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Martín R, Gaitán N, Jarlier F, Feuerbach L, de Soyres H, Arbonés M, Gutman T, Puiggròs M, Ferriz A, Gonzalez A, Estelles L, Gut I, Capella-Gutierrez S, Stein LD, Brors B, Royo R, Hupé P, Torrents D. ONCOLINER: A new solution for monitoring, improving, and harmonizing somatic variant calling across genomic oncology centers. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100639. [PMID: 39216474 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The characterization of somatic genomic variation associated with the biology of tumors is fundamental for cancer research and personalized medicine, as it guides the reliability and impact of cancer studies and genomic-based decisions in clinical oncology. However, the quality and scope of tumor genome analysis across cancer research centers and hospitals are currently highly heterogeneous, limiting the consistency of tumor diagnoses across hospitals and the possibilities of data sharing and data integration across studies. With the aim of providing users with actionable and personalized recommendations for the overall enhancement and harmonization of somatic variant identification across research and clinical environments, we have developed ONCOLINER. Using specifically designed mosaic and tumorized genomes for the analysis of recall and precision across somatic SNVs, insertions or deletions (indels), and structural variants (SVs), we demonstrate that ONCOLINER is capable of improving and harmonizing genome analysis across three state-of-the-art variant discovery pipelines in genomic oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martín
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Gaitán
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frédéric Jarlier
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; U900, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France; Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Lars Feuerbach
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henri de Soyres
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; U900, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France; Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Marc Arbonés
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom Gutman
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; U900, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France; Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Montserrat Puiggròs
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Ferriz
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asier Gonzalez
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ivo Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lincoln D Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romina Royo
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Hupé
- Institut Curie, Paris, France; U900, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France; Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France; UMR144, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - David Torrents
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Huang W, Zhou H, He Y, Wang A, Wang B, Chen Y, Liu C, Wang H, Xie W, Kong H. A novel PDGFR inhibitor WQ-C-401 prevents pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Exp Cell Res 2024; 441:114154. [PMID: 38996959 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of the most important cytokines associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PDGF receptor (PDGFR) inhibition exerted therapeutic effects on PAH in clinical trials, but serious side effects warrant the withdrawal of existing drugs. In this study, a novel highly selective PDGFR inhibitor WQ-C-401 was developed, and its effects on PDGFR signaling pathway and pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH were investigated. Cell proliferation assays and Western blot analysis of PDGFRα/β phosphorylation showed that WQ-C-401 inhibited PDGFR-mediated cell proliferation assay and suppressed PDGFR phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. DiscoverX's KinomeScanTM technology confirmed the good kinome selectivity of WQ-C-401 (S score (1) of PDGFR = (0.01)). In monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats, intragastric administration of WQ-C-401 (25, 50, 100 mg/kg/d) or imatinib (50 mg/kg/d, positive control) significantly decreased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP). Histological analysis demonstrated that WQ-C-401 inhibited pulmonary vascular remodeling by reducing muscularization and fibrosis, as well as alleviated right ventricular hypertrophy in MCT-treated rats. In addition, WQ-C-401 suppressed MCT-induced cell hyperproliferation and CD68+ macrophage infiltration around the pulmonary artery. In vitro, WQ-C-401 inhibited PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that WQ-C-401 concertration-dependently inhibited PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PDGFRβ Y751, decreased collagen Ⅰ synthesis and increased alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in PASMCs. Collectively, our results suggest that WQ-C-401 is a selective and potent PDGFR inhibitor which could be a promising drug for the therapeutics of PAH by preventing pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Monocrotaline
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Rats
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Male
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/metabolism
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pathology
- Humans
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yiting He
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Aoli Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics & Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics & Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yongfei Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics & Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Qiu C, Liu X. Novel Germline KIT Variants in Families With Severe Piebaldism: Case Series and Literature Review. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25073. [PMID: 38887855 PMCID: PMC11252829 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital white forelock and depigmented patches, which is most commonly caused by deleterious variants in the KIT gene. METHODS Four KIT variants were identified in a piebaldism case series by whole-exome sequencing. Functional experiments, including in vitro minigene reporter assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were carried out to elucidate the pathogenicity of the variants. The genotype-phenotype correlation was summarized through extensive literature reviewing. RESULTS All the four cases had severe piebaldism presented with typical white forelock and diffuse depigmentation on the ventral trunk and limbs. Four germline variants at the tyrosine kinase (TK) domains of the KIT gene were identified: two novel variants c.1990+1G>A (p.Pro627_Gly664delinsArg) and c.2716T>C (p.Cys906Arg), and two known variants c.1879+1G>A (p.Gly592_Pro627delinsAla) and c.1747G>A (p.Glu583Lys). Both splicing variants caused exon skipping and inframe deletions in the TK1 domain. The missense variants resided at the TK1 and TK2 domains respectively impairing PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, the downstream of KIT. All severe cases were associated with variants in the TK domains, eliciting a major dominant-negative mechanism of the disease. CONCLUSION Our data expand the mutation spectrum of KIT, emphasized by a dominant-negative effect of variants in the critical TK domains in severe cases. We also share the experience of prenatal diagnosis and informed reproductive choices for the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Haiming Gao
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yunjing Zhao
- Department of Developmental PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chuang Qiu
- Department of OrthopedicsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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4
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Samad A, Khurshid B, Mahmood A, Rehman AU, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Algarni AS, Wadood A. Identification of novel peptide inhibitors for oncogenic KRAS G12D as therapeutic options using mutagenesis-based remodeling and MD simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13425-13437. [PMID: 37010994 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2192298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) serves as a molecular switch, cycling between guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound states. KRAS modulates numerous signal transduction pathways including the conventional RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. Mutations in the RAS genes have been linked to the formation of malignant tumors. Human malignancies typically show mutations in the Ras gene including HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS. Among all the mutations in exon 12 and exon 13 of the KRAS gene, the G12D mutation is more prevalent in pancreatic and lung cancer and accounts for around 41% of all G12 mutations, making them potential anticancer therapeutic targets. The present study is aimed at repurposing the peptide inhibitor KD2 of the KRAS G12D mutant. We employed an in-silico mutagenesis approach to design novel peptide inhibitors from the experimentally reported peptide inhibitor, and it was found that substitutions (N8W, N8I, and N8Y) might enhance the peptide's binding affinity toward the KRAS. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding energy calculations confirmed that the newly designed peptide inhibitors are stable and that their binding affinities are stronger as compared to the wild-type peptide. The detailed analysis revealed that newly designed peptides have the potential to inhibit KRAS/Raf interaction and the oncogenic signal of the KRAS G12D mutant. Our findings strongly suggest that these peptides should be tested and clinically validated to combat the oncogenic activity of KRAS.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Beenish Khurshid
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood S Algarni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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5
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Schmidts I, Haferlach T, Hoermann G. Precision Medicine in Therapy of Non-solid Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 280:35-64. [PMID: 35989345 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development and approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in 2001 has heralded the advance of directed therapy options. Today, an armamentarium of targeted therapeutics is available and enables the use of precision medicine in non-solid cancer. Precision medicine is guided by the detection of tumor-specific and targetable characteristics. These include pathogenic fusions and/or mutations, dependency on specific signaling pathways, and the expression of certain cell surface markers. Within the first part, we review approved targeted therapies for the compound classes of small molecule inhibitors, antibody-based therapies and cellular therapies. Particular consideration is given to the underlying pathobiology and the respective mechanism of action. The second part emphasizes on how biomarkers, whether they are of diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive relevance, are indispensable tools to guide therapy choice and management in precision medicine. Finally, the examples of acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia illustrate how integration of these biomarkers helps to tailor therapy.
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6
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Gupta R, Jit BP, Kumar S, Mittan S, Tanwer P, Ray MD, Mathur S, Perumal V, Kumar L, Rath GK, Sharma A. Leveraging epigenetics to enhance the efficacy of cancer-testis antigen: a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Epigenomics 2022; 14:865-886. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women. The phenotype is characterized by delayed diagnosis, recurrence and drug resistance. Inherent immunogenicity potential, oncogenic function and expression of cancer-testis/germline antigen (CTA) in ovarian cancer render them a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Revolutionary clinical findings indicate that tumor antigen-mediated T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches provide an excellent strategy for targeting tumors. Currently, dendritic cell vaccination for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and CTA-based T-cell receptor transduced T-cell therapy involving MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 are well documented and shown to be effective. This review highlighted the mechanical aspects of epigenetic drugs that can elicit a CTA-based humoral and cellular immune response and implicate T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10467, USA
| | - Pranay Tanwer
- Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - M D Ray
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Mathur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Vanamail Perumal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - G K Rath
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Bai R, Yuan C. Kita-Kyushu Lung Cancer Antigen-1 (KK-LC-1): A Promising Cancer Testis Antigen. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1267-1277. [PMID: 35855340 PMCID: PMC9286905 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has always been a huge problem in the field of human health, and its early diagnosis and treatment are the key to solving this problem. Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are a family of multifunctional proteins that are specifically expressed in male spermatozoa and tumor cells but not in healthy somatic cells. Studies have found that CTAs are involved in the occurrence and development of tumors, and some CTAs trigger immunogenicity, which suggests a possibility of tumor immunotherapy. The differential expression and function of CTAs in normal tissues and tumor cells can promote the screening of tumor markers and the development of new immunotherapies. This article introduces the expression of Kita-Kyushu lung cancer antigen-1 (KK-LC-1), a new member of the CTA family, in different types of tumors and its role in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Bai
- 1Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- 2Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Seo W, Silwal P, Song IC, Jo EK. The dual role of autophagy in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:51. [PMID: 35526025 PMCID: PMC9077970 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a severe hematologic malignancy prevalent in older patients, and the identification of potential therapeutic targets for AML is problematic. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic pathway involved in the tumorigenesis and/or treatment of various cancers. Mounting evidence has suggested that autophagy plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of AML and anticancer responses. In this review, we describe recent updates on the multifaceted functions of autophagy linking to genetic alterations of AML. We also summarize the latest evidence for autophagy-related genes as potential prognostic predictors and drivers of AML tumorigenesis. We then discuss the crosstalk between autophagy and tumor cell metabolism into the impact on both AML progression and anti-leukemic treatment. Moreover, a series of autophagy regulators, i.e., the inhibitors and activators, are described as potential therapeutics for AML. Finally, we describe the translation of autophagy-modulating therapeutics into clinical practice. Autophagy in AML is a double-edged sword, necessitating a deeper understanding of how autophagy influences dual functions in AML tumorigenesis and anti-leukemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhyoung Seo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
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9
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Katagiri S, Chi S, Minami Y, Fukushima K, Shibayama H, Hosono N, Yamauchi T, Morishita T, Kondo T, Yanada M, Yamamoto K, Kuroda J, Usuki K, Akahane D, Gotoh A. Mutated KIT Tyrosine Kinase as a Novel Molecular Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094694. [PMID: 35563085 PMCID: PMC9103326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
KIT is a type-III receptor tyrosine kinase that contributes to cell signaling in various cells. Since KIT is activated by overexpression or mutation and plays an important role in the development of some cancers, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mast cell disease, molecular therapies targeting KIT mutations are being developed. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), genome profiling via next-generation sequencing has shown that several genes that are mutated in patients with AML impact patients’ prognosis. Moreover, it was suggested that precision-medicine-based treatment using genomic data will improve treatment outcomes for AML patients. This paper presents (1) previous studies regarding the role of KIT mutations in AML, (2) the data in AML with KIT mutations from the HM-SCREEN-Japan-01 study, a genome profiling study for patients newly diagnosed with AML who are unsuitable for the standard first-line treatment (unfit) or have relapsed/refractory AML, and (3) new therapies targeting KIT mutations, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and heat shock protein 90 inhibitors. In this era when genome profiling via next-generation sequencing is becoming more common, KIT mutations are attractive novel molecular targets in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Katagiri
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (S.K.); (D.A.); (A.G.)
| | - SungGi Chi
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8577, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-7133-1111; Fax: +81-7133-6502
| | - Kentaro Fukushima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Hirohiko Shibayama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Naoko Hosono
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; (N.H.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; (N.H.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takanobu Morishita
- Division of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, 3-35 Michishita-cho, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 453-8511, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, 2-1 S4 W25 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0804, Japan;
| | - Masamitsu Yanada
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kazuhito Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan; (M.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Kensuke Usuki
- Department of Hematology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-8625, Japan;
| | - Daigo Akahane
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (S.K.); (D.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Akihiko Gotoh
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (S.K.); (D.A.); (A.G.)
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Liu R, Wu Y, Gong J, Zhao R, Li L, Wan Q, Lian N, Shen X, Xia L, Shen Y, Xiao H, Wu X, Chen Y, Cen Y, Xu X. Development and external validation of a nomogram for individualized adjuvant imatinib duration for high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3093-3105. [PMID: 35297216 PMCID: PMC9385591 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The main emphasis of the research about adjuvant imatinib for high‐risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is prolonging the treatment duration and ignores the heterogeneous that 10‐year recurrence rates ranged from about 20%–100%. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of different durations of adjuvant imatinib on outcomes in high‐risk GISTs to explore the feasibility of individual treatment. Methods We analyzed 855 high‐risk GIST patients from three centers who underwent macroscopically complete resection between December 2007 and September 2020. The patients were divided into training (n =564) and two validation cohorts (n = 238 and53) based on their source. Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was the primary point. Cox multivariate analysis was used to develop the nomogram. C‐index, time‐dependent area under the curves, and calibration plots were used to assess the performance of the nomogram. Results Univariate analysis showed that longer adjuvant imatinib was significantly associated with better 5‐year RFS (p < 0.0001). Further investigation identified that the same high‐risk patients with lower tumor‐associated recurrence risk benefitted little from prolonged treatment and that the recommended adjuvant imatinib duration was insufficient for those with higher recurrence risk. A nomogram for predicting 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year RFS based on different treatment durations and four major risk factors, namely, tumor site, size, mitotic count, and rupture status, was built and validated, with a C‐index of 0.82, 0.74, and 0.70 in training and two external validation cohorts, respectively. An online dynamic nomogram was further developed for clinical applications (https://ruolinliu666.shinyapps.io/GIST/), offering predictive recurrence rates based on different treatment durations and tumor features. Conclusions We developed a nomogram to predict the recurrence risk for high‐risk patients according to tumor features and treatment durations of imatinib to help physicians on decision‐making for individualized treatment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingxin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Gong
- Research and Education Department, Sichuan Friendship Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Mitochondrial and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Research and Education Department, Sichuan Friendship Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyi Wan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Lian
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoding Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhou Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haitao Xiao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Cen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Results of TETimaX Trial of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Treatment and Perspectives on the Role of Imatinib Mesylate in the Era of MAPK Signaling. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121759. [PMID: 34944576 PMCID: PMC8698345 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that has a variable clinical presentation and unpredictable behavior. Until recently, therapeutic options were limited. Insights into the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling have allowed the increased use of targeted treatments. Before the advent of drugs that interfere with this pathway, investigations concerning the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib opened the way to a rationale-based therapeutic approach to the disease. Imatinib block the binding site of ATP in the BCR/ABL protein and is also a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and a KIT (CD117) kinase inhibitor. A case of refractory LCH with brain involvement was reported to be successfully treated with imatinib. Thereafter, we further explored the role of this tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The present study is composed of an immunohistochemical evaluation of PDGFRβ expression and a clinical evaluation of imatinib in a series of LCH patients. In the first part, a series of 10 samples obtained from LCH patients was examined and a strong immunohistochemistry expression of PDGFRβ was found in 40% of the cases. In the clinical part of the study, five patients were enrolled. Long-lasting disease control was obtained. These results may suggest a potential role for this drug in the current age.
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12
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Sabbah M, Najem A, Krayem M, Awada A, Journe F, Ghanem GE. RTK Inhibitors in Melanoma: From Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 33918490 PMCID: PMC8038208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) and PI3K/AKT (Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase and Protein Kinase B) pathways play a key role in melanoma progression and metastasis that are regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Although RTKs are mutated in a small percentage of melanomas, several receptors were found up regulated/altered in various stages of melanoma initiation, progression, or metastasis. Targeting RTKs remains a significant challenge in melanoma, due to their variable expression across different melanoma stages of progression and among melanoma subtypes that consequently affect response to treatment and disease progression. In this review, we discuss in details the activation mechanism of several key RTKs: type III: c-KIT (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor); type I: EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor); type VIII: HGFR (hepatocyte growth factor receptor); type V: VEGFR (Vascular endothelial growth factor), structure variants, the function of their structural domains, and their alteration and its association with melanoma initiation and progression. Furthermore, several RTK inhibitors targeting the same receptor were tested alone or in combination with other therapies, yielding variable responses among different melanoma groups. Here, we classified RTK inhibitors by families and summarized all tested drugs in melanoma indicating the rationale behind the use of these drugs in each melanoma subgroups from preclinical studies to clinical trials with a specific focus on their purpose of treatment, resulted effect, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Sabbah
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Medical Oncolgy Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Ghanem E. Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
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13
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Klug LR, Corless CL, Heinrich MC. Inhibition of KIT Tyrosine Kinase Activity: Two Decades After the First Approval. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:1674-1686. [PMID: 33797935 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian R Klug
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
| | - Christopher L Corless
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR.,Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
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Yokoyama K, Tsuchiya J, Nakamoto Y, Tateishi U. Additional Value of [ 18F]FDG PET or PET/CT for Response Assessment of Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Undergoing Molecular Targeted Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030475. [PMID: 33800310 PMCID: PMC8000740 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the additional value of 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/CT over conventional morphological imaging techniques in the treatment response assessment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) to molecular targeted therapy (MTT), we performed a meta-analysis of all the available studies to compare the predictive value of [18F]FDG PET or PET/CT and conventional imaging techniques for assessing the response to MTT in GIST. We determined the sensitivities and specificities across studies, we calculated the positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) and made summary receiver operating characteristic curves (SROC) using hierarchical regression models. Pooled analysis included 4 studies comprising 88 patients. The performance characteristics in [18F]FDG PET or PET/CT and CT were as follows: sensitivity, 89% (95% confidence interval (CI) 78, 95), 52% (39, 64); specificity, 65% (44, 83), 92% (75, 99); diagnostic odds ratios (DOR), 5.8 (2.0, 16.8 4.9 (1.5, 16.1); positive LR, 1.9 (1.1, 3.4), 3.0 (1.1, 8.1); and negative LR, 0.23 (0.03, 1.6), 0.66 (0.42, 1.0), respectively. In SROC curves, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.81 (SE, 0.11) and 0.71 (SE, 0.13) and the Q* index was 0.74 and 0.66, respectively. [18F]FDG PET/CT had higher sensitivity, while DOR and SROC curves showed better diagnostic performance in [18F]FDG PET and PET/CT studies as compared to CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yokoyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (J.T.); (U.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5803-5311; Fax: +81-3-5803-0147
| | - Junichi Tsuchiya
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (J.T.); (U.T.)
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Ukihide Tateishi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (J.T.); (U.T.)
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15
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Preservation of Organ Function in Locally Advanced Non-Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) of the Stomach by Neoadjuvant Imatinib Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040586. [PMID: 33546113 PMCID: PMC7913129 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study reports a single-center analysis of 55 patients with primary, locally advanced gastric GIST treated with imatinib mesylate (IM) preoperatively for a median of 10 months. The therapy yielded shrinkage of median tumor size from 113 mm to 62 mm. This facilitated 50 patients to undergo significantly less-extensive surgical procedures and resulted in a stomach preservation rate of 96%. The rate of R0 resections was 94% and was followed by a mean recurrence-free-survival time of 132 months with the median not reached. The approach was successful even for patients starting IM during an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Neoadjuvant IM therapy for locally advanced, non-metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) of the stomach may play an important role in preserving organ function which might be important for IM plasma levels in an adjuvant or metastatic setting. Abstract Background: Neoadjuvant imatinib mesylate (IM) for advanced, non-metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) of stomach is recommended to downsize the tumor prompting less-extensive operations and preservation of organ function. Methods: We analyzed the clinical-histopathological profile and oncological outcome of 55 patients (median age 58.2 years; range, 30–86 years) with biopsy-proven, cM0, gastric GIST who underwent IM therapy followed by surgery with a median follow-up of 82 months. Results: Initial median tumor size was 113 mm (range, 65–330 mm) and 10 patients started with acute upper GI bleeding. After a median 10 months (range, 2–21 months) of treatment, tumor size had shrunk to 62 mm (range, 22–200 mm). According to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.0 and version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1), 39 (75%) patients had partial response and 14 patients had stable disease, with no progressive disease. At plateau response, 50 patients underwent surgery with an R0 resection rate of 94% and pathological complete response in 24%. In 12 cases (24%), downstaging allowed laparoscopic resection. The mean recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 123 months (95%CI; 99–147) and the estimated 5-year RFS was 84%. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant IM allowed stomach preservation in 96% of our patients with excellent long-term RFS, even when starting treatment during an episode of upper GI bleeding. Preservation of the stomach provides the physiological basis for the use of oral IM in the adjuvant or metastatic setting.
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16
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George S, Jones RL, Bauer S, Kang YK, Schöffski P, Eskens F, Mir O, Cassier PA, Serrano C, Tap WD, Trent J, Rutkowski P, Patel S, Chawla SP, Meiri E, Gordon M, Zhou T, Roche M, Heinrich MC, von Mehren M. Avapritinib in Patients With Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Following at Least Three Prior Lines of Therapy. Oncologist 2021; 26:e639-e649. [PMID: 33453089 PMCID: PMC8018324 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) driven by KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) mutations develop resistance to available tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatments. NAVIGATOR is a two-part, single-arm, dose escalation and expansion study designed to evaluate safety and antineoplastic activity of avapritinib, a selective, potent inhibitor of KIT and PDGFRA, in patients with unresectable or metastatic GIST. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eligible patients were 18 years or older with histologically or cytologically confirmed unresectable GIST and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤2 and initiated avapritinib at 300 mg or 400 mg once daily. Primary endpoints were safety in patients who initiated avapritinib at 300 mg or 400 mg once daily and overall response rate (ORR) in patients in the safety population with three or more previous lines of TKI therapy. RESULTS As of November 16, 2018, in the safety population (n = 204), the most common adverse events (AEs) were nausea (131 [64%]), fatigue (113 [55%]), anemia (102 [50%]), cognitive effects (84 [41%]), and periorbital edema (83 [41%]); 17 (8%) patients discontinued due to treatment-related AEs, most frequently confusion, encephalopathy, and fatigue. ORR in response-evaluable patients with GIST harboring KIT or non-D842V PDGFRA mutations and with at least three prior therapies (n = 103) was 17% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10-25). Median duration of response was 10.2 months (95% CI, 7.2-10.2), and median progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI, 2.8-4.6). CONCLUSION Avapritinib has manageable toxicity with meaningful clinical activity as fourth-line or later treatment in some patients with GIST with KIT or PDGFRA mutations. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE In the NAVIGATOR trial, avapritinib, an inhibitor of KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor A tyrosine kinases, provided durable responses in a proportion of patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) who had received three or more prior therapies. Avapritinib had a tolerable safety profile, with cognitive adverse events manageable with dose interruptions and modification in most cases. These findings indicate that avapritinib can elicit durable treatment responses in some patients with heavily pretreated GIST, for whom limited treatment options exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne George
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robin L Jones
- Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yoon-Koo Kang
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Patrick Schöffski
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ferry Eskens
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cesar Serrano
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William D Tap
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Trent
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sant P Chawla
- Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Eval Meiri
- Cancer Treatment Center of America, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Gordon
- HonorHealth Research Institute, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Teresa Zhou
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Roche
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Micahel C Heinrich
- Portland VA Health Care System and OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
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K. Bhanumathy K, Balagopal A, Vizeacoumar FS, Vizeacoumar FJ, Freywald A, Giambra V. Protein Tyrosine Kinases: Their Roles and Their Targeting in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020184. [PMID: 33430292 PMCID: PMC7825731 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism that controls a wide variety of cellular responses. This process is catalysed by the members of the protein kinase superfamily that are classified into two main families based on their ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues in their substrates. Massive research efforts have been invested in dissecting the functions of tyrosine kinases, revealing their importance in the initiation and progression of human malignancies. Based on these investigations, numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been included in clinical protocols and proved to be effective in targeted therapies for various haematological malignancies. In this review, we provide insights into the role of tyrosine kinases in leukaemia and discuss their targeting for therapeutic purposes with the currently available inhibitory compounds. Abstract Protein kinases constitute a large group of enzymes catalysing protein phosphorylation and controlling multiple signalling events. The human protein kinase superfamily consists of 518 members and represents a complicated system with intricate internal and external interactions. Protein kinases are classified into two main families based on the ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues. Among the 90 tyrosine kinase genes, 58 are receptor types classified into 20 groups and 32 are of the nonreceptor types distributed into 10 groups. Tyrosine kinases execute their biological functions by controlling a variety of cellular responses, such as cell division, metabolism, migration, cell–cell and cell matrix adhesion, cell survival and apoptosis. Over the last 30 years, a major focus of research has been directed towards cancer-associated tyrosine kinases owing to their critical contributions to the development and aggressiveness of human malignancies through the pathological effects on cell behaviour. Leukaemia represents a heterogeneous group of haematological malignancies, characterised by an uncontrolled proliferation of undifferentiated hematopoietic cells or leukaemia blasts, mostly derived from bone marrow. They are usually classified as chronic or acute, depending on the rates of their progression, as well as myeloid or lymphoblastic, according to the type of blood cells involved. Overall, these malignancies are relatively common amongst both children and adults. In malignant haematopoiesis, multiple tyrosine kinases of both receptor and nonreceptor types, including AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), Mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (MET), proto-oncogene c-Src (SRC), Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and pro-oncogenic Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1 (ABL1) mutants, are implicated in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of practically all types of leukaemia. The role of ABL1 kinase mutants and their therapeutic inhibitors have been extensively analysed in scientific literature, and therefore, in this review, we provide insights into the impact and mechanism of action of other tyrosine kinases involved in the development and progression of human leukaemia and discuss the currently available and emerging treatment options based on targeting these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana K. Bhanumathy
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
| | - Amrutha Balagopal
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Cancer Research Department, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
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Engineering Stem Cell Factor Ligands with Different c-Kit Agonistic Potencies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204850. [PMID: 33096693 PMCID: PMC7588011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are major players in signal transduction, regulating cellular activities in both normal regeneration and malignancy. Thus, many RTKs, c-Kit among them, play key roles in the function of both normal and neoplastic cells, and as such constitute attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. We thus sought to manipulate the self-association of stem cell factor (SCF), the cognate ligand of c-Kit, and hence its suboptimal affinity and activation potency for c-Kit. To this end, we used directed evolution to engineer SCF variants having different c-Kit activation potencies. Our yeast-displayed SCF mutant (SCFM) library screens identified altered dimerization potential and increased affinity for c-Kit by specific SCF-variants. We demonstrated the delicate balance between SCF homo-dimerization, c-Kit binding, and agonistic potencies by structural studies, in vitro binding assays and a functional angiogenesis assay. Importantly, our findings showed that a monomeric SCF variant exhibited superior agonistic potency vs. the wild-type SCF protein and vs. other high-affinity dimeric SCF variants. Our data showed that action of the monomeric ligands in binding to the RTK monomers and inducing receptor dimerization and hence activation was superior to that of the wild-type dimeric ligand, which has a higher affinity to RTK dimers but a lower activation potential. The findings of this study on the binding and c-Kit activation of engineered SCF variants thus provides insights into the structure–function dynamics of ligands and RTKs.
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Rahimi M, Behjati F, Hamid Reza KK, Karimlou M, Keyhani E. The Relationship between KIT Copy Number Variation, Protein Expression, and Angiogenesis in Sporadic Breast Cancer. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 9:40-49. [PMID: 32821750 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background KIT is a protooncogene that encodes for the KIT oncoprotein, which is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor that holds a critical role in a variety of normal physiological and pathological processes including angiogenesis. KIT has been shown to be involved in tumorigenesis, contributing to the development of gastrointestinal carcinoma and leukemia. A link between KIT overexpression and breast cancer development has previously been reported. In the current study, we explored KIT gene expression and exonic copy number variants (CNV) and the relationship with angiogenesis (CD34) and the clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Methods MLPA technique was used to determine the CNV in 64 breast cancer tumor samples from patients diagnosed with primary sporadic breast cancer. Results were confirmed by quantitative PCR. Expression of KIT and CD34 was determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Our results show that 28.1% of the tumor samples from patients with primary sporadic breast cancer had CNV in the KIT gene. Among the breast tumor samples, 54.7% showed positive KIT expression. The expression of the CD34 angiogenesis marker was reported in 43.8% of the tumor samples as low, 42.2% as moderate and 14.1% as high. A significant correlation between increased CNV of KIT exons, a high level of angiogenesis (CD34) and increased tumor grade was observed (p< 0.05). Conclusion A significant correlation between the KIT CNV and the angiogenesis marker was found. Examining KIT expression and CNV has the potential to function as a biomarker for tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Behjati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Karimlou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Keyhani
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Center of Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Jin M, Zhang D, Zhao Q, Zhao W, Huang C, Wang X, Duan C, Su Y, Ma X. Apatinib plus retinoic acid as maintenance for children with relapsed stage 4 high-risk neuroblastoma: Two case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20896. [PMID: 32590800 PMCID: PMC7328982 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Many patients present with relapsed high-risk NB after undergoing first-line treatment, and there is no standard therapy available in this setting. PATIENT CONCERNS The present study aimed to present the cases of 2 patients with recurrent high-risk NB. DIAGNOSIS Two children with International Neuroblastoma Stage System stage 4 high-risk NB chemotherapy. The disease recurrent after finishing the treatment. INTERVENTIONS Both patients (34 months old and 41 months old) experienced recurrence, received second-line treatment, and then received maintenance treatment using apatinib plus retinoic acid. The apatinib (10 mg/kg per day) and retinoic acid (160 mg/m per day) were administered on alternating 2-week cycles, which was continued for 1 year. OUTCOMES The 2 patients had achieved complete response by the 1-year follow-up after starting apatinib plus retinoic acid, and did not experience any adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION The outcomes from these cases suggest that apatinib plus isotretinoin might be an option for maintenance therapy in patients with recurrent high-risk NB.
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Khammissa RAG, Ballyram R, Fourie J, Bouckaert M, Lemmer J, Feller L. Selected pathobiological features and principles of pharmacological pain management. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520903653. [PMID: 32408839 PMCID: PMC7232056 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain induced by inflammation and nerve injury arises from abnormal neural activity of primary afferent nociceptors in response to tissue damage, which causes long-term elevation of the sensitivity and responsiveness of spinal cord neurons. Inflammatory pain typically resolves following resolution of inflammation; however, nerve injury-either peripheral or central-may cause persistent neuropathic pain, which frequently manifests as hyperalgesia or allodynia. Neuralgias, malignant metastatic bone disease, and diabetic neuropathy are some of the conditions associated with severe, often unremitting chronic pain that is both physically and psychologically debilitating or disabling. Therefore, optimal pain management for patients with chronic neuropathic pain requires a multimodal approach that comprises pharmacological and psychological interventions. Non-opioid analgesics (e.g., paracetamol, aspirin, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are first-line agents used in the treatment of mild-to-moderate acute pain, while opioids of increasing potency are indicated for the treatment of persistent, moderate-to-severe inflammatory pain. N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonists, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, or a combination of these should be considered for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. This review discusses the various neural signals that mediate acute and chronic pain, as well as the general principles of pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Abdool Gafaar Khammissa
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho
University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of
Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Raoul Ballyram
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho
University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeanine Fourie
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho
University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael Bouckaert
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Sefako Makgatho
University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan Lemmer
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho
University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Liviu Feller
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho
University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor 2DL4 (CD158d) Regulates Human Mast Cells both Positively and Negatively: Possible Roles in Pregnancy and Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030954. [PMID: 32023940 PMCID: PMC7037260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 2DL4 (CD158d) was previously thought to be a human NK cell-specific protein. Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions via their KIT-mediated and FcɛRI-mediated responses. We recently detected the expression of KIR2DL4 in human cultured mast cells established from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers (PB-mast), in the human mast cell line LAD2, and in human tissue mast cells. Agonistic antibodies against KIR2DL4 negatively regulate the KIT-mediated and FcɛRI-mediated responses of PB-mast and LAD2 cells. In addition, agonistic antibodies and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, a natural ligand for KIR2DL4, induce the secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor and serine proteases from human mast cells, which have been implicated in pregnancy establishment and cancer metastasis. Therefore, KIR2DL4 stimulation with agonistic antibodies and recombinant HLA-G protein may enhance both processes, in addition to suppressing mast-cell-mediated allergic reactions.
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Shubhankar G, Singh R, Vats M, Reddy A, Solanki N. Current Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. MAMC JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/mamcjms.mamcjms_81_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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24
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ATİLLA MK, AVCI B, İRKILATA L, AYDIN M, BİTKİN A, KELEŞ M, YÜCEL İ, ULUBAY M. Does transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy of the prostate lead to possible further metastasis via circulating tumor cells? Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:1701-1706. [PMID: 31655516 PMCID: PMC7518687 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1904-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim We evaluate whether transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy might lead to spillage of tumor cells into peripheral blood as a result of disruption of the epithelial barrier and ultimately result in metastasis. Materials and methods Eighty-eight patients underwent TRUS-guided prostate needle biopsy due to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) increase or abnormal digital rectal examination at the Samsun Research and Training Hospital (Samsun, Turkey) between April 2016 and September 2018. Approximately 10 mL of whole blood was collected from patients before, 1 week after, and 1 month after biopsy. Samples were analyzed for CD117 positivity and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) levels using flow cytometry. Patients with pathologically determined prostate cancer and without CD117 positivity before biopsy were included in the study. The study group thus consisted of 55 patients. Results Subjects’ PSA levels ranged from 2.3 to 40.0 ng/mL (median: 7.9 ng/mL), and their Gleason score was a median of 7 (range: 5–9). PSMA levels ranged between 9.3 ng/mL and 118.5 ng/mL and CD117 antigen levels between 0 and 5. We detected no CD117- positive cells in blood samples collected 7 days or 1 month after biopsy. Conclusion We detected no circulating tumor cells in the peripheral circulation following biopsy. Prostate needle biopsy seems to be a safe method in terms of spillage of tumor cells into blood circulation as a possible cause of further metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahattin AVCI
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, SamsunTurkey
| | - Lokman İRKILATA
- Department of Urology, Samsun Research and Training Hospital, SamsunTurkey
| | - Mustafa AYDIN
- Department of Urology, Samsun Research and Training Hospital, SamsunTurkey
| | - Alper BİTKİN
- Department of Urology, Samsun Research and Training Hospital, SamsunTurkey
| | - Mevlüt KELEŞ
- Department of Urology, Samsun Research and Training Hospital, SamsunTurkey
| | - İnci YÜCEL
- Department of Pathology, Samsun Research and Training Hospital, SamsunTurkey
| | - Mahmut ULUBAY
- Department of Urology, Samsun Research and Training Hospital, SamsunTurkey
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25
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Nordgaard C, Doll S, Matos ALDSA, Høeberg M, Kazi JU, Friis S, Stenvang J, Rönnstrand L, Mann M, Manuel Afonso Moreira J. Metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1) promotes receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit signaling in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2646-2662. [PMID: 31545548 PMCID: PMC6887592 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide causing an estimated 700 000 deaths annually. Different types of treatment are available for patients with advanced metastatic colorectal cancer, including targeted biological agents, such as cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that targets EGFR. We have previously reported a study indicating multiple levels of interaction between metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP‐1) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling axis, which could explain how TIMP‐1 levels can affect the antitumor effects of EGFR inhibitors. We also reported an association between TIMP‐1‐mediated cell invasive behavior and KRAS status. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of TIMP‐1 in CRC, we examined by transcriptomics, proteomics, and kinase activity profiling a matched pair of isogenic human CRC isogenic DLD‐1 CRC cell clones, bearing either an hemizygous KRAS wild‐type allele or KRAS G13D mutant allele, exposed, or not, to TIMP‐1. Omics analysis of the two cell lines identified the receptor tyrosine kinase c‐Kit, a proto‐oncogene that can modulate cell proliferation and invasion in CRC, as a target for TIMP‐1. We found that exposure of DLD‐1 CRC cells to exogenously added TIMP‐1 promoted phosphorylation of c‐Kit, indicative of a stimulatory effect of TIMP‐1 on the c‐Kit signaling axis. In addition, TIMP‐1 inhibited c‐Kit shedding in CRC cells grown in the presence of exogenous TIMP‐1. Given the regulatory roles that c‐Kit plays in cell proliferation and migration, and the realization that c‐Kit is an important oncogene in CRC, it is likely that some of the biological effects of TIMP‐1 overexpression in CRC may be exerted through its effect on c‐Kit signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Nordgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophia Doll
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mikkel Høeberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julhash Uddin Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Stine Friis
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Stenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Sweden.,Division of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José Manuel Afonso Moreira
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gong Y, He X, Li Q, He J, Bian B, Li Y, Ge L, Zeng Y, Xu H, Yin ZQ. SCF/SCFR signaling plays an important role in the early morphogenesis and neurogenesis of human embryonic neural retina. Development 2019; 146:dev.174409. [PMID: 31548215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell factor receptor (SCFR) has been demonstrated to be expressed in the neural retina of mice, rat and human for decades. Previous reports indicated that the SCFR correlates with glia differentiation of late retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), retinal vasculogenesis and homeostasis of the blood-retinal barrier. However, the role of SCF/SCFR signaling in the growth and development of the neural retina (NR), especially in the early embryonic stage, remains poorly understood. Here, we show that SCF/SCFR signaling orchestrates invagination of the human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived NR via regulation of cell cycle progression, cytoskeleton dynamic and apical constriction of RPCs in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ). Furthermore, activation of SCF/SCFR signaling promotes neurogenesis in the central-most NR via acceleration of the migration of immature ganglion cells and repressing apoptosis. Our study reveals an unreported role for SCF/SCFR signaling in controlling ciliary marginal cellular behaviors during early morphogenesis and neurogenesis of the human embryonic NR, providing a new potential therapeutic target for human congenital eye diseases such as anophthalmia, microphthalmia and congenital high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiangyu He
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Qiyou Li
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Juncai He
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Baishijiao Bian
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yijian Li
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Linlin Ge
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China .,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China .,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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27
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Reichardt P, Schlemmer M, Delgado Perez JR, Papai Z, Prausova J, Melichar B, Fumagalli E, Barone C, Bauer S, Pustowka A, Crippa S, Castellana R, Quiering C, Le Cesne A. Safety of Imatinib Mesylate in a Multicenter Expanded Access Program in Adult Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in the Adjuvant Setting. Oncol Res Treat 2019; 42:629-635. [PMID: 31550719 DOI: 10.1159/000502749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors most often caused by activating mutations of the KIT gene. KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors provide targeted therapy for the underlying genetic mutation, and adjuvant therapy is indicated for patients who are at significant risk of relapse following GIST resection. This is a report of the safety of imatinib in patients with GIST in the adjuvant setting in an expanded access program. METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial, safety was assessed based on the frequency of adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Three hundred patients were treated and analyzed; 40 patients discontinued treatment. Median overall exposure during the program was 181 days (range 9-420); most patients (260/300 treated) completed the study. Six patients had disease recurrence, 4 of whom discontinued. In line with previously published reports, the most frequent AEs were nausea, diarrhea, and periorbital edema. The AEs were mild to moderate in most cases (76%). CONCLUSIONS These findings are in agreement with the known safety profile of imatinib and confirm the safety of imatinib at 400 mg/day in the adjuvant setting. The incidence of severe AEs was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reichardt
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care, Sarcoma Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Helios Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Schlemmer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,
| | - Juan R Delgado Perez
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Zsuzsanna Papai
- Department of Oncology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defense Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jana Prausova
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Motol, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Elena Fumagalli
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumour and Rare Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Barone
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Axel Le Cesne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute of Oncology, Villejuif, France
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Zuidema S, Desar IME, van Erp NP, Kievit W. Optimizing the dose in patients treated with imatinib as first line treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumours: A cost-effectiveness study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:1994-2001. [PMID: 31112617 PMCID: PMC6710511 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are treated in first line with the oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, until progressive disease. With this fixed dosing regimen, only approximately 40% of patients reach adequate plasma levels within the therapeutic index. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a solution to reach plasma levels within the therapeutic index. However, introducing TDM will also increase costs, due to prolonged imatinib use and laboratory costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of TDM in patients with metastatic/unresectable GIST treated with imatinib as a first line treatment, compared with fixed dosing. Methods A survival model was created to simulate progression, mortality and treatment costs over a 5‐year time horizon, comparing fixed dosing vs TDM‐guided dosing. The outcomes measured were treatments costs, life‐years and quality‐adjusted life‐years. Results Total costs over the 5‐year time horizon were estimated to be €106 994.85 and €150 477.08 for fixed dosing vs TDM‐guided dosing, respectively. A quality‐adjusted life year gain of 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.66–0.90) was estimated with TDM‐guided dosing compared to fixed dosing. An average incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of €58 785.70 per quality‐adjusted life year gained was found, mainly caused by longer use and higher dosages of imatinib. Conclusion Based on the currently available data, this analysis suggests that TDM‐guided dosing may be a cost‐effective intervention for patients with metastatic/unresectable GIST treated with imatinib which will be improved when imatinib losses its patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Zuidema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M E Desar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nielka P van Erp
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wietske Kievit
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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A juxtacrine/paracrine loop between C-Kit and stem cell factor promotes cancer stem cell survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:412. [PMID: 31138788 PMCID: PMC6538673 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptors tyrosine kinase (RTK) enable normal and tumor cells to perceive and adapt to stimuli present in the microenvironment. These stimuli, also known as growth factors, are important molecular cues actively supporting cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal and viability. Since in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) the expression of c-Kit (CD117) has been identified as a CSC hallmark, we investigated the existence of a tumor growth-promoting loop between c-Kit and its ligand Stem Cell Factor (SCF). SCF exists as a soluble or transmembrane protein and through c-Kit interaction regulates cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation both in physiological and pathological conditions. High amounts of SCF were found in the ascitic effusions collected from EOC patients. While tumor cells and CSC only expressed the membrane-associated SCF isoform, both secreted and membrane-bound isoforms were expressed by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM, here shown to be M2-like) and fibroblasts (TAF). Circulating monocytes from EOC-bearing patients and healthy donors did not express both SCF isoforms. However, monocytes isolated from healthy donors produced SCF upon in vitro differentiation into macrophages, irrespectively of M1 or M2 polarization. In vitro, both SCF isoforms were able to activate the Akt pathway in c-Kit+ cells, and this effect was counteracted by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. In addition, our results indicated that SCF could help c-Kit+ CSC survival in selective culture conditions and promote their canonical stemness properties, thus indicating the possible existence of a juxtacrine/paracrine circuit in EOC.
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Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Glivec [Novartis, Basel, Switzerland], formerly referred to as STI571 or CGP57148B) represents the paradigm of a new class of anticancer agents, so-called small molecules. They have a high selectivity against a specific molecular target known to be the cause for the establishment and maintenance of the malignant phenotype. Imatinib is a rationally designed oral signal transduction inhibitor that specifically targets several protein tyrosine kinases, Abl, Arg (Abl-related gene), the stem cell factor receptor (c-KIT), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), and their oncogenic forms, most notably BCR-ABL. Imatinib has been shown to have remarkable clinical activity in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and malignant gastrointestinal stroma tumors (GIST) leading to its approval for treatment of these diseases. Treatment with imatinib is generally well tolerated with a low incidence of severe side effects. The most common adverse events include mild to moderate edema, muscle cramps, diarrhea, nausea, skin rashes, and myelosuppression. Several mechanisms of resistance have been identified. Clonal evolution, amplification, or overexpression of BCR-ABL as well as mutations in the catalytic domain, P-loop, and other mutations have been demonstrated to play a role in primary and secondary resistance to imatinib, respectively. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms of resistance has led to the development of new second- and third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (see chapters on dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius F Waller
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Colonic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Population-Based Analysis of Incidence and Survival. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019; 2019:3849850. [PMID: 31097960 PMCID: PMC6487105 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3849850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The incidence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) located in the colon is rare. Current studies mainly focus on case reports for colonic GISTs. Therefore, a population-based analysis was useful to guide the clinical treatment strategy. Methods The patients were selected from 2000 to 2015 based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients' demographics, tumor characteristics, incidence, treatment, and survival were retrieved for analysis. Results 249 cases of colonic GISTs were collected. The male-female ratio was close to 1 : 1 (male 51.41%, female 48.59%). Most cases were Caucasians (70.28%), and African Americans accounted for 19.68%. Age of diagnosis ranged from 21 to 93 years with a median (mean) age of 67.5 (65.56). The incidence was rare, only 0.018 per 100,000. It had an annual percentage change (APC = -0.7728) without statistical significance (P = 0.5127) while the incidence of other GISTs increased from 2000 to 2015, with an annual percentage change of 3.9% (P = 0.0001). Surgery was associated with better prognosis whereas chemotherapy did not impact the survival rate. Conclusion Colonic GIST is a rare solid tumor, and the incidence is stable. The entity has a poorer prognosis than other GISTs. Surgery improved the survival rate, while chemotherapy did not.
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Wang SY, Wu CE, Lai CC, Chen JS, Tsai CY, Cheng CT, Yeh TS, Yeh CN. Prospective Evaluation of Neoadjuvant Imatinib Use in Locally Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Emphasis on the Optimal Duration of Neoadjuvant Imatinib Use, Safety, and Oncological Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030424. [PMID: 30934606 PMCID: PMC6468640 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant imatinib therapy has been proposed for routine practice with favorable long-term results for patients with locally advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). However, clarification of the optimal duration, safety, and oncological outcomes of neoadjuvant imatinib use before surgical intervention remains necessary. Methods: We prospectively analyzed the treatment outcomes of 51 patients with locally advanced, nonmetastatic GISTs treated with neoadjuvant imatinib followed by surgery. The optimal duration was defined as the timepoint when there was a <10% change in the treatment response or a size decrease of less than 5 mm between two consecutive computed tomography scans. Results: Primary tumors were located in the stomach (23/51; 45%), followed by the rectum (17/51; 33%), ileum/jejunum (9/51; 18%), and esophagus (2/51; 4%). The median maximal shrinkage time was 6.1 months, beyond which further treatment may not be beneficial. However, the maximal shrinkage time was 4.3 months for the stomach, 8.6 months for the small bowel and 6.9 months for the rectum. The R0 tumor resection rate in 27 patients after neoadjuvant imatinib and surgery was 81.5%, and 70.4% of resection procedures succeeded in organ preservation. However, 10 of 51 patients (19.6%) had complications following neoadjuvant imatinib use (six from imatinib and four from surgery). Conclusion: Our analysis supports treating GIST patients with neoadjuvant imatinib, which demonstrated favorable long-term results of combined therapy. However, careful monitoring of complications is necessary. The optimal duration of neoadjuvant imatinib use before surgical intervention is, on average, 6.1 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yu Wang
- GIST Team, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chiao-En Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chi Lai
- GIST Team, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Shi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yi Tsai
- GIST Team, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Tung Cheng
- GIST Team, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- GIST Team, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- GIST Team, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Alfaleh MA, Arora N, Yeh M, de Bakker CJ, Howard CB, Macpherson P, Allavena RE, Chen X, Harkness L, Mahler SM, Jones ML. Canine CD117-Specific Antibodies with Diverse Binding Properties Isolated from a Phage Display Library Using Cell-Based Biopanning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 31544821 PMCID: PMC6640692 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 (c-Kit) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in multiple dog tumors. There is 100% homology between the juxtamembrane domain of human and canine CD117, and many cancer-causing mutations occur in this region in both species. Thus, CD117 is an important target for cancer treatment in dogs and for comparative oncology studies. Currently, there is no monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically designed to target the exposed region of canine CD117, although there exist some with species cross-reactivity. We panned a naïve phage display library to isolate antibodies against recombinant CD117 on whole cells. Several mAbs were isolated and were shown to bind recombinant canine CD117 at low- to sub-nanomolar affinity. Additionally, binding to native canine CD117 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry. Competitive binding assays also identified mAbs that competed with the CD117 receptor-specific ligand, the stem cell factor (SCF). These results show the ability of our cell-based biopanning strategy to isolate a panel of antibodies that have varied characteristics when used in different binding assays. These in vitro/ex vivo assessments suggest that some of the isolated mAbs might be promising candidates for targeting overexpressed CD117 in canine cancers for different useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Neetika Arora
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Yeh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher J de Bakker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Philip Macpherson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Linda Harkness
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Xu J, Zheng J, Fu X, Wu W, Tao L, Li D, Lin D. Inhibition of N822K T>A mutation-induced constitutive c-KIT activation in AML cells triggers apoptotic and autophagic pathways leading to death. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:757-765. [PMID: 31217744 PMCID: PMC6566732 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.33532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The D816V mutation of c-KIT can constitutively activate tyrosine kinase, thereby promote core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Previous studies have indicated similar proliferation and apoptosis between N822K and D816V mutations.The current study aims to determine the occurrence and potential functions of N822K mutation-induced c-KIT activation in AML cells, and explore possible mechanisms of poor prognosis of CBF-AML. Methods: c-KIT N822K mutation status in AML cells was determined by exon 17 sequencing. The level of c-KIT expression was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and colony formation was assessed after hu-SCF stimulation. After exposure to sunitinib (a kind of tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI), cell proliferation inhibition was tested by MTT, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by FCM, autophagy was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. Results: Kasumi-1 cell line was detected to bear c-KIT N822K (T>A) mutation. After hu-SCF stimulation, CD117 expression was decreased and the colony formation efficiency was not altered in Kasumi-1 cells. After sunitinib inhibited the c-KIT activity, the colony formation efficiency was reduced, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of sunitinib was low (0.44±0.17μM) at 48 hours. Moreover, cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase, corresponding to an increase of apoptosis ratio. Acidic vesicular organelles (AVO) were observed along with an altered expression of autophagy-related proteins in Kasumi-1 cells. Conclusions: Our data indicated that inhibition of N822K T>A mutation-induced constitutive c-KIT activation in AML cells triggered apoptotic and autophagic pathways leading to death, and c-KIT N822K mutation may have clinical application as a CBF-AML treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001 China
| | - Jinyuan Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001 China
| | - Xiaomeng Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001 China
| | - Linfen Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001 China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350014 China
| | - Donghong Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001 China
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Rahimi M, Behjat F, Taheri N, Hosseini S, Khorram Khorshid HR, Aghakhani Moghaddam F, Karimlou M, Ghasemi S, Bazazzadegan N, SiratI F, KeyhanI E. Correlation between important genes of mTOR pathway ( PI3K and KIT) in Iranian women with sporadic breast cancer. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2018; 32:135. [PMID: 30815430 PMCID: PMC6387810 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.32.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial pathway in the angiogenesis, tumour growth and cell differentiation of several cancers. The PI3K and KIT genes are key genes of this pathway. Previous studies have reported the importance of these genes in the development of gastrointestinal carcinoma, leukaemia, and melanomas. The role of mutations and overexpression of PI3K and KIT genes in breast cancer has been previously proved. This study investigates the correlation between PI3K and KIT gene mutations in sporadic breast cancer. Methods: Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) technique was used to determine the Copy Number Variation (CNV) of PI3K and KIT genes in 34 breast cancer tumours and PCR-sequencing was used to detect the mutation in PI3K exons 9 and 20. Results: Our results reported that 27% of patients had CNV of the KIT gene; whereas, 20% and 17.5% of patients, had mutation and CNV in the PI3K gene, respectively. We did not found a significant correlation between the mutations of PI3K and KIT genes. Conclusion: About two-tenth of the patients revealed CNV and lesser than two-tenth indicated mutation in the PI3K gene, whereas one-third of the patients demonstrated CNV in the KIT gene. Thus, administration of the PI3K and KIT gene inhibitor drugs might be proposed to suppress breast cancer in patients with mutation and CNV of each of these individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Behjat
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Taheri
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Hosseini
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Masoud Karimlou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saghar Ghasemi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Bazazzadegan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoon SiratI
- Cancer Institute, Department of surgery- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe KeyhanI
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tang J, Zhao R, Zheng X, Xu L, Wang Y, Feng L, Ren S, Wang P, Zhang M, Xu M. Using the recurrence risk score by Joensuu to assess patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with adjuvant imatinib: A retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11400. [PMID: 30024511 PMCID: PMC6086542 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, Joensuu and colleagues devised the first recurrence risk score (RRS) to identify the risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) recurrence. However, there are scarce data available on RRS effectiveness and efficiency. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed clinical data to validate Joensuu's RRS in patients treated with adjuvant imatinib.In this retrospective cohort study, data were collected from patients with GIST who were treated with adjuvant imatinib between December 2005 and May 2017 in the West China Hospital. The study consisted of 137 patients, after application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was the primary end point.The RRSs for 137 patients were divided into 3 groups: low (n = 46), medium (n = 48), and high (n = 43). The RFSs of the 3 groups were significantly different (P < .001). In patients who received adjuvant imatinib for <36 months, the RFS difference was also significant (P < .001), and the result was similar in patients treated with adjuvant imatinib for ≥36 months (P = .03). The area under the curve of the RRS was 0.84 ([95% confidence interval] 0.76-0.92, P < .001), suggesting that the RRS method could accurately assess recurrence risks for patients with GIST who were treated with adjuvant imatinib.It is appropriate to apply the RRS method to assess recurrence risks for patients with GIST who were treated with adjuvant imatinib. A longer adjuvant imatinib duration is recommended for high-risk patients with GIST. It is also important to identify a more effective treatment for patients who are resistant to imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | | | | | - Yong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Hussein HAM, Okafor IB, Walker LR, Abdel-Raouf UM, Akula SM. Cellular and viral oncogenes: the key to unlocking unknowns of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2633-2643. [PMID: 29936609 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses carry an extensive arsenal of oncogenes for hijacking cellular pathways. Notably, variations in oncogenes among tumor-producing viruses give rise to different mechanisms for cellular transformation. Specifically, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus able to infect and transform a variety of cell types. The oncogenicity of KSHV disseminates from the virus' ability to induce and encode a wide variety of both cellular and viral oncogenes. Such an array of cellular and viral oncogenes enables KSHV to induce the malignant phenotype of a KSHV-associated cancer. Evolutionarily, KSHV has acquired many oncogenic homologues capable of inducing cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell survival, and immune evasion. Integration between inducing and encoding oncogenes plays a vital role in KSHV pathogenicity. KSHV is alleged to harbor the highest number of potential oncogenes by which a virus promotes cellular transformation and malignancy. Many KSHV inducing/encoding oncogenes are mainly expressed during the latent phase of KSHV infection, a period required for virus establishment of malignant cellular transformation. Elucidation of the exact mechanism(s) by which oncogenes promote KSHV pathogenicity would not only give rise to potential novel therapeutic targets/drugs but would also add to our understanding of cancer biology. The scope of this review is to examine the roles of the most important cellular and viral oncogenes involved in KSHV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Ikenna B Okafor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Lia R Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Usama M Abdel-Raouf
- Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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Kondi-Pafiti A, Arkadopoulos N, Gennatas C, Michalaki V, Frangou-Plegmenou M, Chatzipantelis P. Expression of c-kit in Common Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/548.6519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aims and background c-kit (CD117) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that acts as a type III receptor for mast cell growth factor. In recent years, the role of c-kit in the development of preinvasive and invasive breast carcinomas has been investigated. The aim of our study was to detect c-kit expression in the entire spectrum of common benign and malignant breast lesions in correlation with a well-studied myoepithelial or stem-cell like marker (p63). Methods and study design We evaluated 270 cases of benign and malignant breast lesions including fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma, sclerosing adenosis, atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal/lobular carcinoma in situ, and ductal/lobular/mixed type carcinoma. C-kit staining was evaluated in the cytoplasm/cell membrane in epithelial and myoepithelial cells and p63 in the nuclei of myoepithelial cells. Results c-kit was highly expressed (85.3%) in benign lesions (fibrocystic disease, sclerosing adenosis, fibroadenoma), and p63 expression was 95.5% in the aforementioned lesions. c-kit distribution in preinvasive and invasive lesions was as follows: ductal/lobular carcinoma in-situ, 43%/35%; ductal/lobular carcinoma, 36%/39%; and mixed type carcinoma, 20%. c-kit was highly expressed in myofibroblast/fibroblast cells only in grade III ductal/lobular carcinomas. c-kit was totally absent in stromal cells in benign lesions and in situ carcinomas whereas expression was weak in grade I and II carcinomas. Conclusions Combined overexpression of c-kit and p63 is indicative of benign breast lesions. In contrast, there is reduced expression of c-kit in in situ and invasive breast carcinomas, with simultaneous overexpression in the stromal cells. This suggests that c-kit may play a role in breast cancer progression. Free full text available at www.tumorionline.it
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Kondi-Pafiti
- Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Gennatas
- Oncology Clinic, Aretaieion Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Michalaki
- Oncology Clinic, Aretaieion Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Raghav PK, Singh AK, Gangenahalli G. A change in structural integrity of c-Kit mutant D816V causes constitutive signaling. Mutat Res 2018; 808:28-38. [PMID: 29482074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several signaling pathways, ligands, and genes that regulate proliferative and self-renewal properties of the Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) have been studied meticulously. One of the signaling pathways that play a crucial role in the process of hematopoiesis is the Stem Cell Factor (SCF) mediated c-Kit pathway. The c-Kit is a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK), which is expressed in the cells including HSCs. It undergoes dimerization upon binding with its cognate ligand SCF. As a result, phosphorylation of the Juxtamembrane (JM) domain of c-Kit takes place at Tyr568 and Tyr570 residues. These phosphorylated residues become the docking sites for protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) namely SHP-1 and SHP-2, which in turn cause dephosphorylation and negative regulation of the downstream signaling responsible for the cell proliferation. Interestingly, it has been reported that the mutation of c-Kit at D816V makes it independent of SCF stimulation and SHP-1/SHP-2 inhibition, thereby, causing its constitutive activation. The present study was commenced to elucidate the structural behavior of this mutation in the JM and A-loop region of c-Kit using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of the wild-type and mutant c-Kit in unphosphorylated and phosphorylated states. The energy difference computed between the wild type and mutant (D816V) c-Kit, and protein-protein docking and complex analysis revealed the impact of this single residue mutation on the integrity dynamics of c-Kit that makes it independent of SHP-1/SHP-2 negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brigadier S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Singh
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brigadier S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Gurudutta Gangenahalli
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brigadier S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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40
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Kuribayashi W, Takizawa K, Sugata K, Kuramitsu M, Momose H, Sasaki E, Hiradate Y, Furuhata K, Asada Y, Iwama A, Matsuoka M, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I. Impact of the SCF signaling pathway on leukemia stem cell-mediated ATL initiation and progression in an HBZ transgenic mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51027-51043. [PMID: 27340921 PMCID: PMC5239456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignant disease caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. In aggressive ATL, the response to chemotherapy is extremely poor. We hypothesized that this poor response is due to the existence of chemotherapy-resistant cells, such as leukemic stem cells. Previously, we successfully identified an ATL stem cell (ATLSC) candidate as the c-kit+/CD38−/CD71− cells in an ATL mouse model using Tax transgenic mice. Here, with a new ATL mouse model using HBZ-transgenic mice, we further discovered that the functional ATLSC candidate, which commonly expresses c-kit, is drug-resistant and has the ability to initiate tumors and reconstitute lymphomatous cells. We characterized the ATLSCs as c-kit+/CD4−/CD8− cells and found that they have a similar gene expression profile as T cell progenitors. Additionally, we found that AP-1 gene family members, including Junb, Jund, and Fosb, were up-regulated in the ATLSC fraction. The results of an in vitro assay showed that ATLSCs cultured with cytokines known to promote stem cell expansion, such as stem cell factor (SCF), showed highly proliferative activity and maintained their stem cell fraction. Inhibition of c-kit–SCF signaling with the neutralizing antibody ACK2 affected ATLSC self-renewal and proliferation. Experiments in Sl/Sld mice, which have a mutation in the membrane-bound c-kit ligand, found that ATL development was completely blocked in these mice. These results clearly suggest that the c-kit–SCF signal plays a key role in ATLSC self-renewal and in ATL initiation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Kuribayashi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takizawa
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugata
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiradate
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Furuhata
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Asada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
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Huang Y, Zhao R, Cui Y, Wang Y, Xia L, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Wu X. Effect of Gastrointestinal Bleeding on Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:363-369. [PMID: 29346334 PMCID: PMC5784333 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The contemporary risk classification criteria of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) may still have room to improve. The aim of our research was to analyze the impact factors for GIST patients’ relapse-free survival (RFS). Furthermore, we explore whether gastrointestinal (1) bleeding will be a valuable indicator to predict GIST patients’ prognosis. Material/Methods R0 resection GISTs patients were retrospectively enrolled during an 8-year period at West China Hospital of Sichuan University, and all patients’ data were from the WCHSU-GIST database. Of a total of 333 GIST patients, 164 patients had GI bleeding. Univariate analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to calculate the survival and recurrence rates. Results Compared with non-GI-bleeding patients, GI-bleeding patients had a shorter relapse-free survival (RFS, P=0.003), but among the different risk groups, GI bleeding only affected the RFS rate of the high-risk group. A Cox regression analysis illustrated that tumor site (P<0.001), tumor size (P=0.009), mitotic index (P<0.001), tumor rupture (P<0.001), and GI-bleeding (P=0.01) were independent indicators for GIST patients’ RFS. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the RFS of GIST patients with GI bleeding was significantly shorter than that of non-GI-bleeding patients, and GI bleeding was an independent negative factor predicting RFS, while GI bleeding had more influence among high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yaping Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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Adjuvant imatinib for patients with high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16834. [PMID: 29203825 PMCID: PMC5715066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The duration of adjuvant imatinib for high-risk patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is still controversial. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the data of high-risk patients with GISTs to investigate the appropriate duration. All 185 patients were divided into 4 groups: <1 year (Group A), 1–2 years (Group B), 2–3 years (Group C) and >3 years (Group D). The mean recurrence-free survival (RFS) in Groups A, B, and C were 44.3, 62.1, and 86.8 months, respectively (P < 0.001); the mean overall survival (OS) in Groups A, B and C was 75.2, 88.1, and 94.7 months, respectively (P = 0.009). The 5-year RFS in Groups A, B, C, and D was 15%, 26%, 83%, and 100%, respectively (P < 0.001); and the 5-year OS was 64%, 88%, 88%, and 100%, respectively (P < 0.001). The greatest impact on unfavorable outcomes was the tumor mitotic rate (HR, 2.01, 95% CI, 1.38–2.94; P < 0.001). Duration of adjuvant imatinib was the only favorable factor (HR, −0.95, 95% CI, 0.93–0.97; P < 0.001). For high-risk patients with high tumor size or mitotic rate, or non-gastric GISTs, we recommend that more than 3 years of adjuvant imatinib is feasible.
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Cardoso L, Stevenson M, Thakker RV. Molecular genetics of syndromic and non-syndromic forms of parathyroid carcinoma. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:1621-1648. [PMID: 28881068 PMCID: PMC5698716 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) may occur as part of a complex hereditary syndrome or an isolated (i.e., non-syndromic) non-hereditary (i.e., sporadic) endocrinopathy. Studies of hereditary and syndromic forms of PC, which include the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT), multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2 (MEN1 and MEN2), and familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism (FIHP), have revealed some genetic mechanisms underlying PC. Thus, cell division cycle 73 (CDC73) germline mutations cause HPT-JT, and CDC73 mutations occur in 70% of sporadic PC, but in only ∼2% of parathyroid adenomas. Moreover, CDC73 germline mutations occur in 20%-40% of patients with sporadic PC and may reveal unrecognized HPT-JT. This indicates that CDC73 mutations are major driver mutations in the etiology of PCs. However, there is no genotype-phenotype correlation and some CDC73 mutations (e.g., c.679_680insAG) have been reported in patients with sporadic PC, HPT-JT, or FIHP. Other genes involved in sporadic PC include germline MEN1 and rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations and somatic alterations of the retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) and tumor protein P53 (TP53) genes, as well as epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and histone modifications, and microRNA misregulation. This review summarizes the genetics and epigenetics of the familial syndromic and non-syndromic (sporadic) forms of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Cardoso
- Department of EndocrinologyDiabetes and MetabolismCentro Hospitalar e Universitário de CoimbraPraceta Prof Mota PintoCoimbraPortugal
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineAcademic Endocrine UnitOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineAcademic Endocrine UnitOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rajesh V. Thakker
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineAcademic Endocrine UnitOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Hassanpour SH, Dehghani M. Review of cancer from perspective of molecular. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrpr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Burney IA, Lakhtakia R. Precision Medicine: Where have we reached and where are we headed? Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17:e255-e258. [PMID: 29062546 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2017.17.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram A Burney
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ritu Lakhtakia
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Necchi A, Lo Vullo S, Giannatempo P, Raggi D, Calareso G, Togliardi E, Crippa F, Pennati M, Zaffaroni N, Perrone F, Busico A, Colecchia M, Nicolai N, Mariani L, Salvioni R. Pazopanib in advanced germ cell tumors after chemotherapy failure: results of the open-label, single-arm, phase 2 Pazotest trial. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:1346-1351. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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A Review of the Aetiopathogenesis and Clinical and Histopathological Features of Oral Mucosal Melanoma. ScientificWorldJournal 2017. [PMID: 28638859 PMCID: PMC5468585 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9189812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal melanoma is an uncommon, usually heavily melanin-pigmented, but occasionally amelanotic aggressive tumour with a poor prognosis. Despite radical surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, local recurrence and distant metastasis are frequent. Microscopical examination is essential for diagnosis, and routine histological staining must be supplemented by immunohistochemical studies. The aetiology is unknown, the pathogenesis is poorly understood, and the 5-year survival rate rarely exceeds 30%. In most cases, oral mucosal melanoma arises from epithelial melanocytes in the basal layer of the epithelium and less frequently from immature melanocytes arrested in the lamina propria. In both cases the melanocytes undergo malignant transformation, invade deeper tissues, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes and to distant sites. Very rarely metastasis from skin melanoma may give rise to oral mucosal melanoma that may be mistaken for primary oral mucosal melanoma. The pathogenesis of oral mucosal melanoma is complex involving multiple interactions between cytogenetic factors including dysregulation of the cKit signalling pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell-to-cell interactions on the one hand and melanin itself, melanin intermediates, and local microenvironmental agents regulating melanogenesis on the other hand. The detailed mechanisms that initiate the malignant transformation of oral melanocytes and thereafter sustain and promote the process of melanomagenesis are unknown.
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Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Ronellenfitsch U, Cheng C, Pan L, Sachpekidis C, Hohenberger P, Henzler T. Imaging therapy response of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) with FDG PET, CT and MRI: a systematic review. Clin Transl Imaging 2017; 5:183-197. [PMID: 29104864 PMCID: PMC5658474 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Improvement of the therapeutic approaches in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) by the introduction of targeted therapies requires appropriate diagnostic tools, which allow sufficient assessment of therapeutic response, including differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression due to myxoid degeneration or intratumoral hemorrhage. In this literature review the impact and limitations of different imaging modalities used in GIST therapy monitoring are discussed. Methods PubMed and Cochrane library search were performed using appropriate keywords. Overall, 39 original papers fulfilled the defined criteria and were included in this systematic review. Results Morphological imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT) are primarily used for both diagnosis and therapy monitoring. However, therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other targeted therapies in GIST may lead only to a minor tumor volume reduction even in cases of response. Therefore, the use of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) has limitations. To overcome those limitations, modified response criteria have been introduced for the CT-based therapy assessment, like the Choi criteria as well as criteria based on dual energy CT studies. Functional imaging techniques, mostly based on FDG PET-CT are in use, in particular for the assessment of early treatment response. Conclusions The impact and the limitations of PET-based therapy monitoring, as well as its comparison with CT, MRI and survival data are discussed in this review. CT is still the standard method for the evaluation of therapy response despite its several limitations. FDG PET-CT is helpful for the assessment of early therapy response; however, more prospective data are needed to define its role as well as the appropriate time intervals for therapy monitoring. A multiparametric evaluation based on changes in both morphological and functional data has to be assessed in further prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ronellenfitsch
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Caixia Cheng
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leyun Pan
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christos Sachpekidis
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hohenberger
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Henzler
- Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach is the most common site of origin. Management of GISTs changed after the introduction of molecularly targeted therapies. Although the only potentially curative treatment of resectable primary GISTs is surgery, recurrence is common. Patients with primary GISTs at intermediate or high risk of recurrence should receive imatinib postoperatively. Imatinib is also first-line therapy for advanced disease. Cytoreductive surgery might be considered in advanced GIST for patients with stable/responding disease or limited focal progression on tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. GIST requires multidisciplinary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Z Keung
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1484, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mollania F, Raissi H. Evaluation of solvent and ion effects upon leflunomide adsorption characteristics on (6,0) zigzag single-walled carbon nanotube and immobilized dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity: A computational DFT and experimental study. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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