induced apoptosis, suggesting a potential route through which cancer relapse may occur. This study focuses on the consequence of HepG2 recovery from ethanol-induced apoptotic event. METHODS The model of HepG2 recovery from ethanol-induced apoptotic event was established by live cell imaging, BrdU assay and Western blotting. MTT assay, wound healing assay and invasion assay were used to investigate the behavior of HepG2 after recovery. RESULTS HepG2 cells could recover from ethanol-induced apoptosis. These cells changed their behaviors such as drug resistance, mobility and invasiveness. On average, the recovered HepG2 cell clones were found to be 46% more resistant to ethanol and 84% higher in mobility. The recovered clones became 58.2% more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil. CONCLUSIONS HepG2 cells can recover from ethanol-induced apoptotic event. These cells became more resistant to ethanol and more invasive. Although the recovered cell clones were more resistant to ethanol, they became more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil treatment.
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Yan S, Ding Y, Tian Y, Lu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Ye Y, Zhou L, Xie H, Chen H, Zheng M, Zheng S. MHC-mismatched mice liver transplantation promotes tumor growth in liver graft. Cancer Lett 2014; 351:162-71. [PMID: 24880081 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is a final therapeutic option for treatment of hepatic malignancies, but local recurrence remains high after surgery. However, the underlying mechanisms of local tumor recurrence are still unknown. We speculated that immunological status of transplanted liver may contribute to the progress of tumor development. CT-26 tumor cells are injected into graft after allogeneic or syngeneic liver transplantation. The growth pattern of tumor and the co-relationship of regulatory T cell and effector T cells in liver graft were observed and investigated at 3d, 6d, 9d and 15d post-transplantation. The Hepatic Replacement Area of tumor in allogeneic grafts was significantly larger than that in syngeneic grafts. The activation of tumor growth in allografts was due to the dysfunction of effector T cells mediated by regulatory T cells in liver graft. Using nude mice model, we further confirmed that regulatory T cells from allograft significantly weaken the function of effector T cells in vivo. Our data has showed that MHC-mismatched mice liver transplantation can promote tumor growth in liver graft. For the first time, we demonstrated that susceptibility to tumor development in liver graft is due to the down-regulation of effector T cells' function mediated by the regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yang Tian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Qiyi Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yufu Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
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Prognostic factors affecting survival at recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after living-donor liver transplantation: with special reference to neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Transplantation 2014; 96:1008-12. [PMID: 24113512 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a53f2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is important to predict not only who may be susceptible to recurrence but also who may survive longer. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is useful to properly assess the patient without decreasing the long-term survival after LDLT. In this study, we investigated the relationship between NLR and prognosis of patients with recurrent HCC after LDLT. METHODS In total, 167 LDLTs for HCC were enrolled in this study. Clinicopathologic factors for HCC recurrence after LDLT were investigated and prognostic factors were examined with respect to survival. RESULTS The following factors were found to be significant in patients with HCC recurrence compared with the controls: α-fetoprotein ≧300 ng/mL, des-γ-carboxyprothrombin ≧300 mAU/mL, NLR ≧4, tumor number >3, tumor size ≧5 cm, duration of last treatment of HCC to LDLT <3 months, Milan criteria exceeded, histologic tumor number ≧10, histologic tumor size >5 cm, poor differentiation, presence of histologic vascular invasion, adjuvant chemotherapy, and interferon therapy against patients with hepatitis C virus. Male sex, interferon therapy against patients with hepatitis C virus, α-fetoprotein ≧300 ng/mL at recurrence, NLR ≧4 at recurrence, and nonsurgical resection for recurrent HCC were significantly related to poor prognosis. The 3-year survival rate after recurrence was 0% in patients with NLR ≧4 and 43.6% in patients with NLR <4. NLR was reelevated after LDLT in patients who later died; however, NLR gradually decreased in surviving patients. CONCLUSION NLR at recurrence is a prognostic factor affecting survival after recurrence in LDLT for HCC.
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Mazloom A, Hezel AF, Katz AW. Stereotactic body radiation therapy as a bridge to transplantation and for recurrent disease in the transplanted liver of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Case Rep Oncol 2014; 7:18-22. [PMID: 24575010 PMCID: PMC3934671 DOI: 10.1159/000357801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), recurrent HCC is a major cause of morbidity. In this case report, we evaluate the efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) as a bridge to OLT and for recurrence in the transplanted liver of a patient with HCC. A 52-year-old male with a history of chronic hepatitis C presented with a 1.7-cm liver lesion radiographically consistent with HCC, which was subsequently treated with a course of SBRT to 50 Gy in 5 fractions followed by OLT in 2009. The patient had a 2.2-cm recurrence in the transplanted liver in 2012, which was treated with SBRT to 62.5 Gy in 5 fractions. He tolerated the course of radiotherapy well with no significant radiation-related toxicity and remains in complete remission approximately 1 year after SBRT. SBRT is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of recurrent HCC in the transplanted liver of the same patient initially treated with SBRT as a bridge to OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y., USA
| | - Aram F Hezel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y., USA
| | - Alan W Katz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y., USA
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Time is a crucial factor for the use of oncological treatment for post-transplantation recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2014; 60:229-30. [PMID: 24021423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Hatzaras I, Bischof DA, Fahy B, Cosgrove D, Pawlik TM. Treatment options and surveillance strategies after therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:758-66. [PMID: 24006095 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Recurrence rates after curative intent treatment for HCC are high; 5-year disease-free survival ranges from only 19 to 81 %. There is no direct evidence to guide the optimal frequency and method of surveillance for recurrent HCC after curative intent treatment. In contrast, there is strong evidence supporting both primary screening for HCC in patients with chronic liver disease. After resection, HCC tends to recur locally, whereas the pattern after transplantation is more at extrahepatic sites. In theory, if an HCC recurrence is discovered early, more therapeutic options are available for treatment of the recurrent HCC. As such, close surveillance after curative intent therapy may have the potential to prolong survival. We herein review the available literature derived from primary surveillance of patients with cirrhosis, as well as data on postoperative surveillance of HCC patients. In aggregate, although data remain scarce, close surveillance with α-fetoprotein and cross-sectional imaging every 3-4 months for 3 years after curative intent therapy, followed by surveillance every 6-12 months thereafter, seems the most prudent approach to follow-up of patients with HCC in the postsurgical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Hatzaras
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hu Z, Zhou J, Wang H, Zhang M, Li S, Huang Y, Wu J, Li Z, Zhou L, Zheng S. Survival in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis B- or hepatitis C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: the Chinese experience from 1999 to 2010. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61620. [PMID: 23613886 PMCID: PMC3629024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-HCC are the main indications for liver transplantation. We compared differences in survival outcomes between these two conditions. METHODS AND FINDINGS The China Liver Transplant Registry (CLTR) contains data collated from all transplants performed in 86 liver transplantation centers across China. We analyzed CLTR data from January 1999 to December 2010. In all, 7,658 patients (7,162 with HBV-HCC and 496 with HCV-HCC) were included in this study. Clinical characteristics were compared between the HBV-HCC and HCV-HCC groups; Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the overall, tumor-free and hepatitis-free survival rates. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival was significantly higher in HBV-HCC recipients than in HCV-HCC recipients (76.65%, 56.61% and 49.10% vs. 64.59%, 42.78% and 39.20%, respectively; P<0.001). The corresponding tumor-free survival rates (63.55%, 47.37%, 40.99% vs. 56.84%, 38.04%, 35.66%, respectively) and hepatitis-free survival rates (75.49%, 54.84%, 47.34% vs. 63.87%, 42.15%, 39.33%, respectively) were both superior in HBV-HCC recipients (both P<0.001). Multivariate analyses identified hepatitis, preoperative alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, size of largest tumor, number of tumor nodules, TNM stage, vascular invasion and preoperative model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score as independent predictors of overall, tumor-free and hepatitis-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Survival outcomes after liver transplantation were significantly better in HBV-HCC patients than in HCV-HCC patients. This finding may be used to guide donor liver allocation in transplantation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- China Liver Transplant Registry, Hongkong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaogang Li
- China Liver Transplant Registry, Hongkong, China
| | - Yuzhou Huang
- China Liver Transplant Registry, Hongkong, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Yoon YC, Hong TH, You YK, Kim DG. Clinical analysis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2013; 27:E192-8. [PMID: 23383956 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the clinical outcomes and factors influencing the outcome in the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Between October, 1997 and September, 2010, 25 (16.0%) of 156 patients who had undergone LDLT for HCC experienced recurrence. All patients with recurrence, with a single exception, were in the high-risk group. Among patients with recurrence, 76.0% of patients experienced recurrence within one yr after LDLT. One- and five-yr survival rates of recurred patients were 56.0% and 8.6%, respectively. Among them, 32% of patients were treated with curative-intent treatment, and their one- and five-yr survival rates were 62.5% and 25.0%, respectively. Beyond the Milan criteria at liver transplantation (LT) (p = 0.032), multiple recurrence (p = 0.001), and palliative treatment for recurrent tumors (p = 0.049) were related to poor survival after recurrence. Additionally, the independent prognostic factors included multiple recurrence (p = 0.005) and the Milan criteria at LT (p = 0.047). Because almost all recurrent cases belonged to the high-risk group and recurred within two yr, the high-risk group should undergo close follow-up for early detection and be treated with liver-directed therapies. Although the prognosis of recurrent HCC after LDLT is poor, long-term survival can be expected on a single recurrence and curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Yoon
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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