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Shelbourn A, Nuechterlein N, Parada CA, Eaton J, Tucker M, Ferreira M, Cimino PJ. Validating MCM2 as a clinically relevant surrogate immunohistochemical marker for an aggressive meningioma molecular subtype. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:1037-1039. [PMID: 37837323 PMCID: PMC11032699 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Shelbourn
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Nuechterlein
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jessica Eaton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mallory Tucker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Manuel Ferreira
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick J Cimino
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ünal Ç, Özmen T, İlgün AS, Ordu Ç, Özkurt E, Ak N, Alço G, Erdoğan İyigün Z, Kurt S, Duymaz T, Öztürk MA, Elbüken Çelebi F, Yararbaş K, Soybir G, Aktepe F, Özmen V. MCM-2 Levels as a Potential Biomarker for Predicting High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients According to TAILORx Classification. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:659-669. [PMID: 37674872 PMCID: PMC10478780 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s421535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The minichromosome maintenance protein-2 (MCM-2) is a more sensitive proliferation marker than Ki-67. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between MCM-2 and Oncotype DX recurrence score (ODX-RS) and determine an MCM-2 cutoff value in high-risk patients according to TAILORx risk categorization. Methods Hormone receptor (HR) positive HER-2 negative early-stage breast cancer patients (pT1-2, pN0-N1, M0) who had ODX-RS were included in the study. According to the TAILORx trial, patients were divided into two groups with high (ODX-RS ≥26) and low risk (ODX-RS <26) in terms of ODX-RS. Formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded tissues of patients were re-evaluated, and 3 µm sections were prepared for MCM-2 immuno-histochemical staining. The relationship between ODX-RS and the percentage of MCM-2 staining was evaluated in two groups. The ROC curve analysis was performed to determine the MCM-2 cut-off value for the TAILORx high-risk group (ODX-RS ≥26). Results The mean MCM-2 value was significantly higher in the high-risk group [(60.2 ± 11.2 vs 34.4 ± 13.8, p < 0.001)]. In the multivariate analysis, MCM-2 (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08-1.49, p = 0.003) and progesterone receptor (PR) levels ≤10% (OR: 60.9, 95% CI: 4.1-89.7, p = 0.003) were found to be independent factors indicating a high-risk group. A one-unit increase in MCM-2 level increased the likelihood of being in the high-risk group by 1.27 times. In the ROC curve analysis, the optimal MCM-2 cut-off level was 50 (AUC: 0.921, sensitivity: 86.7%, specificity: 96.0%, p < 0.001). Conclusion Our study is the first study in the literature to investigate the relationship between ODX-RS and MCM-2 levels in HR-positive HER-2 negative early breast-cancer patients. In this study, MCM-2 was an independent risk factor in identifying high-risk patients according to TAILORx risk classification. MCM 2 cut-off value (50) may help the decision on adjuvant chemotherapy in patients where the Oncotype DX test cannot be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağlar Ünal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Özmen
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Çetin Ordu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Enver Özkurt
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Naziye Ak
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Alço
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Erdoğan İyigün
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Göztepe Medical Park Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Kurt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tomris Duymaz
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Kanay Yararbaş
- Department of Medical Genetics, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gürsel Soybir
- Department of General Surgery, Memorial Şişli Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aktepe
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Şişli Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Vahit Özmen
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul University Istanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Ahire MS, Nagar SR, D’souza ZI, Tupkari JV, Dalvi SM. Expression of Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 2 (MCM2) in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 75:183-192. [PMID: 37007886 PMCID: PMC10050670 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The histopathological investigations of oral lesions are a basic approach for diagnosing ongoing cancer or pre-cancer associated pathological attributes in the dissected biopsy. The early detection and management of potentially malignant disorders of the lip and oral cavity that require intervention may reduce malignant transformations, or in case any malignancy is detected during surveillance, the appropriate treatment may improve survival rates. This would guide the clinicians to decide the appropriate treatment modality or lesion to achieve a more favorable prognosis. MCM2 protein is involved in DNA replication providing additional information about the prognosis of neoplasms. Some authors have pointed out that MCM proteins have been inversely correlated with salivary tumour differentiation and therefore could be an indicator of proliferation potential. Therefore, it is essential to find the expression of the MCM2 gene in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Electronic databases like Ebscohost, Livivo, Google Scholar and PubMed were searched. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 reviewers (MS and SN) independently selected the relevant articles. Any disagreement was discussed until a consensus was reached. We used the QUADAS-2 tool to assess the quality of the included studies over four key domains: patient selection, index test, reference standard and flow and timing of participants through the study. 10 out of 57 titles were found to meet the eligibility criteria. Biopsied tissue with immunohistochemical staining or advanced diagnostic studies were included. A total of 901 samples were included in the study and different groups were normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MCM2 proteins are useful diagnostic markers for distinguishing malignant from benign epithelial dysplasia and for early detection and diagnosis of OSCC as an adjunct to clinicopathological parameters. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-022-03296-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha S. Ahire
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Government Dental College & Hospital, PD’Mello Road, St.George Hospital Campus, Near Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001 India
| | - Saurabh R. Nagar
- Department of Pathology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012 India
| | - Zaneta Ivy D’souza
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Dr. A.L.Nair Road, Mumbai Central, Mumbai, 400008 India
| | - J. V. Tupkari
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Government Dental College & Hospital, PD’Mello Road, St.George Hospital Campus, Near Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001 India
| | - Shubhangi M. Dalvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Grant Government Dental College & Hospital, JJ Marg, Nagpada, Byculla, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008 India
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Szabova L, Gordon MB, Lu L, Pate N, Bassel L, Iacovelli AJ, Karim B, Homan PJ, Householder DB, Guerin TM, Burkett S, Day AM, Custer W, Weaver Ohler Z. Loss of Brca1 and Trp53 in adult mouse mammary ductal epithelium results in development of hormone receptor-positive or hormone receptor-negative tumors, depending on inactivation of Rb family proteins. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:75. [PMID: 36333737 PMCID: PMC9636824 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a heterogenous disease with several histological and molecular subtypes. Models that represent these subtypes are essential for translational research aimed at improving clinical strategy for targeted therapeutics. METHODS Different combinations of genetic aberrations (Brca1 and Trp53 loss, and inhibition of proteins of the Rb family) were induced in the mammary gland by injection of adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase into the mammary ducts of adult genetically engineered mice. Mammary tumors with different genetic aberrations were classified into molecular subtypes based on expression of molecular markers and RNAseq analysis. In vitro potency assays and Western blots were used to examine their drug sensitivities. RESULTS Induction of Brca1 and Trp53 loss in mammary ductal epithelium resulted in development of basal-like hormone receptor (HR)-negative mammary tumors. Inhibition of Rb and Trp53 loss or the combination of Rb, Trp53 and Brca1 aberrations resulted in development of luminal ductal carcinoma positive for ER, PR, and Her2 expression. HR positivity in tumors with Rb, Trp53 and Brca1 aberrations indicated that functionality of the Rb pathway rather than Brca1 status affected HR status in these models. Mammary tumor gene expression profiles recapitulated human basal-like or luminal B breast cancer signatures, but HR-positive luminal cancer models were endocrine resistant and exhibited upregulation of PI3K signaling and sensitivity to this pathway inhibition. Furthermore, both tumor subtypes were resistant to CDK4/6 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Examination of molecular expression profiles and drug sensitivities of tumors indicate that these breast cancer models can be utilized as a translational platform for evaluation of targeted combinations to improve chemotherapeutic response in patients that no longer respond to hormone therapy or that are resistant to CDK4/6 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Szabova
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Melanie B Gordon
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lucy Lu
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nathan Pate
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Sanofi,Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In Vivo Models Platform, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Laura Bassel
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anthony J Iacovelli
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Philip J Homan
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah B Householder
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Theresa M Guerin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amanda M Day
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendi Custer
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Zoe Weaver Ohler
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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MCM2 in human cancer: functions, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Mol Med 2022; 28:128. [PMID: 36303105 PMCID: PMC9615236 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant DNA replication is the main source of genomic instability that leads to tumorigenesis and progression. MCM2, a core subunit of eukaryotic helicase, plays a vital role in DNA replication. The dysfunction of MCM2 results in the occurrence and progression of multiple cancers through impairing DNA replication and cell proliferation. Conclusions MCM2 is a vital regulator in DNA replication. The overexpression of MCM2 was detected in multiple types of cancers, and the dysfunction of MCM2 was correlated with the progression and poor prognoses of malignant tumors. According to the altered expression of MCM2 and its correlation with clinicopathological features of cancer patients, MCM2 was thought to be a sensitive biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and chemotherapy response. The anti-tumor effect induced by MCM2 inhibition implies the potential of MCM2 to be a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Since DNA replication stress, which may stimulate anti-tumor immunity, frequently occurs in MCM2 deficient cells, it also proposes the possibility that MCM2 targeting improves the effect of tumor immunotherapy.
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Yuan J, Lan H, Huang D, Guo X, Liu C, Liu S, Zhang P, Cheng Y, Xiao S. Multi-Omics Analysis of MCM2 as a Promising Biomarker in Pan-Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852135. [PMID: 35693940 PMCID: PMC9174984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance 2 (MCM2) is a member of the minichromosomal maintenance family of proteins that mainly regulates DNA replication and the cell cycle and is involved in regulating cancer cell proliferation in various cancers. Previous studies have reported that MCM2 plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation and cancer development. However, few articles have systematically reported the pathogenic roles of MCM2 across cancers. Therefore, the present pan-cancer study was conducted. Various computational tools were used to investigate the MCM2 expression level, genetic mutation rate, and regulating mechanism, immune infiltration, tumor diagnosis and prognosis, therapeutic response and drug sensitivity of various cancers. The expression and function of MCM2 were examined by Western blotting and CCK-8 assays. MCM2 was significantly upregulated in almost all cancers and cancer subtypes in The Cancer Genome Atlas and was closely associated with tumor mutation burden, tumor stage, and immune therapy response. Upregulation of MCM2 expression may be correlated with a high level of alterations rate. MCM2 expression was associated with the infiltration of various immune cells and molecules and markedly associated with a poor prognosis. Western blotting and CCK-8 assays revealed that MCM2 expression was significantly upregulated in melanoma cell lines. Our results also suggested that MCM2 promotes cell proliferation in vitro by activating cell proliferation pathways such as the Akt signaling pathways. This study explored the oncogenic role of MCM2 across cancers, provided data on the underlying mechanisms of these cancers for further research and demonstrated that MCM2 may be a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Lan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongqing Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Zhuzhou, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chu Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuping Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changsha Central Hospital of University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Cheng, ; Songshu Xiao,
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Cheng, ; Songshu Xiao,
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7
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Sadeghian D, Saffar H, Mahdavi Sharif P, Soleimani V, Jahanbin B. MCM6 versus Ki-67 in diagnosis of luminal molecular subtypes of breast cancers. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:24. [PMID: 35125121 PMCID: PMC8818166 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, breast cancers are divided into four major molecular subtypes. The distinction between the luminal A and luminal B subtypes is mainly based on the cellular proliferation indices and is assessed by the Ki-67 scoring. Due to the limitations in the assessment and expression of Ki-67, we hypothesized that minichromosome maintenance protein 6 (MCM6) might be taken as a surrogate marker to differentiate molecular subtypes and aid in more precise grading of tumors. Methods We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study on 124 samples of breast cancer and 40 samples of normal breast tissue. Relevant clinical information was retrieved from the Cancer Institute database. Results MCM6 could discriminate between various categories of histologic grades, tubule formation, mitotic indices, and nuclear pleomorphism (P = 0.002 for tubule formation and P < 0.001 for other). Moreover, the MCM6 score exhibited a significant correlation with the mitotic count (P < 0.001). However, the Ki-67 score could not discriminate subgroups of the mitotic index and nuclear pleomorphism. Compared to the luminal A subtype, luminal B exhibited a higher MCM6 score (P = 0.01). Besides, MCM6 scores were higher for certain subtypes with more aggressive behaviors, such as hormone receptor (HR)-negative disease, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched and triple-negative breast cancers, as there was a significantly higher MCM6 mean score in the HR-negative in comparison to the luminal breast cancers (P < 0.001). Similarly, higher MCM6 scores were observed among samples with more advanced nuclear grades, tubule formation, and overall grades. Conclusion MCM6 can differentiate luminal A and luminal B subtypes and is correlated with mitotic counts. However, this study was unable to prove the superiority of MCM6 in differentiating between molecular subtypes compared to the Ki-67 score. Nevertheless, in our study, MCM6 was superior to Ki-67 in exhibiting correlations with the mitotic grade, tubule formation, and nuclear grades. More studies are needed to standardize its assessment methods, determine more robust cut-off values, and evaluate its associations with prognostic features of breast cancer.
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Sakai H, Kimura H, Otsubo K, Miyazawa T, Marushima H, Kojima K, Chosokabe M, Furuya N, Koike J, Fujii K, Nishimura T, Nakamura H, Saji H. Minichromosome maintenance 2 is an independent predictor of survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 16:22. [PMID: 34909200 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein deregulation is associated with tumor formation, progression and malignant transformation. MCM2 is frequently expressed during premalignant lung cell proliferation and is a sensitive marker for the early detection of pulmonary malignant lesions. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether MCM2 expression is of clinical and prognostic value in patients who have undergone lung adenocarcinoma resection. Between January 2009 and December 2010, 102 consecutive patients underwent complete pulmonary resection (involving lobectomy or more extensive resection) for lung adenocarcinoma at St. Marianna Medical University Hospital (Kanagawa, Japan). Among those, 73 patients, who had a final pathological diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma measuring ≥10 mm, were enrolled in the present study. High MCM2 expression was found in 35 patients (48.0%). Univariate analysis of the overall survival (OS) revealed that pathological stage and MCM2 expression were significant prognostic factors in lung adenocarcinoma (P<0.001 and P<0.002, respectively). Univariate analysis of the recurrence-free survival (RFS), the significant prognostic factors included pathological stage, EGFR mutation status and MCM2 expression (P<0.001, P<0.034 and P<0.003, respectively). On multivariate survival analysis, high MCM2 expression and pathological stage II-III were identified as independent strong prognostic factors (OS: HR=5.084, 95% CI: 1.715-15.080, P=0.003; RFS: HR=2.761, 95% CI: 1.090-6.998, P=0.032). Therefore, the findings of the present study demonstrated that MCM2 may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sakai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kanji Otsubo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyazawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hideki Marushima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Kojima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Motohiro Chosokabe
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naoki Furuya
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Junki Koike
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kiyonaga Fujii
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nakamura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.,Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hisashi Saji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Par S, Vaides S, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak KS, Stewart J, Turchi JJ. OB-Folds and Genome Maintenance: Targeting Protein-DNA Interactions for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3346. [PMID: 34283091 PMCID: PMC8269290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome stability and maintenance pathways along with their requisite proteins are critical for the accurate duplication of genetic material, mutation avoidance, and suppression of human diseases including cancer. Many of these proteins participate in these pathways by binding directly to DNA, and a subset employ oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding folds (OB-fold) to facilitate the protein-DNA interactions. OB-fold motifs allow for sequence independent binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and can serve to position specific proteins at specific DNA structures and then, via protein-protein interaction motifs, assemble the machinery to catalyze the replication, repair, or recombination of DNA. This review provides an overview of the OB-fold structural organization of some of the most relevant OB-fold containing proteins for oncology and drug discovery. We discuss their individual roles in DNA metabolism, progress toward drugging these motifs and their utility as potential cancer therapeutics. While protein-DNA interactions were initially thought to be undruggable, recent reports of success with molecules targeting OB-fold containing proteins suggest otherwise. The potential for the development of agents targeting OB-folds is in its infancy, but if successful, would expand the opportunities to impinge on genome stability and maintenance pathways for more effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Par
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | - Sofia Vaides
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | | | | | - Jason Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - John J. Turchi
- Indiana University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.P.); (S.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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10
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Zhou J, Wang M, Zhou Z, Wang W, Duan J, Wu G. Expression and Prognostic Value of MCM Family Genes in Osteosarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:668402. [PMID: 34239894 PMCID: PMC8257954 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.668402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a detailed cancer VS normal analysis to explore the expression and prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteinsin human sarcoma. The mRNA expression levels of the MCM family genes in sarcoma were analyzed using data from ONCOMINE, GEPIA and CCLE databases. KEGG database was used to analyze the function of MCM2–7 complex in DNA replication and cell cycle. QRT-PCR and western blot were used to confirm the differential expression of key MCMs in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry method were used to detect the cell proliferation and apoptosis of hFOB1.19 cells. The results showed that MCM1–7 and MCM10 were all upregulated in sarcoma in ONCOMINE database. MCM2, and MCM4–7 were highly expressed in sarcoma in GEPIA database. Moreover, all these ten factors were highly expressed in sarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, we analyzed the prognostic value of MCMs for sarcoma in GEPIA and found that MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, and MCM10 are prognostic biomarkers for human sarcoma. Analysis results using KEGG datasets showed that MCM4 and MCM6–7 constituted a core structure of MCM2-7 hexamers. We found that AzadC treatment and overexpression of MCM4 significantly promoted hFOB1.19 cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. The present study implied that MCM2–4 and 10 are potential biomarkers for the prognosis of sarcoma. The prognostic role of MCM4 may be attributable to the change in its DNA methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Treatments of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Wanchun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Duan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gen Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Pan B, Wang Y, Wu C, Jia J, Huang C, Fang S, Liu L. A Mechanism of Action Study on Danggui Sini Decoction to Discover Its Therapeutic Effect on Gastric Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:592903. [PMID: 33505310 PMCID: PMC7830678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Danggui Sini Decoction (DSD), a classic Chinese herb medicine (CHM) formula, has been used to treat various diseases in China for centuries. However, it remains challenging to reveal its mechanism of action through conventional pharmacological methods. Here, we first explored the mechanism of action of DSD with the assistance of network pharmacology and bioinformatic analysis tools, and found a potential therapeutic effect of DSD on cancer. Indeed, our in vivo experiment demonstrated that oral administration of DSD could significantly inhibit the growth of xenografted gastric cancer (GC) on mice. The subsequent enrichment analyses for 123 candidate core targets evacuated from the drug/disease-target protein-protein interaction network showed that DSD could affect the key biological processes involving the survival and growth of GC cells, such as apoptosis and cell cycle, and the disturbance of these biological processes is likely attributed to the simultaneous inhibition of multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and p53 pathways. Notably, these in silico results were further validated by a series of cellular functional and molecular biological assays in vitro. Moreover, molecular docking analysis suggested an important role of MCM2 in delivering the pharmacological activity of DSD against GC. Together, these results indicate that our network pharmacology and bioinformatics-guided approach is feasible and useful in exploring not only the mechanism of action, but also the "new use" of the old CHM formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunnuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junrong Jia
- Public Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Senbiao Fang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liren Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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12
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Samad A, Haque F, Nain Z, Alam R, Al Noman MA, Rahman Molla MH, Hossen MS, Islam MR, Khan MI, Ahammad F. Computational assessment of MCM2 transcriptional expression and identification of the prognostic biomarker for human breast cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05087. [PMID: 33024849 PMCID: PMC7530310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) is a highly conserved protein from the MCM protein family that plays an important role in eukaryotic DNA replication as well as in cell cycle progression. In addition, it maintains the ploidy level consistency in eukaryotic cells, hence, mutations or alteration of this protein could result in the disintegration of the fine-tuned molecular machinery that can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Moreover, MCM2 has been found to be an important marker for progression and prognosis in different cancers. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the MCM2 expression and the associated outcome in breast cancer (BC) patients based on the publicly available online databases. In this study, server-based gene expression analyses indicate the upregulation of MCM2 (p < 10-6; fold change>2.0) in various BC subtypes as compared to the respective normal tissues. Besides, the evaluation of histological sections from healthy and cancer tissues showed strong staining signals indicating higher expression of MCM2 protein. The overexpression of MCM2 was significantly correlated to promoter methylation and was related to patients' clinical features. Further, mutation analysis suggested missense as the predominant type of mutation (71.4%) with 18 copy-number alterations and 0.2% mutation frequency in the MCM2 gene. This study revealed a significant correlation (Cox p ≤ 0.05) between the higher MCM2 expression and lower patient survival. Finally, we identified the co-expressed genes with gene ontological features and signaling pathways associated in BC development. We believe that this study will provide a basis for MCM2 to be a significant biomarker for human BC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Samad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Haque
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Zulkar Nain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, East West University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Alam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdullah Al Noman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Habibur Rahman Molla
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Saddam Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Raquibul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Iqbal Khan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Dai X, Zhang X, Lu P. Toward a holistic view of multiscale breast cancer molecular biomarkers. Biomark Med 2019; 13:1509-1533. [PMID: 31668082 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Powered by rapid technology developments, biomarkers become increasingly diverse, including those detected at genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and cellular levels. While diverse sets of biomarkers have been utilized in breast cancer predisposition, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and management, recent additions derived from lincRNA, circular RNA, circulating DNA together with its methylated and hydroxymethylated forms and immune signatures are likely to further transform clinical practice. Here, we take breast cancer as an example of heterogeneous diseases that require many informed decisions from treatment to care to review the huge variety of biomarkers. By assessing the advantages and limitations of modern biomarkers in diverse use scenarios, this article outlines the prospects and challenges of releasing complimentary advantages by augmentation of multiscale molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peihua Lu
- Wuxi People's Hospital, Nan Chang Qu, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
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14
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Issac MSM, Yousef E, Tahir MR, Gaboury LA. MCM2, MCM4, and MCM6 in Breast Cancer: Clinical Utility in Diagnosis and Prognosis. Neoplasia 2019; 21:1015-1035. [PMID: 31476594 PMCID: PMC6726925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive luminal subtype which is subdivided into luminal A and luminal B and ER-negative breast cancer which includes the triple-negative subtype. This study has four aims: 1) to examine whether Minichromosome Maintenance (MCM)2, MCM4, and MCM6 can be used as markers to differentiate between luminal A and luminal B subtypes; 2) to study whether MCM2, MCM4, and MCM6 are highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer, as there is an urgent need to search for surrogate markers in this aggressive subtype, for drug development purposes; 3) to compare the prognostic values of these markers in predicting relapse-free survival; and 4) to compare the three approaches used for scoring the protein expression of these markers by immunohistochemistry (IHC). MCM2, MCM4, MCM6, and MKI67 mRNA expression was first studied using in silico analysis of available breast cancer datasets. We next used IHC to evaluate their protein expression on tissue microarrays using three scoring methods. MCM2, MCM4, and MCM6 can help in distinction between luminal A and luminal B whose therapeutic management and clinical outcomes are different. MCM2, MCM4, MCM6, and Ki-67 are highly expressed in breast cancer of high histological grades that comprise clinically aggressive tumors such as luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple-negative subtypes. Low transcript expression of these markers is associated with increased probability of relapse-free survival. A positive relationship exists among the three scoring methods of each of the four markers. An independent validation cohort is needed to confirm their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Samir Makboul Issac
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Einas Yousef
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Tahir
- The University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Louis A Gaboury
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4.
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15
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The role of Ki-67 in Asian triple negative breast cancers: a novel combinatory panel approach. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:709-725. [PMID: 31407032 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation marker Ki-67 is frequently used to assess aggressiveness in the pathological evaluation of cancer, but its role remains uncertain in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We aimed to quantify and localize Ki-67 expression in both epithelial and immune compartments in TNBC and investigate its association with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcomes. A total of 406 TNBC cases diagnosed between 2003 and 2015 at Singapore General Hospital were recruited. Using state-of-the-art, 7-colour multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) tissue microarrays (TMAs) were stained to assess the abundance, density and spatial distribution of Ki-67-positive tumour cells and immune cells co-decorated with cytokeratin (CK) and leukocyte common antigen (CD45) respectively. Furthermore, MKI67 mRNA profiles were analysed using NanoString technology. In multivariate analysis adjusted for tumour size, histologic grade, age at diagnosis, and lymph node stage, a high Ki-67 labelling index (LI) > 0.3% was associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS; HR = 0.727; p = 0.027). High Ki-67-positive immune cell count per TMA was a favourable prognostic marker for both DFS (HR = 0.379; p = 0.00153) and overall survival (OS; HR = 0.473; p = 0.0482). The combination of high Ki-67 LI and high MKI67 expression was associated with improved DFS (HR = 0.239; p = 0.00639) and OS (HR = 0.213; p = 0.034). This study is among the first to highlight that Ki-67 is associated with favourable prognosis in an adjuvant setting in TNBC, and the mIF-based evaluation of Ki-67 expression on both tumour and immune cells represents a novel prognostic approach.
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16
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Liu K, Kang M, Liao X, Wang R. Genome-wide investigation of the clinical significance and prospective molecular mechanism of minichromosome maintenance protein family genes in patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219467. [PMID: 31323040 PMCID: PMC6641114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current study is to identify clinical significance of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) gene expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) using genome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) dataset and bioinformatics analysis tools. The biological function and potential process for function of the MCM1-10 were identified by multiple bioinformatics analysis tools. Clinical significance and molecular mechanism of the MCM1-10 were investigated by the RNA-seq dataset of LUAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Functional assessment substantiated involvement of MCM1-10 in cell cycle progression and DNA replication, and co-expressed with each other. We also observed that the MCM1-10 were dysregulation in LUAD tumor tissues, and may be have diagnostic implications in LUAD. Prognosis analysis in TCGA and KM plotter cohorts suggest that high abundance of MCM5, MCM8 and MCM4 notably correlated to poor LUAD overall survival. Mechanistic exploration of MCM4, MCM5, and MCM8 by gene set enrichment analysis suggests that these genes may influence the LUAD prognosis by regulating the cell cycle, DNA replication and other multiple biological processes and pathways. In comclusion, our study suggests that MCM1-10 can serve as diagnostic biomarkers for LUAD patients. Of them, MCM4, MCM5, and MCM8 may act as potential prognostic indicators for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Alshabi AM, Shaikh IA, Vastrad C. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of the Drug-Treated Breast Cancer Based on Gene Expression Microarray. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070282. [PMID: 31311202 PMCID: PMC6681318 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Breast cancer (BRCA) remains the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the present study, we identified novel biomarkers expressed during estradiol and tamoxifen treatment of BRCA. The microarray dataset of E-MTAB-4975 from Array Express database was downloaded, and the differential expressed genes (DEGs) between estradiol-treated BRCA sample and tamoxifen-treated BRCA sample were identified by limma package. The pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis, construction of target genes-miRNA interaction network and target genes-transcription factor (TF) interaction network were performed using bioinformatics tools. The expression, prognostic values, and mutation of hub genes were validated by SurvExpress database, cBioPortal, and human protein atlas (HPA) database. A total of 856 genes (421 up-regulated genes and 435 down-regulated genes) were identified in T47D (overexpressing Split Ends (SPEN) + estradiol) samples compared to T47D (overexpressing Split Ends (SPEN) + tamoxifen) samples. Pathway and GO enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in response to lysine degradation II (pipecolate pathway), cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, cell cycle pathway, and response to cytokine pathway. DEGs (MCM2, TCF4, OLR1, HSPA5, MAP1LC3B, SQSTM1, NEU1, HIST1H1B, RAD51, RFC3, MCM10, ISG15, TNFRSF10B, GBP2, IGFBP5, SOD2, DHF and MT1H) , which were significantly up- and down-regulated in estradiol and tamoxifen-treated BRCA samples, were selected as hub genes according to the results of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis, target genes-miRNA interaction network and target genes-TF interaction network analysis. The SurvExpress database, cBioPortal, and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database further confirmed that patients with higher expression levels of these hub genes experienced a shorter overall survival. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed, and potential therapeutic applications of estradiol and tamoxifen were predicted in BRCA samples. The data may unravel the future molecular mechanisms of BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Alshabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 66237, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 66237, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, ChanabasavaNilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India.
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18
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Ahmed MY, Salah MM, Kassim SK, Abdelaal A, Elayat WM, Mohamed DAW, Fouly AE, Abu-Zahra FAE. Evaluation of the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of non-coding RNA and cell proliferation related gene association in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2019; 706:97-105. [PMID: 31034943 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Micro RNA-34a-5p (miR-34a-5p) is an important molecule that can act as a modulator of tumor growth. It controls expression of a plenty of proteins controlling cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis and opposing processes that favor viability of cancer cells, their metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) is a target gene of miR-34a-p. In this study, RT-qPCR was employed to detect the expression of miR-34a-5p and MCM2 in 10 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues. The functional role of miR-34a-5p in HCC was investigated and the interaction between miR-34a-5p and MCM2 was explored. Results showed miR-34a-5p expression in HCC tissues was significantly lower than in non HCC liver tissues (P < 0.05), but MCM2 expression in HCC tissues was markedly higher than in non HCC liver tissues (P < 0.05). In addition, miR-34a-5p expression was negatively related to MCM2 expression. To confirm effect of miR-34a-5p on tumor growth and its possible effect on MCM2, miR-34a-5p mimic and inhibitor was transfected into HCC cell lines (HepG2). MTS assay, showed miR-34a-5p over-expression could inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells. RT-qPCR was done to detect the expression of miR-34a-5p and MCM2 in HepG2 cells before and after transfection. Results showed that MCM2 expression in HCC tissues was markedly lower in mimic transfected group than in inhibitor transfected group and control group (P < 0.05) while miR-34a-5p expression in HepG2 cells was significantly higher in mimic transfected group than in inhibitor transfected group and control group (P < 0.05). Thus, miR-34a-5p may inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells via regulating MCM2 expression. These findings provide an evidence for the emerging role of microRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Yehia Ahmed
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mofida Mohammed Salah
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Kamal Kassim
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Abdelaal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael M Elayat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Amr El Fouly
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
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19
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Pierre C, Agopiantz M, Brunaud L, Battaglia-Hsu SF, Max A, Pouget C, Nomine C, Lomazzi S, Vignaud JM, Weryha G, Oussalah A, Gauchotte G, Busby-Venner H. COPPS, a composite score integrating pathological features, PS100 and SDHB losses, predicts the risk of metastasis and progression-free survival in pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas. Virchows Arch 2019; 474:721-734. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Fluoro-Chromogenic Labelling for Detection of MCM2 to Assess Proliferation Activity in HER2-amplified Breast Carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 28:175-186. [PMID: 30358612 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 2 (MCM2) is critical in initiating DNA replication during the cell division process. As expressed intensively in all phases of the active cell cycle, MCM2 has been proposed as a novel biomarker to determine cellular proliferation. We aimed at clarifying the prevalence and clinical significance of MCM2 in HER2-amplified breast cancer subtype. MCM2 expression was studied in 142 primary HER2-amplified breast carcinomas by applying a novel fluoro-chromogenic immunohistochemistry and tailored digital image analysis to determine labelling index (MCM2-LI). The presence of MCM2 was detected with HRP-conjugated polymer and visualized with 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride, in cytokeratin (CK)-positive and Cy2-IgG-labelled breast cancer cells of epithelial origin. Stained slides were digitized by scanning sequentially under bright field (for MCM2) and fluorescence (for CK) illumination. Multilayer JPEG2000 images were analyzed with ImmunoRatio 2.5 (accessory in SlideVantage 1.2 software) utilizing its bright field and fluorescence image-blending mode to display MCM2-CK dual-positive cells. MCM2-LI was retrospectively compared with histopathologic characteristics and patients' clinical outcome. MCM2 protein-expressing cells (median MCM2-LI, 63.5%) were more frequent than those of Ki67 (median Ki67 labelling index, 33%). Significant correlations were found between high MCM2-LI, high Ki67 labelling index, negative hormone receptor (ER, PR) statuses, high grade of malignancy, and high cyclin E expression. MCM2-LI was not shown to be predictive of disease recurrence during the median follow-up of 5.3 years but was shown to be useful to distinguish aggressive-type HER2-amplified breast carcinomas with high malignancy grade and hormone receptor negativity. The fluoro-chromogenic double-labelling immunohistochemistry accompanied with digital image analysis provides an accurate carcinoma-specific determination of MCM2-LI on a single tumor section.
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21
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Assessment of Proliferative Index Between the Tumor Margin, Center of Tumor, and the Invasive Tumor Front of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma With the Help of Mcm-2: An Immunohistochemical Study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 28:30-35. [PMID: 30359334 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The knowledge of cellular proteins that involves cell cycle and its control system is essential for understanding tumor biology. Minichromosome maintenance protein (Mcm-2), a component of prereplicative complex, essential for initiating DNA replication, is deregulated in different malignant lesions, and is expressed throughout the whole cell cycle including the G0 and G1 phases. This characteristic cell cycle event is not found in other proliferative markers such as geminin, AgNOR, Ki-67, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare the expression of Mcm-2 in normal oral mucosa (NM) and oral squamous cell carcinomas at tumor margins (TM), the tumor center (TC), and the invasive tumor front (ITF), with correlation of clinicopathologic features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissues from 50 oral squamous cell carcinomas and 10 NM were archived retrospectively and stained with an antibody directed against the Mcm-2 antigen. A quantitative method was used to score the Mcm-2 expression in NM, TM, TC, and ITF. Nuclei labeling index for each case was estimated as the percentage of immunoreactive nuclei among 500 cells separately for NM, TM, TC, and ITF. RESULTS Nuclei labeling index increases progressively from NM (49.08%), TM (67.79%), and TC (76.87%) to ITF (87.77%). CONCLUSIONS Cell proliferation by Mcm-2 at the ITF had a strong positive relationship with TC, TM. Mcm-2, a pan-cell cycle marker, is more sensitive in comparison with other conventional proliferative markers, which can be a better prognostic indicator.
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22
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Hernández-Carralero E, Cabrera E, Alonso-de Vega I, Hernández-Pérez S, Smits VAJ, Freire R. Control of DNA Replication Initiation by Ubiquitin. Cells 2018; 7:E146. [PMID: 30241373 PMCID: PMC6211026 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells divide by accomplishing a program of events in which the replication of the genome is a fundamental part. To ensure all cells have an accurate copy of the genome, DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle and is controlled by numerous pathways. A key step in this process is the initiation of DNA replication in which certain regions of DNA are marked as competent to replicate. Moreover, initiation of DNA replication needs to be coordinated with other cell cycle processes. At the molecular level, initiation of DNA replication relies, among other mechanisms, upon post-translational modifications, including the conjugation and hydrolysis of ubiquitin. An example is the precise control of the levels of the DNA replication initiation protein Cdt1 and its inhibitor Geminin by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. This control ensures that DNA replication occurs with the right timing during the cell cycle, thereby avoiding re-replication events. Here, we review the events that involve ubiquitin signalling during DNA replication initiation, and how they are linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Hernández-Carralero
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Elisa Cabrera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Alonso-de Vega
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Santiago Hernández-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Veronique A J Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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23
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Liao X, Han C, Wang X, Huang K, Yu T, Yang C, Huang R, Liu Z, Han Q, Peng T. Prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance mRNA expression in early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3255-3271. [PMID: 30233242 PMCID: PMC6130532 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s171293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) genes in patients with early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after pancreaticoduodenectomy by using the RNA-sequencing dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods An RNA-sequencing dataset of 112 early-stage PDAC patients who received a pancreaticoduodenectomy was obtained from TCGA. Survival analysis was used to identify potential prognostic values of MCM genes in PDAC overall survival (OS). Results Through mining public databases, we observed that MCM genes (MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, and MCM7) were upregulated in pancreatic cancer tumor tissue and have a strong positive coexpression with each other. Multivariate survival analysis indicated that a high expression of MCM4 significantly increased the risk of death in patients with PDAC, and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.655, 0.587, and 0.509 for a 1-, 2-, and 3-year PDAC OS prediction, respectively. Comprehensive survival analysis of MCM4 using stratified and joint effects survival analysis suggests that MCM4 may be an independent prognostic indicator for PDAC OS. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that MCM4 may participate in multiple biologic processes and pathways, including DNA replication, cell cycle, tumor protein p53, and Notch signaling pathways, thereby affecting prognosis of PDAC patients. Conclusions Our study indicates that MCM2–7 were upregulated in pancreatic cancer tumor tissues, and mRNA expression of MCM4 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator for PDAC OS prediction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Quanfa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
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24
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Liao X, Liu X, Yang C, Wang X, Yu T, Han C, Huang K, Zhu G, Su H, Qin W, Huang R, Yu L, Deng J, Zeng X, Ye X, Peng T. Distinct Diagnostic and Prognostic Values of Minichromosome Maintenance Gene Expression in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:2357-2373. [PMID: 30026832 PMCID: PMC6036720 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to identify diagnostic and prognostic values of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) gene expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The biological function of the MCM genes were investigated by bioinformatics analysis. The diagnostic and prognostic values of the MCM genes were investigated by using the data of HCC patients from the GSE14520 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Results: Bioinformatics analysis of the MCM genes substantiated that MCM2-7 genes were significantly enriched in DNA replication and cell cycle, and co-expressed with each other. These genes also co-expressed in HCC tumor tissue in both the GSE14520 and TCGA cohort. We also observed that the expression of the MCM2-7 genes was increased in tumor tissue, and diagnostic receiver operating characteristic analysis of MCM2-7 indicated that these genes could serve as sensitive diagnostic markers in HCC. Survival analysis in the GSE14520 cohort suggested that expression of MCM2, MCM4, MCM5, and MCM6 were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus-related HCC overall survival (OS). However, none of the MCM genes were associated with recurrence-free survival in the GSE14520 cohort. The validation cohort of TCGA suggested that the expression of MCM2, MCM6, and MCM7 were significantly correlated with HCC OS. Conclusion: Our study indicated that MCM2-7 genes may be potential diagnostic biomarkers in patients with HCC. Among them, MCM2 and MCM6 may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jianlong Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Yulin, 537000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
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25
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Seo YS, Kang YH. The Human Replicative Helicase, the CMG Complex, as a Target for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:26. [PMID: 29651420 PMCID: PMC5885281 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA helicases unwind or rearrange duplex DNA during replication, recombination and repair. Helicases of many pathogenic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been studied as potential therapeutic targets to treat infectious diseases, and human DNA helicases as potential targets for anti-cancer therapy. DNA replication machineries perform essential tasks duplicating genome in every cell cycle, and one of the important functions of these machineries are played by DNA helicases. Replicative helicases are usually multi-subunit protein complexes, and the minimal complex active as eukaryotic replicative helicase is composed of 11 subunits, requiring a functional assembly of two subcomplexes and one protein. The hetero-hexameric MCM2-7 helicase is activated by forming a complex with Cdc45 and the hetero-tetrameric GINS complex; the Cdc45-Mcm2-7-GINS (CMG) complex. The CMG complex can be a potential target for a treatment of cancer and the feasibility of this replicative helicase as a therapeutic target has been tested recently. Several different strategies have been implemented and are under active investigations to interfere with helicase activity of the CMG complex. This review focuses on the molecular function of the CMG helicase during DNA replication and its relevance to cancers based on data published in the literature. In addition, current efforts made to identify small molecules inhibiting the CMG helicase to develop anti-cancer therapeutic strategies were summarized, with new perspectives to advance the discovery of the CMG-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Soo Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kang
- Core Protein Resources Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
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26
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Liu YZ, Wang BS, Jiang YY, Cao J, Hao JJ, Zhang Y, Xu X, Cai Y, Wang MR. MCMs expression in lung cancer: implication of prognostic significance. J Cancer 2017; 8:3641-3647. [PMID: 29151950 PMCID: PMC5688916 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome Maintenance (MCM) proteins play essential roles in various cancers. We previously reported that MCM7 could be a prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of current study is to explore roles of other MCM proteins in NSCLC and their correlation with clinico-pathologic parameters of NSCLC patients. We evaluated the expression of MCM2, MCM5 and MCM6 immunohistochemically in 571 primary NSCLC samples. High expression of MCM2, MCM5 and MCM6 was detected in 42.2%, 38.3% and 52.9% of tumor tissues, respectively. The expression of MCM2, MCM5 and MCM6 was significantly associated with gender (P = 0.00004, 0.00004, 0.008), tumor type (P < 0.00001, < 0.00001, 0.00001) and smoking history (P = 0.009, 0.00043, 0.002). MCM2 and MCM5 were detected more in central-type lung cancer (P< 0.006, 0.016). Higher labeling index (LI) of MCM2 was observed more frequently in aged patients (P = 0.023) and in those at later stage (P = 0.001). Higher MCM5 LIs was detected more in patients with distant metastasis (P = 0.008). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that early-stage (stage I/II) patients with higher MCM2 LIs had a poorer OS compared to those with lower LIs (P = 0.021). And lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients presenting high MCM5 expression had shorter OS (P = 0.015). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MCM5 was an independent prognostic indicator (P = 0.035, HR = 1.586, 95%CI: 1.032-2.437). We reported for the first time that higher MCM5 LIs could be an independent adverse prognostic biomarker for SCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Neves H, Kwok HF. In sickness and in health: The many roles of the minichromosome maintenance proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:295-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Yousef EM, Furrer D, Laperriere DL, Tahir MR, Mader S, Diorio C, Gaboury LA. MCM2: An alternative to Ki-67 for measuring breast cancer cell proliferation. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:682-697. [PMID: 28084344 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising a diversity of tumor subtypes that manifest themselves in a wide variety of clinical, pathological, and molecular features. One important subset, luminal breast cancers, comprises two clinically distinct subtypes luminal A and B each of them endowed with its own genetic program of differentiation and proliferation. Luminal breast cancers were operationally defined as follows: Luminal A: ER+, PR+, HER2-, Ki-67<14% and Luminal B: ER+ and/or PR+, HER2-,Ki-67≥14% or, alternatively ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+, any Ki-67. There is currently a need for a clinically robust and validated immunohistochemical assay that can help distinguish between luminal A and B breast cancer. MCM2 is a family member of the minichromosome maintenance protein complex whose role in DNA replication and cell proliferation is firmly established. As MCM2 appears to be an attractive alternative to Ki-67, we sought to study the expression of MCM2 and Ki-67 in different histological grades and molecular subtypes of breast cancer focusing primarily on ER-positive tumors. MCM2 and Ki-67 mRNA expression were studied using in silico analysis of available DNA microarray and RNA-sequencing data of human breast cancer. We next used immunohistochemistry to evaluate protein expression of MCM2 and Ki-67 on tissue microarrays of invasive breast carcinoma. We found that MCM2 and Ki-67 are highly expressed in breast tumors of high histological grades, comprising clinically aggressive tumors such as triple-negative, HER2-positive and luminal B subtypes. MCM2 expression was detected at higher levels than that of Ki-67 in normal breast tissues and in breast cancers. The bimodal distribution of MCM2 scores in ER+/HER2- breast tumors led to the identification of two distinct subgroups with different relapse-free survival rates. In conclusion, MCM2 expression can help sorting out two clinically important subsets of luminal breast cancer whose treatment and clinical outcomes are likely to diverge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einas M Yousef
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Daniela Furrer
- Cancer Research Centre at Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Oncology Axis, CHU of Quebec Research Center, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - David L Laperriere
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Muhammad R Tahir
- The University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Mader
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Cancer Research Centre at Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Oncology Axis, CHU of Quebec Research Center, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Deschênes-Fabia Center for Breast Diseases, Hôpital du St-Sacrement, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Louis A Gaboury
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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29
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The prognostic significance of Cdc6 and Cdt1 in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:985. [PMID: 28428557 PMCID: PMC5430515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a critical step in cell proliferation. Overexpression of MCM2-7 genes correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. However, the roles of Cdc6 and Cdt1, which work with MCMs to regulate DNA replication, in breast cancers are largely unknown. In the present study, we have shown that the expression levels of Cdc6 and Cdt1 were both significantly correlated with an increasing number of MCM2-7 genes overexpression. Both Cdc6 and Cdt1, when expressed in a high level, alone or in combination, were significantly associated with poorer survival in the breast cancer patient cohort (n = 1441). In line with this finding, the expression of Cdc6 and Cdt1 was upregulated in breast cancer cells compared to normal breast epithelial cells. Expression of Cdc6 and Cdt1 was significantly higher in ER negative breast cancer, and was suppressed when ER signalling was inhibited either by tamoxifen in vitro or letrozole in human subjects. Importantly, breast cancer patients who responded to letrozole expressed significantly lower Cdc6 than those patients who did not respond. Our results suggest that Cdc6 is a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer patients.
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30
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Winther TL, Torp SH. MCM7 expression is a promising predictor of recurrence in patients surgically resected for meningiomas. J Neurooncol 2016; 131:575-583. [PMID: 27868157 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with high risk of recurrence after meningioma resection might benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy and closer clinical follow-up. While the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and the MIB-1 biomarker are applied in the clinical practice to identify these patients, the reliability of these methods is questionable. To improve the prediction of tumor recurrence, this study evaluated and compared the prognostic usefulness of the biomarker MCM7 with the conventional mitotic index and the MIB-1 biomarker. One hundred sixty patients were retrospectively analyzed. The expression of MIB-1 and MCM7 was determined as proliferative indices (PI-percentage of positive immunoreactive cells among 1000 tumor cells) in tissue microarrays. MCM7 PI revealed significantly higher indices in recurrent meningiomas compared with non-recurrent meningiomas (p = 0.020), while mitotic index and MIB-1 PI did not reach statistical significance (p ≥ 0.547). The optimal cutoff values for recurrence prediction were 3% for MIB-1 PI and 8% for MCM7 PI. MCM7 PI was significantly associated with recurrence-free survival in COX multivariate survival analyses (p = 0.005), while no association was found with mitotic index or MIB-1 (p ≥ 0.153). MCM7 PI allowed for the most accurate prediction of recurrence, obtaining the highest sensitivity and the greatest area under the ROC curve. These results proved that MCM7 PI is a better method for identifying patients with risk of recurrence compared with the traditional methods used in the current clinical practice. MCM7 may thus improve diagnostics, prediction of prognosis and treatment decision making in patients suffering from meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo L Winther
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sverre H Torp
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.,Pathology and Medical genetics, St. Olavs Hospital, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
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31
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Lodrini M, Poschmann G, Schmidt V, Wünschel J, Dreidax D, Witt O, Höfer T, Meyer HE, Stühler K, Eggert A, Deubzer HE. Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Is a Critical Node in the miR-183 Signaling Network of MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Cells. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2178-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lodrini
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger
Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Molecular
Proteomics Laboratory, Biological Medical Research Centre, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Victoria Schmidt
- Clinical
Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Wünschel
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger
Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Dreidax
- Division
Neuroblastoma Genetics, DKFZ, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Clinical
Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center
for Individualized Pediatric Oncology (ZIPO) and Brain Tumors, Department
of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), INF 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division
of Theoretical Systems Biology, DKFZ, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut E. Meyer
- Leibniz-Institut
für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular
Proteomics Laboratory, Biological Medical Research Centre, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße
1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger
Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedwig E. Deubzer
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger
Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Clinical
Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center
for Individualized Pediatric Oncology (ZIPO) and Brain Tumors, Department
of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), INF 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Junior
Neuroblastoma Research Group, Experimental and Clinical Research Center
of the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Juríková M, Danihel Ľ, Polák Š, Varga I. Ki67, PCNA, and MCM proteins: Markers of proliferation in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:544-52. [PMID: 27246286 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The proliferative activity of tumour cells represents an important prognostic marker in the diagnosis of cancer. One of the methods for assessing the proliferative activity of cells is the immunohistochemical detection of cell cycle-specific antigens. For example, Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins are standard markers of proliferation that are commonly used to assess the growth fraction of a cell population. The function of Ki67, the widely used marker of proliferation, still remains unclear. In contrast, PCNA and MCM proteins have been identified as important participants of DNA replication. All three proteins only manifest their expression during the cell division of normal and neoplastic cells. Since the expression of these proliferative markers was confirmed in several malignant tumours, their prognostic and predictive values have been evaluated to determine their significance in the diagnosis of cancer. This review offers insight into the discovery of the abovementioned proteins, as well as their current molecular and biological importance. In addition, the functions and properties of all three proteins and their use as markers of proliferation in the diagnosis of breast cancer are described. This work also reveals new findings about the role of Ki67 during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Finally, information is provided about the advantages and disadvantages of using all three antigens in the diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Juríková
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ľudovít Danihel
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Joshi S, Watkins J, Gazinska P, Brown JP, Gillett CE, Grigoriadis A, Pinder SE. Digital imaging in the immunohistochemical evaluation of the proliferation markers Ki67, MCM2 and Geminin, in early breast cancer, and their putative prognostic value. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26205655 PMCID: PMC4513675 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation may provide additional prognostic information in early breast cancer. However, due to a lack of methodological standards proliferation markers are still not routinely used for determining therapy. Even for Ki67, one of the most widely-studied markers, disagreements over the optimal cutoff exist. Improvements in digital microscopy may provide new avenues to standardise and make data more reproducible. Methods We studied the immunohistochemical expression of three markers of proliferation: Ki67, Mini-Chromosome Maintenance protein 2 and Geminin, by conventional light microscope and digital imaging on triplicate TMAs from 309 consecutive cases of primary breast cancers. Differences between the average and the maximum percentage reactivity in tumour cell nuclei from the three TMA cores were investigated to assess the validity of the approach. Time-dependent Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were utilized to obtain optimal expression level cut-offs, which were then correlated with clinico-pathological features and survival. Results High concordance between conventional and digital scores was observed for all 3 markers (Ki67: rs = 0.87, P < 0.001; MCM2: rs = 0.94, P < 0.001; and Geminin: rs = 0.86, P < 0.001; Spearman’s rank). There was no significant difference according to the number of TMA cores included for either Ki67 or MCM2; analysis of two or three cores produced comparable results. Higher levels of all three proliferation markers were significantly associated with higher grade (P < 0.001) and ER-negativity (P < 0.001). Optimal prognostic cut-offs for percentage expression in the tumour were 8 %, 12 and 2.33 % for Ki67, MCM2 and Geminin respectively. All 3 proliferation marker cutoffs were predictive of 15-year breast cancer-specific survival in univariable Cox regression analyses. In multivariable analysis only lymph node status (HR = 3.9, 95 % CI = 1.79-8.5, P = 0.0006) and histological grade (HR = 1.84, 95 % CI = 1–3.38, P = 0.05) remained significantly prognostic. Conclusions Here we show that. MCM2 is a more sensitive marker of proliferation than Ki67 and should be examined in future studies, especially in the lymph node-negative, hormone receptor-positive subgroup. Further, digital microscopy can be used effectively as a high-throughput method to evaluate immunohistochemical expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1531-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Joshi
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. .,Breast Cancer Now Unit, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. .,Present address: Tata Memorial Centre, Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Johnathan Watkins
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. .,Breast Cancer Now Unit, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. .,Breast Cancer Now Unit, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - John P Brown
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Cheryl E Gillett
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. .,King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. .,Breast Cancer Now Unit, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Sarah E Pinder
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. .,King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, King's College London, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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Stebbing J, Zhang H, Xu Y, Grothey A, Ajuh P, Angelopoulos N, Giamas G. Characterization of the Tyrosine Kinase-Regulated Proteome in Breast Cancer by Combined use of RNA interference (RNAi) and Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) Quantitative Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2479-92. [PMID: 26089344 PMCID: PMC4563730 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) are central regulators in cellular activities and perturbations of TK signaling contribute to oncogenesis. However, less than half of the TKs have been thoroughly studied and a global functional analysis of their proteomic portrait is lacking. Here we conducted a combined approach of RNA interference (RNAi) and stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics to decode the TK-regulated proteome and associated signaling dynamics. As a result, a broad proteomic repertoire modulated by TKs was revealed, upon silencing of the 65 TKs expressed in MCF7 breast cancer cells. This yielded 10 new distinctive TK clusters according to similarity in TK-regulated proteome, each characterized by a unique signaling signature in contrast to previous classifications. We provide functional analyses and identify critical pathways for each cluster based on their common downstream targets. Analysis of different breast cancer subtypes showed distinct correlations of each cluster with clinical outcome. From the significantly up- and down-regulated proteins, we identified a number of markers of drug sensitivity and resistance. These data supports the role of TKs in regulating major aspects of cellular activity, but also reveals redundancy in signaling, explaining why kinase inhibitors alone often fail to achieve their clinical aims. The TK-SILACepedia provides a comprehensive resource for studying the global function of TKs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Hua Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK;
| | - Yichen Xu
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Arnhild Grothey
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Paul Ajuh
- §Dundee Cell Products Ltd, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, Dundee, DD1 5JJ, UK
| | - Nicos Angelopoulos
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Georgios Giamas
- From the ‡Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
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Quimbaya M, Raspé E, Denecker G, De Craene B, Roelandt R, Declercq W, Sagaert X, De Veylder L, Berx G. Deregulation of the replisome factor MCMBP prompts oncogenesis in colorectal carcinomas through chromosomal instability. Neoplasia 2015; 16:694-709. [PMID: 25246271 PMCID: PMC4235010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic instability has emerged as an important hallmark of human neoplasia. Although most types of cancers exhibit genetic instability to some extent, in colorectal cancers genetic instability is a distinctive characteristic. Recent studies have shown that deregulation of genes involved in sister chromatid cohesion can result in chromosomal instability in colorectal cancers. Here, we show that the replisome factor minichromosome maintenance complex–binding protein (MCMBP), which is directly involved in the dynamics of the minichromosome maintenance complex and contributes to maintaining sister chromatid cohesion, is transcriptionally misregulated in different types of carcinomas. Cellular studies revealed that both MCMBP knockdown and overexpression in different breast and colorectal cell lines is associated with the emergence of a subpopulation of cells with abnormal nuclear morphology that likely arise as a consequence of aberrant cohesion events. Association analysis integrating gene expression data with clinical information revealed that enhanced MCMBP transcript levels correlate with an increased probability of relapse risk in colorectal cancers and different types of carcinomas. Moreover, a detailed study of a cohort of colorectal tumors showed that the MCMBP protein accumulates to high levels in cancer cells, whereas in normal proliferating tissue its abundance is low, indicating that MCMBP could be exploited as a novel diagnostic marker for this type of carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Quimbaya
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Eric Raspé
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Denecker
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram De Craene
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Roelandt
- Unit of Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- Unit of Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Zhang L, Yang B, Zhou K, Li H, Li D, Gao H, Zhang T, Wei D, Li Z, Diao Y. Potential therapeutic mechanism of genistein in breast cancer involves inhibition of cell cycle regulation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1820-6. [PMID: 25385471 PMCID: PMC4270317 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein can prevent tumorigenesis and reduce the incidence of diseases that are dependent upon estrogen. Previous research, however, has shown that genistein can also increase the risk of breast cancer. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of genistein in breast cancer and to determine whether genistein produces a therapeutic effect or promotes the development of breast cancer. Gene microarray data obtained from three samples treated with alcohol (control group), three samples treated with 3 μmol/l genistein and three samples treated with 10 μmol/l genistein for 48 h, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment in the two genistein groups was performed. The interaction networks of the DEGs were constructed and the overlapping network was extracted. Finally, the functions and pathways of the DEGs in the overlapping network were enriched. In total, 224 DEGs coexisted in the two genistein groups, and the most significant function of these was the cell cycle. The number and the fold change of expression values of the DEGs in the 10 μmol/l genistein group were significantly higher compared with that of the 3 μmol/l genistein group. The most significant function and pathway of the DEGs in the overlapping network was the cell cycle involving several genes, including GLIPR1, CDC20, BUB1, MCM2 and CCNB1. Thus, genistein stimulation resulted in gene expression changes in breast cancer cell lines and discrepancies increased with higher doses of genistein. The DEGs were most significantly associated with cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhou
- PET‑CT Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Yong Diao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
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MCM Paradox: Abundance of Eukaryotic Replicative Helicases and Genomic Integrity. Mol Biol Int 2014; 2014:574850. [PMID: 25386362 PMCID: PMC4217321 DOI: 10.1155/2014/574850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a crucial component of DNA replication licensing system, minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 2–7 complex acts as the eukaryotic DNA replicative helicase. The six related MCM proteins form a heterohexamer and bind with ORC, CDC6, and Cdt1 to form the prereplication complex. Although the MCMs are well known as replicative helicases, their overabundance and distribution patterns on chromatin present a paradox called the “MCM paradox.” Several approaches had been taken to solve the MCM paradox and describe the purpose of excess MCMs distributed beyond the replication origins. Alternative functions of these MCMs rather than a helicase had also been proposed. This review focuses on several models and concepts generated to solve the MCM paradox coinciding with their helicase function and provides insight into the concept that excess MCMs are meant for licensing dormant origins as a backup during replication stress. Finally, we extend our view towards the effect of alteration of MCM level. Though an excess MCM constituent is needed for normal cells to withstand stress, there must be a delineation of the threshold level in normal and malignant cells. This review also outlooks the future prospects to better understand the MCM biology.
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Abstract
Around 70% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha positive and hence their development is highly dependent on estradiol. While the invention of endocrine therapies has revolusioned the treatment of the disease, resistance to therapy eventually occurs in a large number of patients. This paper seeks to illustrate and discuss the complexity and heterogeneity of the mechanisms which underlie resistance and the approaches proposed to combat them. It will also focus on the use and development of methods for predicting which patients are likely to develop resistance.
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Hua C, Zhao G, Li Y, Bie L. Minichromosome Maintenance (MCM) Family as potential diagnostic and prognostic tumor markers for human gliomas. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:526. [PMID: 25046975 PMCID: PMC4223428 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are the most common type of all central nervous system tumors. Almost all patients diagnosed with these tumors have a poor prognostic outcome. We aimed to identify novel glioma prognosis-associated candidate genes. Methods We applied WebArrayDB software to span platform integrate and analyze the microarray datasets. We focused on a subset of the significantly up-regulated genes, the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) family. We used frozen glioma samples to predict the relationship between the expression of MCMs and patients outcome by qPCR and western blot. Results We found that MCMs expression was significantly up-regulated in glioma samples. MCM2-7 and MCM10 expressions were associated with WHO tumor grade. High MCM2 mRNA expression appeared to be strongly associated with poor overall survival in patients with high grade glioma. Furthermore, we report that MCM7 is strongly correlated with patient outcome in patients with WHO grade II-IV tumor. MCM3 expression was found to be up-regulated in glioma and correlated with overall survival in patients with WHO grade III tumor. MCM2, MCM3 and MCM7 expression levels were of greater prognostic relevance than histological diagnosis according to the current WHO classification system. Conclusions High expression of MCM 2, MCM3 and MCM7 mRNA correlated with poor outcome and may be clinically useful molecular prognostic markers in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Bie
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Clinical Hospital, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin St, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Scarpini CG, Groves IJ, Pett MR, Ward D, Coleman N. Virus transcript levels and cell growth rates after naturally occurring HPV16 integration events in basal cervical keratinocytes. J Pathol 2014; 233:281-93. [PMID: 24752734 PMCID: PMC4285939 DOI: 10.1002/path.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical carcinogenesis is characterized by a clonal selection process in which the
high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) genome usually changes from the
extra-chromosomal (episomal) state seen in productive infections to DNA that is
integrated into host chromosomes. However, it is not clear whether all HRHPV
integration events provide cells with a selective growth advantage compared with the
episome-containing cells from which they originate. It is also unclear whether
selection of cells containing a particular integrant from a mixed population simply
reflects the highest levels of virus oncogene expression or has additional
determinants. These early events in cervical carcinogenesis cannot readily be
addressed by cross-sectional studies of clinical samples. We used the W12 model
system to generate a panel of cervical squamous cell clones that were derived from an
identical background under non-competitive conditions and differed only by the
genomic site of HPV16 integration. Compared with the ‘baseline’
episome-containing cells from which they were isolated, only 9/17 clones (53%)
showed significantly greater growth rates and only 7/17 (41%) showed
significantly greater expression of the major virus oncogenes E7/E6. There were
significant variations in levels of HPV16 transcription per DNA template, changes
that were associated with histone modifications in the integrated virus chromatin.
Cell growth rates showed only weak and non-significant associations with protein and
mRNA levels for E7, E6, and the mean E7/E6 values. We conclude that HPV16 integration
in basal cervical cells does not necessarily lead to increased levels of virus
oncogenes, or to a competitive growth advantage, when compared with the initiating
episome-containing cells.
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Ashkavandi ZJ, Najvani AD, Tadbir AA, Pardis S, Ranjbar MA, Ashraf MJ. MCM3 as a novel diagnostic marker in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3479-82. [PMID: 23886132 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferation markers widely have been used to diagnose and determine the behaviour and prognosis of benign and malignant tumours. Minichromosome maintenance 3 (MCM3) is a novel proliferation marker. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare MCM3 with Ki-67 in diagnosis of salivary gland tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, immunohistochemical expression of MCM3 and Ki-67 was evaluated in 15 pleomorphic adenomas (PA), 17 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC) and 18 adenoid cystic carcinomas (ADCC) . Labeling indices (LIs) for the two markers were calculated and compared. RESULTS MCM3 and Ki-67 LIs were significantly higher in MEC and ADCC compared to PA. The LI of MCM3 was significantly higher than that of Ki-67 in MEC and PA. There was no significant difference between the two markers in ADCC. A cut-off point of 8% with 74.3% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity for MCM3 was obtained to discern between benign and malignant tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MCM3 might be a useful proliferation marker for differential diagnosis and recognition of clinical behavior of salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jaafari Ashkavandi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jackson AP, Laskey RA, Coleman N. Replication proteins and human disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:cshperspect.a013060. [PMID: 23881941 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss the significance of DNA replication proteins in human disease. There is a broad range of mutations in genes encoding replication proteins, which result in several distinct clinical disorders that share common themes. One group of replication proteins, the MCMs, has emerged as effective biomarkers for early detection of a range of common cancers. They offer practical and theoretical advantages over other replication proteins and have been developed for widespread clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Dong Z, Ran J, Zhou H, Chen J, Lei T, Wang W, Sun Y, Lin G, Bankir L, Yang B. Urea transporter UT-B deletion induces DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse bladder urothelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76952. [PMID: 24204711 PMCID: PMC3804579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies found that urea transporter UT-B is abundantly expressed in bladder urothelium. However, the dynamic role of UT-B in bladder urothelial cells remains unclear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physiological roles of UT-B in bladder urothelium using UT-B knockout mouse model and T24 cell line. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Urea and NO measurement, mRNA expression micro-array analysis, light and transmission electron microscopy, apoptosis assays, DNA damage and repair determination, and intracellular signaling examination were performed in UT-B null bladders vs wild-type bladders and in vitro T24 epithelial cells. UT-B was highly expressed in mouse bladder urothelium. The genes, Dcaf11, MCM2-4, Uch-L1, Bnip3 and 45 S pre rRNA, related to DNA damage and apoptosis were significantly regulated in UT-B null urothelium. DNA damage and apoptosis highly occurred in UT-B null urothelium. Urea and NO levels were significantly higher in UT-B null urothelium than that in wild-type, which may affect L-arginine metabolism and the intracellular signals related to DNA damage and apoptosis. These findings were consistent with the in vitro study in T24 cells that, after urea loading, exhibited cell cycle delay and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE UT-B may play an important role in protecting bladder urothelium by balancing intracellular urea concentration. Disruption of UT-B function induces DNA damage and apoptosis in bladder, which can result in bladder disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Ran
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Research Center, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianluo Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiting Lin
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lise Bankir
- INSERM Unit 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Hanning JE, Saini HK, Murray MJ, Caffarel MM, van Dongen S, Ward D, Barker EM, Scarpini CG, Groves IJ, Stanley MA, Enright AJ, Pett MR, Coleman N. Depletion of HPV16 early genes induces autophagy and senescence in a cervical carcinogenesis model, regardless of viral physical state. J Pathol 2013; 231:354-66. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harpreet K Saini
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute; Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SD UK
| | | | | | - Stijn van Dongen
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute; Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SD UK
| | - Dawn Ward
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; CB2 1QP UK
| | - Emily M Barker
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; CB2 1QP UK
| | | | - Ian J Groves
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; CB2 1QP UK
| | | | - Anton J Enright
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute; Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SD UK
| | - Mark R Pett
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; CB2 1QP UK
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de Andrade BAB, León JE, Carlos R, Delgado-Azañero W, Mosqueda-Taylor A, de Almeida OP. Expression of minichromosome maintenance 2, Ki-67, and geminin in oral nevi and melanoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2013; 17:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Dairkee SH, Luciani-Torres MG, Moore DH, Goodson WH. Bisphenol-A-induced inactivation of the p53 axis underlying deregulation of proliferation kinetics, and cell death in non-malignant human breast epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:703-12. [PMID: 23222814 PMCID: PMC3581603 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread distribution of bisphenol-A (BPA) complicates epidemiological studies of possible carcinogenic effects on the breast because there are few unexposed controls. To address this challenge, we previously developed non-cancerous human high-risk donor breast epithelial cell (HRBEC) cultures, wherein BPA exposure could be controlled experimentally. BPA consistently induced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway—accompanied by dose-dependent evasion of apoptosis and increased proliferation—in HRBECs from multiple donors. Here, we demonstrate key molecular changes underlying BPA-induced cellular reprogramming. In 3/3 BPA-exposed HRBEC cell lines, and in T47D breast cancer cells, proapoptotic negative regulators of the cell cycle (p53, p21WAF1 and BAX) were markedly reduced, with concomitant increases in proliferation-initiating gene products (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclins, CDKs and phosphorylated pRb). However, simultaneous exposure to BPA and the polyphenol, curcumin, partially or fully reduced the spectrum of effects associated with BPA alone, including mTOR pathway proteins (AKT1, RPS6, pRPS6 and 4EBP1). BPA exposure induced an increase in the ERα (Estrogen Receptor): ERβ ratio—an effect also reversed by curcumin (analysis of variance, P < 0.02 for all test proteins). At the functional level, concurrent curcumin exposure reduced BPA-induced apoptosis evasion and rapid growth kinetics in all cell lines to varying degrees. Moreover, BPA extended the proliferation potential of 6/6 primary finite-life HRBEC cultures—another effect reduced by curcumin. Even after removal of BPA, 1/6 samples maintained continuous growth—a hallmark of cancer. We show that BPA exposure induces aberrant expression of multiple checkpoints that regulate cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis and that such changes can be effectively ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaz H Dairkee
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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Ali HR, Dawson SJ, Blows FM, Provenzano E, Pharoah PD, Caldas C. Aurora kinase A outperforms Ki67 as a prognostic marker in ER-positive breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1798-806. [PMID: 22538974 PMCID: PMC3365239 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Proliferation has emerged as a major prognostic factor in luminal breast cancer. The immunohistochemical (IHC) proliferation marker Ki67 has been most extensively investigated but has not gained widespread clinical acceptance. Methods: We have conducted a head-to-head comparison of a panel of proliferation markers, including Ki67. Our aim was to establish the marker of the greatest prognostic utility. Tumour samples from 3093 women with breast cancer were constructed as tissue microarrays. We used IHC to detect expression of mini-chromosome maintenance protein 2, Ki67, aurora kinase A (AURKA), polo-like kinase 1, geminin and phospho-histone H3. We used a Cox proportional-hazards model to investigate the association with 10-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). Missing values were resolved using multiple imputation. Results: The prognostic significance of proliferation was limited to oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Aurora kinase A emerged as the marker of the greatest prognostic significance in a multivariate model adjusted for the standard clinical and molecular covariates (hazard ratio 1.3; 95% confidence interval 1.1–1.5; P=0.005), outperforming all other markers including Ki67. Conclusion: Aurora kinase A outperforms other proliferation markers as an independent predictor of BCSS in ER-positive breast cancer. It has the potential for use in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Ali
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 9RN, UK.
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Expression of minichromosome maintenance MCM6 protein in meningiomas is strongly correlated with histologic grade and clinical outcome. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:283-91. [PMID: 22020044 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318235ee03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2007 World Health Organization histologic grading of meningiomas is associated with recurrence and clinical outcome. However, distinction of grade I from grade II (atypical) meningiomas can be challenging. In the World Health Organization classification, there are 4 parameters on the basis of which grade II status can be determined: mitotic rate, cytoarchitectural features, brain invasion, and/or histologic subtype. Furthermore, this classification fails to detect grade I recurrent meningiomas, for which other prognostic criteria would be needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the respective value of several markers involved in cell cycle as effective tools to predict recurrence. This retrospective study was based on a series of 59 meningiomas (grade I: 32 of 59, grade II: 27 of 59, all harboring ≥4 mitoses/1.6 mm), analyzed with the following immunohistochemical markers: MCM6, Ki-67, PHH3, cyclin D1, and p53. We found a significant correlation between histologic grade and mean labeling index for MCM6 (grade I: 21.8% vs. grade II: 65.8%; P<0.001), Ki-67 (3.2% vs. 16.9%; P<0.001), PHH3 (0.7‰ vs. 2.8‰; P<0.001), cyclin D1 (50.4% vs. 70.0%; P=0.005), and p53 (17.3% vs. 32.4%; P=0.017). Histologic grading and mitotic index were correlated with progression-free survival (P=0.010 and P=0.020, respectively). A nearly linear correlation was found between progression-free survival and staining for MCM6 (P<0.001), Ki-67 (P=0.003), and PHH3 (P=0.037) but not for cyclin D1 (P=0.400) and p53 (P=0.758). The interobserver agreement coefficients for MCM6, Ki-67, PHH3, cyclin D1, and p53 were, respectively, 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.95-0.98), 0.93 (0.89-0.96), 0.81 (0.70-0.88), 0.90 (0.83-0.94), and 0.84 (0.73-0.90). In conclusion, because of its strong level of expression and sharp difference in labeling index between indolent and recurrent tumors, MCM6 is the most efficient marker to identify tumors with a high risk of recurrence.
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Significance of Loss of Heterozygosity in Predicting Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 20:116-23. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31822afce2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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50
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Valenzuela MS. Initiation of DNA Replication in the Human Genome. HEREDITARY GENETICS : CURRENT RESEARCH 2012; Suppl 1:4903. [PMID: 24511453 PMCID: PMC3915928 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1041.s1-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Replication of the human genome relies on the presence of thousands of origins distributed along each of the chromosomes. The activation of these origins occurs in a highly regulated manner to ensure that chromosomes are faithfully duplicated only once during each cell cycle. Failure in this regulation can lead to abnormal cell proliferation, or/and genomic instability, the hallmarks of cancer cells. The mechanisms determining how, when, and where origins are activated remains still a mystery. However recent technological advances have facilitated the study of DNA replication in a genome-wide scale, and have provided a wealth of information on several features of this process. Here we present an overview of the current progress on our understanding of the initiation step of DNA replication in human cells, and its relationship to abnormal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel S. Valenzuela
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Jr. Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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