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Kluthcovsky LC, Jennifer M, Merisio TM, Castro JLC, Filho JRE. Treatment of mammary gland tumors in bitches: effects of sodium dichloroacetate as neoadjuvant therapy. J Vet Med Sci 2024:23-0393. [PMID: 38692860 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastectomy is the standard treatment for mammary gland tumors in dogs. In addition to traditional therapy, sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) can act as target therapy, as it may promote autophagy, reduce metastatic potential, and tumor proliferation in mammary tumor cell lines. This study aimed to analyze the effects of DCA as preoperative therapy for mammary tumors in bitches. Nineteen animals were selected, and they received DCA at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally every 12 hr, for 15 days. The periodic evaluation included hematological analysis (complete blood count and biochemical markers), evaluation of gastrointestinal adverse effects, evaluation of tumor volume, histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical evaluation (Ki67 and cyclooxygenase-2/COX-2 markers). After treatment, there was a significant reduction in hematocrit (P=0.02) and leukocyte (P=0.04) means. Despite the variations for these two hematological parameters, the means remained within the reference range for the species. There were two cases of vomiting and one case of diarrhea. Most cases were classified as carcinoma in mixed tumor (n=7, 36.8%), followed by solid carcinoma (n=6, 31.6%). Nine cases (47.4%) showed reduced tumor volume, nine (47.4%) had stable disease, and one showed progressive disease. While there was no sample with a COX-2 score higher than 6, tumor samples with COX-2 scores 3 and 4 were significantly associated with stable disease or progression. DCA preoperative treatment for bitches with mammary gland tumors showed safety and potential cytoreduction in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cavalli Kluthcovsky
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR)
| | - Megan Jennifer
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR)
| | - Tassia Mariane Merisio
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR)
| | - Jorge Luiz Costa Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR)
| | - Jair Rodini Engracia Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR)
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2
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Moore AS, Frimberger AE. Treatment of feline intermediate to high-grade alimentary lymphoma: A retrospective evaluation of 55 cats treated with the VAPC combination chemotherapy protocol (2017-2021). Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:106-114. [PMID: 38152842 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The most commonly utilized protocols to treat lymphoma in cats employ vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisone; with additional drugs sometimes used including L-asparaginase and doxorubicin. Medical records were reviewed for 55 cats with alimentary lymphoma treated with a novel multiagent protocol using prednisolone, L-asparaginase, doxorubicin, vinblastine instead of vincristine, a higher dosage of cyclophosphamide and oral procarbazine (VAPC protocol). Outcomes evaluated were response to therapy, toxicity and progression-free survival (PFS). Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was the most common treatment-related reason for chemotherapy dosage adjustment, occurring in 8 of 52 cats receiving vinblastine, 7 of 55 cats receiving cyclophosphamide and 1 of 40 cats receiving doxorubicin, but febrile neutropenia was identified in only two cats. Of 38 cats receiving chemotherapy for measurable disease, 26 (68.4%) achieved complete response (CR). Three cats achieved a partial response and 9 cats failed to achieve a remission. There were no identified factors influencing whether a cat was likely to achieve CR. For all 55 cats (including those receiving chemotherapy and surgery), median PFS was 184 days with 1, 2 and 3-year survival rates of 35.4%, 26.5% and 26.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, 40 cats that achieved CR had a median survival time of 341 days (78 days for PR, 45 days for NR); PFS times were also significantly affected by lymphocyte:monocyte L:M ratio (>3.4 = 700 days vs. ≤3.4 = 126 days) and B-cell versus T-cell phenotype (220 days vs. 42 days, respectively).
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3
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Pinheiro AV, Petrucci GN, Dourado A, Pires I. Anaesthesia in Veterinary Oncology: The Effects of Surgery, Volatile and Intravenous Anaesthetics on the Immune System and Tumour Spread. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3392. [PMID: 37958147 PMCID: PMC10648213 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the course of oncological disease, the majority of patients require surgical, anaesthetic and analgesic intervention. However, during the perioperative period, anaesthetic agents and techniques, surgical tissue trauma, adjuvant drugs for local pain and inflammation and other non-pharmacological factors, such as blood transfusions, hydration, temperature and nutrition, may influence the prognosis of the disease. These factors significantly impact the oncologic patient's immune response, which is the primary barrier to tumour progress, promoting a window of vulnerability for its dissemination and recurrence. More research is required to ascertain which anaesthetics and techniques have immunoprotective and anti-tumour effects, which will contribute to developing novel anaesthetic strategies in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vidal Pinheiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.D.); (I.P.)
| | - Gonçalo N. Petrucci
- Onevetgroup Hospital Veterinário do Porto (HVP), 4250-475 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amândio Dourado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.D.); (I.P.)
- Onevetgroup Hospital Veterinário do Porto (HVP), 4250-475 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.D.); (I.P.)
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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4
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Fragoso-Garcia M, Wilm F, Bertram CA, Merz S, Schmidt A, Donovan T, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Bartel A, Marzahl C, Diehl L, Puget C, Maier A, Aubreville M, Breininger K, Klopfleisch R. Automated diagnosis of 7 canine skin tumors using machine learning on H&E-stained whole slide images. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:865-875. [PMID: 37515411 PMCID: PMC10583479 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231189205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides is still the diagnostic gold standard for a variety of diseases, including neoplasms. Nevertheless, intra- and interrater variability are well documented among pathologists. So far, computer assistance via automated image analysis has shown potential to support pathologists in improving accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative tasks. In this proof of principle study, we describe a machine-learning-based algorithm for the automated diagnosis of 7 of the most common canine skin tumors: trichoblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, melanoma, histiocytoma, mast cell tumor, and plasmacytoma. We selected, digitized, and annotated 350 hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides (50 per tumor type) to create a database divided into training, n = 245 whole-slide images (WSIs), validation (n = 35 WSIs), and test sets (n = 70 WSIs). Full annotations included the 7 tumor classes and 6 normal skin structures. The data set was used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) for the automatic segmentation of tumor and nontumor classes. Subsequently, the detected tumor regions were classified patch-wise into 1 of the 7 tumor classes. A majority of patches-approach led to a tumor classification accuracy of the network on the slide-level of 95% (133/140 WSIs), with a patch-level precision of 85%. The same 140 WSIs were provided to 6 experienced pathologists for diagnosis, who achieved a similar slide-level accuracy of 98% (137/140 correct majority votes). Our results highlight the feasibility of artificial intelligence-based methods as a support tool in diagnostic oncologic pathology with future applications in other species and tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frauke Wilm
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Marzahl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Maier
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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da Silva EMG, dos Santos TR, Silva MJB. Identifying the Risk Factors for Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:607. [PMID: 37888559 PMCID: PMC10610602 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer is one of the main causes of death in female dogs worldwide, considering that many risk factors are involved in its development. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between epidemiological and clinical risk factors with the histopathological diagnosis of malignant mammary tumors in dogs treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia, which has one of the first veterinary oncology services in Brazil. A retrospective matched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for the development of malignant mammary tumors in dogs. The variables analyzed were size dog, breed, housing, type of diet, and body score. Potential risk factors were selected by univariate analysis (p < 0.25) before multivariate forward binary logistic regression. The most frequent benign tumor was the benign mixed tumor (35.2%), and the most frequent malignant tumor was the mixed carcinoma (27.4%). Size dog, breed, housing, and overweight are predictors of malignant mammary tumors in dogs. The highest risk of developing malignant mammary tumors is associated with large female dogs, Yorkshire or Poodle breeds, living outside the home, or being overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elis Maressa Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Tumor Biomarkers and Osteoimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Reis dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidad Austral del Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Tumor Biomarkers and Osteoimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-000, MG, Brazil
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6
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Sgadari M, Cacciola NA, Power K, Martano M, Restucci B. Sirtuin 1 Expression in Canine Mammary Tumors: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2609. [PMID: 37627400 PMCID: PMC10451855 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a protein involved in aging, cell protection, and energy metabolism in mammals. Recently, SIRT1 has been intensively studied in medical oncology, but the role of SIRT1 is still controversial, as it has been proposed as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of SIRT1 by immunohistochemistry in canine mammary tissues, and by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis in different canine mammary cell lines. Our results showed a decrease in SIRT1 expression from normal mammary gland tissue, and from benign and well-differentiated malignant tumors (G1) to less differentiated ones (G2-G3). Furthermore, a shift in the subcellular localization of SIRT1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was observed in less differentiated malignant tumors. However, further studies are needed to investigate the subcellular localization of SIRT1 in canine cancer cells and the role it may play in oncogenesis in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Sgadari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (N.A.C.); (K.P.); (M.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (N.A.C.); (K.P.); (M.M.)
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7
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Gariboldi EM, Ubiali A, Chiti LE, Ferrari R, De Zani D, Zani DD, Grieco V, Giudice C, Recordati C, Stefanello D, Auletta L. Evaluation of Surgical Aid of Methylene Blue in Addition to Intraoperative Gamma Probe for Sentinel Lymph Node Extirpation in 116 Canine Mast Cell Tumors (2017-2022). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1854. [PMID: 37889797 PMCID: PMC10251889 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) is combined with radiopharmaceutical for intraoperative sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping, but its role during SLN extirpation has not been investigated yet in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to assess whether MB increased surgical detection of SLN beyond the use of intraoperative gamma-probe (IGP) alone in clinically node-negative dogs with mast cell tumors (MCTs) following the detection of sentinel lymphocentrums (SLCs) via preoperative planar lymphoscintigraphy. Dogs enrolled underwent MCT excision and SLC exploration guided by both MB and IGP. Data recorded for each SLN were staining (blue/non-blue), radioactivity (hot/non-hot), and histopathological status (HN0-1 vs. HN2-3). A total of 103 dogs bearing 80 cutaneous, 35 subcutaneous, and 1 mucocutaneous MCTs were included; 140 SLCs were explored, for a total of 196 SLNs removed. Associating MB with IGP raised the SLNs detection rate from 90% to 95%. A total of 44% of SLNs were metastatic: 86% were blue/hot, 7% were only blue, 5% were only hot, and 2% were non-blue/non-hot. All HN3 SLNs were hot. Combining MB with IGP can increase the rate of SLN detection in dogs with MCTs; nonetheless, all lymph nodes identified during dissection should be removed, as they might be unstained but metastatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maria Gariboldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ubiali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lavinia Elena Chiti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Clinic for Small Animals Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Donatella De Zani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Davide Danilo Zani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Camilla Recordati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Luigi Auletta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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8
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Pellin MA. The Use of Oncept Melanoma Vaccine in Veterinary Patients: A Review of the Literature. Vet Sci 2022; 9:597. [PMID: 36356074 PMCID: PMC9693055 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Oncept melanoma vaccine is xenogeneic DNA vaccine targeting tyrosinase. It is USDA approved for treatment of stage II to III canine oral melanoma and is also used off-label for melanomas arising in other locations and in other species. While the vaccine appears safe, the published data is mixed as to whether it provides a survival benefit, and the use of the vaccine is somewhat controversial in the veterinary oncology community. In this paper, the published literature describing the use of Oncept is reviewed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacKenzie A Pellin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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9
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Ribeiro PR, Bianchi MV, Bandinelli MB, Rosa RB, Echenique JVZ, Serpa Stolf A, Driemeier D, Sonne L, Pavarini SP. Pathological aspects of cutaneous mast cell tumors with metastases in 49 dogs. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:922-930. [PMID: 35876279 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221114468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most frequent cutaneous neoplasms of dogs and may vary from well-differentiated to aggressive tumors with metastasis. The authors retrospectively described the gross and histologic aspects of metastatic MCT in 49 dogs. Primary MCT was most commonly identified in the inguinal region (14/35; 40%), and at necropsy multiple, cutaneous nodules were frequently reported (23/49; 47%). All primary MCT were classified as high-grade neoplasms, and metastases involved the lymph nodes (47/49; 96%), spleen (33/49; 67%), liver (29/49; 59%), bone marrow (20/49; 41%), kidneys (16/49; 33%), and heart (14/49; 29%), while the lungs were less commonly affected (9/49; 18%). The main gross findings included lymphadenomegaly in 47 cases; splenomegaly in 28 cases, with splenic nodules in 13 dogs; hepatomegaly in 28 cases, with white pinpoint foci in 9 cases; nodules on the capsular surface of the kidneys in 9 dogs; and epicardial nodules in 6 cases. Histologically, the lymph nodes were largely obliterated by neoplastic mast cells, while in the spleen, neoplastic cells were multifocally scattered (16/33; 48%), arranged in nodules (10/33; 30%), or obliterated the parenchyma (9/33; 27%). In the liver, the neoplastic cells mainly infiltrated the sinusoids (24/29; 83%), but were also arranged in random nodules (10/29; 34%). Interstitial and nodular metastases were observed in the kidneys and the heart. Grossly unapparent metastases were common in the heart (6/14; 43%), kidneys (4/16; 25%), and lungs (6/9). KIT III and KIT II staining patterns were observed in 29 and 20 cases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Tamošiūnas M, Čiževskis O, Viškere D, Melderis M, Rubins U, Cugmas B. Multimodal Approach of Optical Coherence Tomography and Raman Spectroscopy Can Improve Differentiating Benign and Malignant Skin Tumors in Animal Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2820. [PMID: 35740486 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Skin and subcutaneous tumors are among the most frequent neoplasms in dogs and cats. We studied 51 samples of canine and feline skin, lipomas, soft tissue sarcomas, and mast cell tumors using a multimodal approach based on optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy. A supervised machine learning algorithm detected malignant tumors with the sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 98%, respectively. The proposed multimodal algorithm is a novel approach in veterinary oncology that can outperform the existing clinical methods such as the fine-needle aspiration method. Abstract As in humans, cancer is one of the leading causes of companion animal mortality. Up to 30% of all canine and feline neoplasms appear on the skin or directly under it. There are only a few available studies that have investigated pet tumors by biophotonics techniques. In this study, we acquired 1115 optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of canine and feline skin, lipomas, soft tissue sarcomas, and mast cell tumors ex vivo, which were subsequently used for automated machine vision analysis. The OCT images were analyzed using a scanning window with a size of 53 × 53 μm. The distributions of the standard deviation, mean, range, and coefficient of variation values were acquired for each image. These distributions were characterized by their mean, standard deviation, and median values, resulting in 12 parameters in total. Additionally, 1002 Raman spectral measurements were made on the same samples, and features were generated by integrating the intensity of the most prominent peaks. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used for sample classification, and sensitivities/specificities were acquired by leave-one-out cross-validation. Three datasets were analyzed—OCT, Raman, and combined. The combined OCT and Raman data enabled the best sample differentiation with the sensitivities of 0.968, 1, and 0.939 and specificities of 0.956, 1, and 0.977 for skin, lipomas, and malignant tumors, respectively. Based on these results, we concluded that the proposed multimodal approach, combining Raman and OCT data, can accurately distinguish between malignant and benign tissues.
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11
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Baja AJ, Kelsey KL, Ruslander DM, Gieger TL, Nolan MW. Canine oral melanoma: a retrospective study of 101 dogs treated with a 6 Gy x 6 radiotherapy protocol. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:623-631. [PMID: 35338766 PMCID: PMC9539951 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One radiotherapy (RT) protocol used for canine oral melanoma (OM) gives 36 Gy total, in six weekly or biweekly fractions (6 Gy × 6). This retrospective study characterizes oncologic outcomes for a relatively large group of dogs treated with this protocol and determines whether radiation dose intensity (weekly vs. biweekly) affected either progression‐free or overall survival (PFS and OS). Dogs were included if 6 Gy × 6 was used to treat grossly evident OM, or if RT was used postoperatively in the subclinical disease setting. Kaplan–Meier statistics and Cox regression modelling were used to determine the predictive or prognostic value of mitotic count, bony lysis, World Health Organization (WHO) stage (I, II, III, or IV), using systemic anti‐cancer therapies, tumour burden at the time of RT (macroscopic vs. subclinical), radiation dose intensity (weekly vs. biweekly), and treatment planning type (manual vs. computerized). The median PFS and OS times for all dogs (n = 101) were 171 and 232 days, respectively. On univariate analysis PFS and OS were significantly longer (p = <.05) with subclinical tumour burden, WHO stages I or II, and weekly irradiation. On multivariable analysis, only tumour stage remained significant; therefore, cases were grouped by WHO stage (I/II vs. III/IV). With low WHO stage (I/II), PFS and OS were longer when irradiating subclinical disease (PFS: risk ratio = 0.449, p = .032; OS: risk ratio = 0.422, p = .022); this was not true for high WHO stage (III/IV). When accounting for other factors, radiation dose intensity had no measurable impact on survival in either staging group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexie J Baja
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Tracy L Gieger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael W Nolan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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12
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Spanoudes K, Evripidou N, Giannakou M, Drakos T, Menikou G, Damianou C. A High Intensity Focused Ultrasound System for Veterinary Oncology Applications. J Med Ultrasound 2021; 29:195-202. [PMID: 34729329 PMCID: PMC8515634 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_130_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery is an incisionless energy-based thermal method that is used for ablating tumors in the veterinary clinic. Aims and Objectives In this article we describe a prototype of a veterinary system compatible with magnetic resonance imaging intended for small-to-medium-sized companion animals that was developed and tested in vivo in adult rabbits. Methods Real-time monitoring of the ablation during the experiment was possible with MR thermometry. Experiments involved thermal monitoring of sonications applied in the thigh of the rabbits. A 38-mm diameter transducer operating at 2.6 MHz was used with a 60-mm-focal length. The robotic system employed 3 linear axes and one angular axis. For this study, only X and Y axis were enabled. Due to the target size limitations, motion in Z and Θ was not needed. The functionality of the positioning device was evaluated by means of MR thermometry, demonstrating sufficient heating and accurate motion in both axes of operation. Results The postmortem findings confirm the ability of the system to induce thermal ablations in vivo in the absence of adverse effects. Conclusions The device is a reliable and affordable solution for companion animal hospitals, offering and additional tool for the veterinary oncology society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Spanoudes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.,Vet Ex Machina Ltd., Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikolas Evripidou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | - Theocharis Drakos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.,Medsonic Ltd., Limassol, Cyprus
| | - George Menikou
- Medical Physics Sector, General Hospital of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christakis Damianou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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13
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Fonseca-Alves CE, Palmieri C, Dagli MLZ, Laufer-Amorim R. Editorial: Precision Medicine in Veterinary Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718891. [PMID: 34336983 PMCID: PMC8316583 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University-UNIP, Bauru, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland-UQ, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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14
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Soultani C, Patsikas MN, Mayer M, Kazakos GM, Theodoridis TD, Vignoli M, Ilia TSM, Karagiannopoulou M, Ilia GM, Tragoulia I, Angelou VN, Chatzimisios K, Tselepidis S, Papadopoulou PL, Papazoglou LG. Contrast enhanced computed tomography assessment of superficial inguinal lymph node metastasis in canine mammary gland tumors. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:557-567. [PMID: 34131988 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland neoplasms are predominant in dogs. However, sentinel lymph node (SLN) status assessment criteria have not been established for these cases. In this retrospective, secondary analysis, diagnostic case control study, CT images of 65 superficial inguinal SLNs were obtained before and 1, 3, 5, and 10 min after intravenous administration of contrast agent (iopamidol 370 mgI/mL). The presence and degree of postcontrast enhancement were assessed, by means of the median absolute density value and the maximum absolute density value at any time point in the center and in the periphery of each SLN measured in Hounsfield units (HU), before and after contrast agent administration. These values were compared with histopathological findings postsurgical excision. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted. The absolute density values ranged widely at each time point and within each group of nodes (negative, positive, control group). At all time points, the median density value in the center and in the periphery was significantly higher in metastatic than in non-metastatic SLNs (P ≤ .014). Among the parameters tested, the median absolute density value measured in the periphery of the SLN 3 min after injection showed the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (AUC) (87.5%, 82.1%, and 92.1% respectively), with a cutoff value of 50.9 HU. The maximum absolute density value at any time point in the center and periphery of the SLNs was also significantly higher in metastatic SLNs compared to non-metastatic (P ≤ .001). With a cutoff value of 59.5 HU, the maximum absolute density value in the periphery of the SLN displayed high sensitivity and specificity (87.5% and 89.3%, respectively). The results of this study support the hypothesis that contrast enhanced CT imaging may aid in the assessment of SLN metastasis in dogs with mammary gland neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Soultani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail N Patsikas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Monique Mayer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios M Kazakos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros D Theodoridis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Massimo Vignoli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tatiani Soultana M Ilia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Karagiannopoulou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia M Ilia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Tragoulia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileia N Angelou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Chatzimisios
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Tselepidis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Lysimachos G Papazoglou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT), Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Pantelyushin S, Ranninger E, Guerrera D, Hutter G, Maake C, Markkanen E, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Rohrer Bley C, Läubli H, vom Berg J. Cross-Reactivity and Functionality of Approved Human Immune Checkpoint Blockers in Dogs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:785. [PMID: 33668625 PMCID: PMC7918463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent cancer models have limitations in predicting efficacy, tolerability and accompanying biomarkers of ICIs in humans. Companion dogs suffering from neoplastic diseases have gained attention as a highly relevant translational disease model. Despite successful reports of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in dogs, no compounds are available for veterinary medicine. METHODS Here, we assessed suitability of seven FDA-approved human ICIs to target CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 in dogs. Cross-reactivity and blocking potential was assessed using ELISA and flow cytometry. Functional responses were assessed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy donors (n = 12) and cancer patient dogs (n = 27) as cytokine production after stimulation. Immune composition and target expression of healthy donors and cancer patients was assessed via flow cytometry. RESULTS Four candidates showed cross-reactivity and two blocked the interaction of canine PD-1 and PD-L1. Of those, only atezolizumab significantly increased cytokine production of healthy and patient derived PBMCs in vitro. Especially lymphoma patient PBMCs responded with increased cytokine production. In other types of cancer, response to atezolizumab appeared to correlate with a lower frequency of CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Cross-functionality of atezolizumab encourages reverse translational efforts using (combination) immunotherapies in companion dog tumor patients to benefit both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Pantelyushin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (S.P.); (D.G.)
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Elisabeth Ranninger
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Section of Anesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.R.); (R.B.-W.)
| | - Diego Guerrera
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (S.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (G.H.); (H.L.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Maake
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Section of Anesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.R.); (R.B.-W.)
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (G.H.); (H.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (S.P.); (D.G.)
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16
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Gourbault O, Llobat L. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Canine Osteosarcoma: A New Future? Vet Sci 2020; 7:E146. [PMID: 33008041 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are frequent in dogs and canine species are excellent animal models for studying the human counterpart. However, osteosarcomas are a rare form of sarcoma with high death rates in humans and dogs. miRNAs are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. The discovery of miRNAs could give a contribute in the diagnosis and prognosis of different types of tumors in animal species, as already in humans. The differentiated expression of miRNAs is a frequent finding in cancers and is related to their pathogenesis in many cases. Most canine and human sarcomas show similar miRNA aberrations. Lower levels of miR-1 and miR-133b in canine osteosarcoma tissues were found to increase tumorigenesis through a higher expression of their target genes MET and MCL1. The overexpression of miR-9 promotes a metastatic phenotype in canine osteosarcomas and its capacity as a prognostic biomarker for the disease is currently being evaluated. MicroRNAs at the 14q32 locus could be used as prognostic biomarkers, since their decreased expression has been associated with poor prognosis in canine and human osteosarcomas. Furthermore, a decreased expression of miR-34a in osteosarcoma tumour cells has been associated with shorter disease-free survival times and its reintroduction as a synthetic prodrug shows good potential as a novel therapeutic target to fight the disease. Circulating miR-214 and miR-126 are significantly increased in a broad-spectrum cancer and have the ability to successfully predict the prognosis of dogs. However, further studies are needed to make the use of miRNAs as biomarkers a common practice.
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17
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Bullone M, Garberoglio R, Pregel P, Cannizzo FT, Gagliardo A, Martano M, Bollo E, Scaglione FE. Characterization of the ablation zones produced by three commercially available systems from a single vendor for radiofrequency thermoablation in an ex vivo swine liver model. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:1041-1048. [PMID: 32613738 PMCID: PMC7738736 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) is rarely performed in veterinary medicine. A rationale exists for its use in selected cases of canine liver tumours. RFA induces ablation zones of variable size and geometry depending on the technique used and on the impedance of the targeted organ. Objectives (a) to describe the geometry and reproducibility of the ablation zones produced by three commercially available systems from a single company, using isolated swine liver parenchyma as a model for future veterinary applications in vivo; (b) to study the effects of local saline perfusion into the ablated parenchyma through the electrode tip and of single versus double passage of the electrode on size, geometry and reproducibility of the ablation zones produced. Methods Size, and geometry of ablation zones reproduced in six livers with one cooled and perfused (saline) and two cooled and non‐perfused systems, after single or double passage (n = 6/condition), were assessed macroscopically on digitalized images by a blinded operator. Longitudinal and transverse diameters, equivalent diameter, estimated volume and roundness index were measured. Reproducibility was assessed as coefficient of variation. Results and Conclusions Ablation zone reproducibility was higher when expressed in terms of ablation zone diameters than estimated volume. Local saline perfusion of the parenchyma through the electrode tip during RFA increased the ablation zone longitudinal diameter. Ablation zone estimated volume increased with saline perfusion only when double passage was performed. These data may provide useful information for those clinicians who intend to include RFA as an additive tool in veterinary interventional radiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bullone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Garberoglio
- Division of endocrinology, diabetology and metabolism - Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Gagliardo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Enrico Bollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Frine E Scaglione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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18
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Coffee C, Roush JK, Higginbotham ML. Carboplatin-induced myelosuppression as related to body weight in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:804-810. [PMID: 32452107 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Smaller dogs are known to have an increased risk of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression for doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and melphalan. This retrospective study aimed to determine if dogs <15 kg and <10 kg experienced greater degrees of myelosuppression following treatment with carboplatin chemotherapy compared with dogs ≥15 kg. One hundred and one dogs treated with carboplatin for a variety of malignancies were retrospectively analysed. Eight dogs (61%) weighing <10 kg, three (38%) weighing 10 kg to <15 kg and 14 (17%) weighing ≥15 kg experienced a grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Five dogs (38%) weighing <10 kg, two (25%) weighing 10 kg to <15 kg and 13 (16%) weighing ≥15 kg experienced a grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia. Dogs <10 kg were significantly more likely to develop a grade 3 or 4 neutropenia following carboplatin than dogs ≥10 kg (3.5 RR; 95% CI, 1.9-6.3; P < .001). Dogs <15 kg were also significantly more likely to develop a grade 3 or 4 neutropenia than dogs ≥15 kg (3 RR; 95% CI, 1.6-5.6; P = .004). Dogs <10 kg were significantly more likely to develop a grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia than those dogs ≥10 kg (2.5 RR; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6; P = .006). Hospitalization was significantly more likely for dogs <10 kg vs ≥10 kg (P = .014) as well as for dogs <15 kg vs ≥15 kg (P = .039). This study demonstrates an increased risk of carboplatin-induced myelosuppression in dogs <15 kg, and particularly those <10 kg. This information should be considered by clinicians when making decisions regarding the initial carboplatin dose for smaller canine patients, especially those <15 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calli Coffee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - James K Roush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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19
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Somarelli JA, Boddy AM, Gardner HL, DeWitt SB, Tuohy J, Megquier K, Sheth MU, Hsu SD, Thorne JL, London CA, Eward WC. Improving Cancer Drug Discovery by Studying Cancer across the Tree of Life. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:11-17. [PMID: 31688937 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a considerable expenditure of time and resources and significant advances in experimental models of disease, cancer research continues to suffer from extremely low success rates in translating preclinical discoveries into clinical practice. The continued failure of cancer drug development, particularly late in the course of human testing, not only impacts patient outcomes, but also drives up the cost for those therapies that do succeed. It is clear that a paradigm shift is necessary if improvements in this process are to occur. One promising direction for increasing translational success is comparative oncology-the study of cancer across species, often involving veterinary patients that develop naturally-occurring cancers. Comparative oncology leverages the power of cross-species analyses to understand the fundamental drivers of cancer protective mechanisms, as well as factors contributing to cancer initiation and progression. Clinical trials in veterinary patients with cancer provide an opportunity to evaluate novel therapeutics in a setting that recapitulates many of the key features of human cancers, including genomic aberrations that underly tumor development, response and resistance to treatment, and the presence of comorbidities that can affect outcomes. With a concerted effort from basic scientists, human physicians and veterinarians, comparative oncology has the potential to enhance the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of pipelines for cancer drug discovery and other cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Amy M Boddy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Heather L Gardner
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joanne Tuohy
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kate Megquier
- Broad Institute, Massachussettes Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Maya U Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Shiaowen David Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Jeffrey L Thorne
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Cheryl A London
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - William C Eward
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.,Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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20
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Abstract
Electrochemotherapy is gaining recognition as an effective local therapy that uses systemically or intratumorally injected bleomycin or cisplatin with electroporation as a delivery system that brings drugs into the cells to exert their cytotoxic effects. Preclinical work is still ongoing, testing new drugs, seeking the best treatment combination with other treatment modalities, and exploring new sets of pulses for effective tissue electroporation. The applications of electrochemotherapy are being fully exploited in veterinary oncology, where electrochemotherapy, because of its simple execution, has a relatively good cost-benefit ratio and is used in the treatment of cutaneous tumors. In human oncology, electrochemotherapy is fully recognized as a local therapy for cutaneous tumors and metastases. Its effectiveness is being explored in combination with immunomodulatory drugs. However, the development of electrochemotherapy is directed into the treatment of deep-seated tumors with a percutaneous approach. Because of the vast number of reports, this review discusses the articles published in the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Soussa RW, Woodward A, Marty M, Cannon CM. Breed is associated with the ABCB1-1Δ mutation in Australian dogs. Aust Vet J 2019; 98:79-83. [PMID: 31743433 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ABCB1 gene encodes P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a cellular membrane pump. One functional mutation that leads to expression of a less functional form of P-gp, ABCB1-1Δ, has been described in dogs. Individuals with this mutation can have severe adverse reactions to common veterinary pharmaceuticals that are known substrates of this pump. We investigated the detection of this mutation in samples submitted to two Australian diagnostic laboratories. METHODS A total of 4842 dogs across 27 breeds were tested for the ABCB1-1Δ mutation from buccal swabs or EDTA blood using standard PCR, multiplex PCR, or genotyping chip. Statistical analysis was applied to determine the proportions and odds ratios of the ABCB1-1Δ mutation in herding breeds compared with non-herding breeds. RESULTS The ABCB1-1Δ mutation was detected in nine breeds. The most commonly affected breeds were collies, Australian shepherds, white Swiss shepherds, and Shetland sheepdogs. Of 32 dogs in 18 non-herding breeds tested, one cocker spaniel and one labradoodle were positive for the mutation, both heterozygous. CONCLUSION The most frequently affected breeds for ABCB1-1Δ mutation are the collie, Australian shepherd, white Swiss shepherd and Shetland sheepdog. As the mutation is associated with an increased incidence of adverse reactions to commonly used pharmaceuticals, veterinarians need to be aware of the breeds at most risk of carrying this mutation and consider testing these individuals prior to administering these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Soussa
- Internal Medicine Department, Southpaws Specialty Surgery for Animals, Moorabbin, Victoria, 3189, Australia
| | - A Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - M Marty
- Genetic Testing Division, Genomic Diagnostics, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - C M Cannon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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22
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Bisson JL, Fournier Q, Johnston E, Handel I, Bavcar S. Evaluation of a 0.75 × 10 9 /L absolute neutrophil count cut-off for antimicrobial prophylaxis in canine cancer chemotherapy patients. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:258-268. [PMID: 31600416 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) cut-offs for antimicrobial prophylaxis in veterinary cancer chemotherapy patients are empirical and vary between institutions. Evidence based cut-offs are vital for antimicrobial stewardship, particularly as global antimicrobial resistance rises. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the tolerability of a <0.75 × 109 /l ANC cut-off for antimicrobial prophylaxis in dogs after receiving chemotherapy and its impact on antimicrobial prescription. Predicted nadir ANCs (pnANCs) were stratified into six groups (<0.75 × 109 /l [receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis], 0.75-0.99 × 109 /l, 1-1.49 × 109 /l, 1.5-1.99 × 109 /l, 2.0-3.59 × 109 /l and 3.6-12 × 109 /l [reference interval]). The incidences of post-nadir febrile neutropenia (FN) and non-haematological toxicity (NHT) were compared between groups. Five hundred and eighty-six pnANCs were recorded for 181 dogs. There were four episodes of post-nadir FN and 90 episodes of post-nadir NHT. There was no significant difference in incidence of post-nadir FN (P = .063) or post-nadir NHT (P = .084) between pnANC groups. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was prescribed following 8.8% of the chemotherapy administrations; had cut-off values of <1.0 × 109 /l or <1.5 × 109 /l been used it would have been prescribed in 15.3% and 25.8% of cases respectively. An ANC cut-off of <0.75 × 109 /l for antimicrobial prophylaxis appears to be well tolerated and minimizes the prescription of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn L Bisson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Quentin Fournier
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Emily Johnston
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Ian Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Spela Bavcar
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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23
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Villalobos AE. Supportive Care for People With Disabilities as Working Partnerships With Their Assistance Dogs Are Ending: A Perspective From Veterinary Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:309. [PMID: 31608293 PMCID: PMC6774041 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People with disabilities and those working to train, provide and support assistance animals, along with their veterinary teams, would all benefit if they RETHINK their perspective and viewpoint, and roles when these very special relationships come to an end. The end of the relationship may be when the assistance animal must retire, must be redirected, or euthanized due to illness or cancer. The loss or separation at the end of an assistance animal's service marks a heavy loss for the disabled person. Emotions emerge when the assistance animal is sick or has developed cancer or is approaching the difficult period known as “end of life.” Anticipatory grief and heartbreak may be very difficult to manage and support. We can help ease the burden of decision making when euthanasia is needed for the assistance animal. If the disabled person takes on the good shepherd role and if the veterinary team emulates the minister or Mother Nature's role at the end of life or at the end of the working relationship, heartache may be lifted from both sides of the leash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Villalobos
- Pawspice and Animal Oncology Consultation Service, Woodland Hills, CA, United States
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24
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Alfaleh MA, Arora N, Yeh M, de Bakker CJ, Howard CB, Macpherson P, Allavena RE, Chen X, Harkness L, Mahler SM, Jones ML. Canine CD117-Specific Antibodies with Diverse Binding Properties Isolated from a Phage Display Library Using Cell-Based Biopanning. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 31544821 PMCID: PMC6640692 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 (c-Kit) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in multiple dog tumors. There is 100% homology between the juxtamembrane domain of human and canine CD117, and many cancer-causing mutations occur in this region in both species. Thus, CD117 is an important target for cancer treatment in dogs and for comparative oncology studies. Currently, there is no monoclonal antibody (mAb) specifically designed to target the exposed region of canine CD117, although there exist some with species cross-reactivity. We panned a naïve phage display library to isolate antibodies against recombinant CD117 on whole cells. Several mAbs were isolated and were shown to bind recombinant canine CD117 at low- to sub-nanomolar affinity. Additionally, binding to native canine CD117 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry. Competitive binding assays also identified mAbs that competed with the CD117 receptor-specific ligand, the stem cell factor (SCF). These results show the ability of our cell-based biopanning strategy to isolate a panel of antibodies that have varied characteristics when used in different binding assays. These in vitro/ex vivo assessments suggest that some of the isolated mAbs might be promising candidates for targeting overexpressed CD117 in canine cancers for different useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Neetika Arora
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Yeh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher J de Bakker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Philip Macpherson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Linda Harkness
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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25
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Evans SJM, Harr KE, Thielen L, MacNeill AL. Validation of an immunocytochemical assay for immunophenotyping of lymphoma in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:682-687. [PMID: 30358180 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoma is an important disease of pet guinea pigs, although validation of immunophenotyping techniques based on cytologic or hematologic samples has not been reported. OBJECTIVE To describe an immunocytochemical method for immunophenotyping of lymphoma (as either T- or B-cell) in guinea pigs, and to validate antibodies for this purpose. METHODS Blood and tissues were obtained at the time of necropsy from laboratory guinea pigs and a privately owned dog (control) euthanized for reasons unrelated to lymphoproliferative disease. Fine-needle aspirates of enlarged peripheral lymph nodes were obtained from a case of spontaneous lymphoma in a pet guinea pig. Anti-CD3 and anti-Pax5 antibodies were validated by a combination of western blotting performed on splenic lysates of both the dog and guinea pigs, immunohistochemical studies on normal guinea pig tissues, and immunocytochemistry on normal guinea pig peripheral blood and splenic impression smears. RESULTS The antibodies bound to antigens of an appropriate size in both the dog and guinea pig splenic lysates by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry demonstrated the expected distribution of putative T- and B-lymphocytes in normal tissues, peripheral blood, and splenic impression smears. As a proof-of-principle for its clinical utility, this immunocytochemical assay was used to diagnose a B-cell phenotype in a spontaneous lymphoma case in a pet guinea pig. CONCLUSIONS Here, we validated an immunocytochemical method for immunophenotyping of lymphoma in guinea pigs as either a T- or B-cell phenotype. This enables future research into the clinical attributes of these subtypes and may ultimately improve both prognostication and therapy of lymphoma in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J M Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Lauren Thielen
- Broward Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital, Deerfield Beach, Florida
| | - Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Bisson JL, Argyle DJ, Argyle SA. Antibiotic prophylaxis in veterinary cancer chemotherapy: A review and recommendations. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:301-310. [PMID: 29892997 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection following cancer chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in human and veterinary patients. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is controversial in the human oncology field, as any decreased incidence in bacterial infections is countered by patient adverse effects and increased antimicrobial resistance. Comprehensive guidelines exist to aid human oncologists in prescribing antimicrobial prophylaxis but similar recommendations are not available in veterinary literature. As the veterinarian's role in antimicrobial stewardship is increasingly emphasized, it is vital that veterinary oncologists implement appropriate antimicrobial use. By considering the available human and veterinary literature we present an overview of current clinical practices and are able to suggest recommendations for prophylactic antimicrobial use in veterinary cancer chemotherapy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bisson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Insitute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Insitute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Insitute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Hill M, Hirschberger J, Zimmermann K, Dörfelt R, Reese S, Wergin M. [Quality of life in primary and adjuvant veterinary radiation therapy. An owner survey]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2014; 42:157-165. [PMID: 24920142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE External radiation therapy has been available since 2011 for small animals at the University of Munich. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of life of treated pets and the satisfaction of their owners. MATERIAL AND METHODS The questionnaire was sent to the owners of all the pets (n = 91) that had undergone primary or adjuvant radiotherapy at the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, University of Munich, since April 2011. RESULTS The questionnaire was returned by 68 (74.7%) owners. According to their assessment, the quality of life improved in 41 cases (60.3%) after treatment where- as in 13 patients (19.1%) a decline was described. The majority of owners (88.2%) would have decided for repeated radiation therapy. CONCLUSION Improvement of the animals' quality of life is related to a high satisfaction (83.8%) of the owners (p = 0.003) and their positive attitude towards radiotherapy (p = 0.027). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analyses showed that for these owners, the treatment was a worthwhile therapy despite it requiring much time and money.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hill
- Melanie Hill, Medizinische Kleintierklinik, der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, E-Mail:
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