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An Overview of the Molecular Cues and Their Intracellular Signaling Shared by Cancer and the Nervous System: From Neurotransmitters to Synaptic Proteins, Anatomy of an All-Inclusive Cooperation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314695. [PMID: 36499024 PMCID: PMC9739679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an overview of the molecular cues and their intracellular signaling involved in the crosstalk between cancer and the nervous system. While "cancer neuroscience" as a field is still in its infancy, the relation between cancer and the nervous system has been known for a long time, and a huge body of experimental data provides evidence that tumor-nervous system connections are widespread. They encompass different mechanisms at different tumor progression steps, are multifaceted, and display some intriguing analogies with the nervous system's physiological processes. Overall, we can say that many of the paradigmatic "hallmarks of cancer" depicted by Weinberg and Hanahan are affected by the nervous system in a variety of manners.
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2
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Liu F, Bouznad N, Kaller M, Shi X, König J, Jaeckel S, Hermeking H. Csf1r mediates enhancement of intestinal tumorigenesis caused by inactivation of Mir34a. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5415-5437. [PMID: 36147476 PMCID: PMC9461672 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.75503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) encoding mRNA represents a direct target of miR-34a. However, the in vivo relevance of the suppression of CSF1R by miR-34a for intestinal tumor suppression mediated by the p53/miR-34a pathway has remained unknown. Here, ApcMin/+ mice with intestinal-epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletions of Mir34a showed increased formation of adenomas and decreased survival, whereas deletion of Csf1r decreased adenoma formation and increased survival. In adenomas deletion of Mir34a enhanced proliferation, STAT3 signaling, infiltration with fibroblasts, immune cells and microbes, and tumor stem cell abundance and decreased apoptosis. Deletion of Csf1r had the opposite effects. In addition, homeostasis of intestinal secretory and stem cells, and tumoroid formation were affected in opposite directions by deletion of Mir34a and CSF1R. Concomitant deletion of Csf1r and Mir34a neutralized the effects of the single deletions. mRNAs containing Mir34a seed-matching sites, which encode proteins related to EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition), stemness and Wnt signaling, were enriched after Mir34a inactivation in adenomas and derived tumoroids. Netrin-1/Ntn1 and Transgelin/Tagln were characterized as direct targets of Mir34a and Csf1r signaling. Mir34a-inactivation related expression signatures were associated with CMS4/CRISB+D, stage 4 CRCs and poor patient survival. In tumoroids the loss of Mir34a conferred resistance to 5-FU which was mediated by Csf1r. This study provides genetic evidence for a requirement of Mir34a-mediated Csf1r suppression for intestinal stem/secretory cell homeostasis and tumor suppression, and suggests that therapeutic targeting of CSF1R may be effective for the treatment of CRCs with defects in the p53/miR-34a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangteng Liu
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany
| | - Nassim Bouznad
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany
| | - Markus Kaller
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Shi
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany
| | - Janine König
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany
| | - Stephanie Jaeckel
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Somatic mutations in DCC are associated with genomic instability and favourable outcomes in melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1411-1423. [PMID: 35871235 PMCID: PMC9553921 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) encodes a transmembrane dependence receptor and is frequently mutated in melanoma. The associations of DCC mutation with chromosomal instability and immunotherapeutic efficacy in melanoma are largely uncharacterised. METHODS We performed an integrated study based on biological experiments and multi-dimensional data types, including genomic, transcriptomic and clinical immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-treated melanoma cohorts from public databases. RESULTS DCC mutation was significantly correlated with the tumour mutational burden (TMB) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and ICB-treated melanoma cohorts. DCC expression levels were correlated with DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathways responsive to irradiation (IR) in the Malme-3M and SK-MEL-2 cell lines. In the TCGA cohort, DCC-mutated samples presented more neoantigens, higher proportions of infiltrating antitumour immunocytes and lower proportions of infiltrating pro-tumour immunocytes than DCC wild-type samples. DCC-mutated samples were significantly enriched in activated immune response and DDR pathways. Furthermore, patients harbouring mutated DCC treated with ICB showed remarkable clinical benefits in terms of the response rate and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Somatic mutations in DCC are associated with improved clinical outcomes in ICB-treated melanoma patients. Once further validated, the DCC mutational status can improve patient selection for clinical practice and future study enrolment.
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Nakayama H, Ohnuki H, Nakahara M, Nishida-Fukuda H, Sakaue T, Fukuda S, Higashiyama S, Doi Y, Mitsuyoshi M, Okimoto T, Tosato G, Kusumoto C. Inactivation of axon guidance molecule netrin-1 in human colorectal cancer by an epigenetic mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 611:146-150. [PMID: 35489200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Netrin-1, the protein product of the NTN1 gene, is an axon guidance molecule implicated in regulation of cell survival and tumorigenesis. Expression of the netrin-1 receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and uncoordinated 5 homolog (UNC5H) is frequently silenced in colorectal cancer (CRC) by either loss of heterozygosity or epigenetic mechanisms. However, netrin-1 expression and regulation in CRC are mostly unknown. Here, we report that NTN1 expression is significantly reduced in most CRC tissues compared to the adjacent normal intestinal mucosa, and that NTN1 DNA methylation is significantly higher in CRCs (24.6%) than in the adjacent normal intestinal mucosa (4.0%). In 6 CRC cell lines, NTN1 expression is low. Treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine increased expression of NTN1 in CRC cell lines, indicating that DNA methylation represses NTN1 transcription in CRCs. NTN1 DNA hypermethylation was significantly associated with advanced CRC disease. Median netrin-1 serum levels were significantly decreased in CRC patients (330.1 pg/mL) compared with normal individuals (438.6 pg/mL). Our results suggest that netrin-1 is a candidate biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Nakayama
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2695, Japan.
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Masako Nakahara
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2695, Japan
| | - Hisayo Nishida-Fukuda
- Department of Genome Editing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 5731010, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sakaue
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Shitsukawa, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Shitsukawa, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Shitsukawa, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Shitsukawa, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yuki Doi
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Kokan Fukuyama Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 721-0927, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mitsuyoshi
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Kokan Fukuyama Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 721-0927, Japan; Department of Surgery I, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kita-kyushu, Fukuoka, 807-0804, Japan
| | - Takashi Okimoto
- Department of Surgery, Nippon Kokan Fukuyama Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 721-0927, Japan; Department of Surgery, Kyushu Rosai Hospital, Kita-kyushu, Fukuoka, 800-0296, Japan
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chiaki Kusumoto
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2695, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Nippon Kokan Fukuyama Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 721-0927, Japan.
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5
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Dietlein F, Wang AB, Fagre C, Tang A, Besselink NJM, Cuppen E, Li C, Sunyaev SR, Neal JT, Van Allen EM. Genome-wide analysis of somatic noncoding mutation patterns in cancer. Science 2022; 376:eabg5601. [PMID: 35389777 PMCID: PMC9092060 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We established a genome-wide compendium of somatic mutation events in 3949 whole cancer genomes representing 19 tumor types. Protein-coding events captured well-established drivers. Noncoding events near tissue-specific genes, such as ALB in the liver or KLK3 in the prostate, characterized localized passenger mutation patterns and may reflect tumor-cell-of-origin imprinting. Noncoding events in regulatory promoter and enhancer regions frequently involved cancer-relevant genes such as BCL6, FGFR2, RAD51B, SMC6, TERT, and XBP1 and represent possible drivers. Unlike most noncoding regulatory events, XBP1 mutations primarily accumulated outside the gene's promoter, and we validated their effect on gene expression using CRISPR-interference screening and luciferase reporter assays. Broadly, our study provides a blueprint for capturing mutation events across the entire genome to guide advances in biological discovery, therapies, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dietlein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Corresponding author. (E.M.V.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Alex B. Wang
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christian Fagre
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anran Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicolle J. M. Besselink
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.,Hartwig Medical Foundation, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shamil R. Sunyaev
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James T. Neal
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eliezer M. Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Corresponding author. (E.M.V.A.); (F.D.)
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6
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Li K, Li J, Ye M, Jin X. The role of Siah2 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Gene 2022; 809:146028. [PMID: 34687788 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Seven in absentia homolog 2 (Siah2), an RING E3 ubiquitin ligases, has been characterized to play the vital role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Numerous studies have determined that Siah2 promotes tumorigenesis in a variety of human malignancies such as prostate, lung, gastric, and liver cancers. However, several studies revealed that Siah2 exhibited tumor suppressor function by promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of several oncoproteins, suggesting that Siah2 could exert its biological function according to different stages of tumor development. Moreover, Siah2 is subject to complex regulation, especially the phosphorylation of Siah2 by a variety of protein kinases to regulate its stability and activity. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of Siah2 in human cancer. Moreover, we highlight the critical role of Siah2 in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we note that the potential clinical applications of targeting Siah2 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailang Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinyun Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathphysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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7
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Iyer DN, Faruq O, Zhang L, Rastgoo N, Liu A, Chang H. Pathophysiological roles of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) in hematological malignancies. Biomark Res 2021; 9:34. [PMID: 33958003 PMCID: PMC8101130 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) protein has been at the crossroads of multiple signaling pathways that govern several critical operations in normal and malignant cellular physiology. Functioning as a target of protein kinase C, MARCKS shuttles between the phosphorylated cytosolic form and the unphosphorylated plasma membrane-bound states whilst regulating several molecular partners including, but not limited to calmodulin, actin, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase. As a result of these interactions, MARCKS directly or indirectly modulates a host of cellular functions, primarily including cytoskeletal reorganization, membrane trafficking, cell secretion, inflammatory response, cell migration, and mitosis. Recent evidence indicates that dysregulated expression of MARCKS is associated with the development and progression of hematological cancers. While it is understood that MARCKS impacts the overall carcinogenesis as well as plays a part in determining the disease outcome in blood cancers, we are still at an early stage of interpreting the pathophysiological roles of MARCKS in neoplastic disease. The situation is further complicated by contradictory reports regarding the role of phosphorylated versus an unphosphorylated form of MARCKS as an oncogene versus tumor suppressor in blood cancers. In this review, we will investigate the current body of knowledge and evolving concepts of the physical properties, molecular network, functional attributes, and the likely pathogenic roles of MARCKS in hematological malignancies. Key emphasis will also be laid upon understanding the novel mechanisms by which MARCKS determines the overall disease prognosis by playing a vital role in the induction of therapeutic resistance. Additionally, we will highlight the importance of MARCKS as a valuable therapeutic target in blood cancers and will discuss the potential of existing strategies available to tackle MARCKS-driven blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Narayanan Iyer
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Omar Faruq
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lun Zhang
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nasrin Rastgoo
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aijun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Chang
- Laboratory medicine program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Ahmad R, Singh JK, Wunnava A, Al-Obeed O, Abdulla M, Srivastava SK. Emerging trends in colorectal cancer: Dysregulated signaling pathways (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:14. [PMID: 33655327 PMCID: PMC7834960 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently detected type of cancer, and the second most common cause of cancer‑related mortality globally. The American Cancer Society predicted that approximately 147,950 individuals would be diagnosed with CRC, out of which 53,200 individuals would succumb to the disease in the USA alone in 2020. CRC‑related mortality ranks third among both males and females in the USA. CRC arises from 3 major pathways: i) The adenoma‑carcinoma sequence; ii) serrated pathway; and iii) the inflammatory pathway. The majority of cases of CRC are sporadic and result from risk factors, such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, processed diets, alcohol consumption and smoking. CRC is also a common preventable cancer. With widespread CRC screening, the incidence and mortality from CRC have decreased in developed countries. However, over the past few decades, CRC cases and mortality have been on the rise in young adults (age, <50 years). In addition, CRC cases are increasing in developing countries with a low gross domestic product (GDP) due to lifestyle changes. CRC is an etiologically heterogeneous disease classified by tumor location and alterations in global gene expression. Accumulating genetic and epigenetic perturbations and aberrations over time in tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and DNA mismatch repair genes could be a precursor to the onset of colorectal cancer. CRC can be divided as sporadic, familial, and inherited depending on the origin of the mutation. Germline mutations in APC and MLH1 have been proven to play an etiological role, resulting in the predisposition of individuals to CRC. Genetic alterations cause the dysregulation of signaling pathways leading to drug resistance, the inhibition of apoptosis and the induction of proliferation, invasion and migration, resulting in CRC development and metastasis. Timely detection and effective precision therapies based on the present knowledge of CRC is essential for successful treatment and patient survival. The present review presents the CRC incidence, risk factors, dysregulated signaling pathways and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Ahmad
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaikee Kumar Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | - Amoolya Wunnava
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | - Omar Al-Obeed
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Abdulla
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Molecular Mechanisms of Colon Cancer Progression and Metastasis: Recent Insights and Advancements. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010130. [PMID: 33374459 PMCID: PMC7794761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common type of cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality rates worldwide. Although modern research was able to shed light on the pathogenesis of CRC and provide enhanced screening strategies, the prevalence of CRC is still on the rise. Studies showed several cellular signaling pathways dysregulated in CRC, leading to the onset of malignant phenotypes. Therefore, analyzing signaling pathways involved in CRC metastasis is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CRC progression and pharmacotherapy. This review focused on target genes as well as various cellular signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, p53, TGF-β/SMAD, NF-κB, Notch, VEGF, and JAKs/STAT3, which are associated with CRC progression and metastasis. Additionally, alternations in methylation patterns in relation with signaling pathways involved in regulating various cellular mechanisms such as cell cycle, transcription, apoptosis, and angiogenesis as well as invasion and metastasis were also reviewed. To date, understanding the genomic and epigenomic instability has identified candidate biomarkers that are validated for routine clinical use in CRC management. Nevertheless, better understanding of the onset and progression of CRC can aid in the development of early detection molecular markers and risk stratification methods to improve the clinical care of CRC patients.
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10
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Kasi A, Handa S, Bhatti S, Umar S, Bansal A, Sun W. Molecular Pathogenesis and Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2020; 16:97-106. [PMID: 32905465 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-020-00458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Molecular pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis involve several complex genetic and epigenetic modulations that cause normal colonic mucosa to metamorphose into a benign polyp and subsequently into a malignant tumor. Our purpose is to recapitulate historical and recent genomic research in order to augment the understanding of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Recent Findings In 2015, the molecular classification for colorectal cancers was unified into one system with four distinct groups, also called as consensus molecular subtypes. This led to an enhanced understanding of molecular and immune signatures which has implications on predicting the clinical behavior as well as response to different therapeutic agents. Summary In this review, we expound on the current literature as well as draw on our own experience to present the important molecular pathogenesis pathways, key genetic mutations, differences in pathogenesis of left versus right sided tumors as well as the molecular classification of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Shivani Handa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai West & Morningside, NY, NY
| | - Sajjad Bhatti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Surgery, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Ajay Bansal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Weijing Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
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11
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González-González M, Gutiérrez ML, Sayagués JM, Muñoz-Bellvís L, Orfao A. Genomic profiling of sporadic liver metastatic colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 71:98-108. [PMID: 32485312 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (sCRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. Approximately, a quarter of sCRC patients present metastatic dissemination at the moment of diagnosis, the liver being the most frequently affected organ. Additionally, this group of CRC patients is characterized by a worse prognosis. In the last decades, significant technological developments for genome analysis have fostered the identification and characterization of genetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of sCRC. However, genetic alterations involved in the metastatic process through which tumor cells are able to colonize other tissues with a different microenvironment, still remain to be fully identified. Here, we review current knowledge about the most relevant genomic alterations involved in the liver metastatic process of sCRC, including detailed information about the genetic profile of primary colorectal tumors vs. their paired liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María González-González
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain
| | - María Laura Gutiérrez
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain
| | - José María Sayagués
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Pathology, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Bellvís
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain; Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain.
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12
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Boussouar A, Tortereau A, Manceau A, Paradisi A, Gadot N, Vial J, Neves D, Larue L, Battistella M, Leboeuf C, Lebbé C, Janin A, Mehlen P. Netrin-1 and Its Receptor DCC Are Causally Implicated in Melanoma Progression. Cancer Res 2020; 80:747-756. [PMID: 31806640 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), the receptor for the multifunctional cue netrin-1, acts as a tumor suppressor in intestinal cancer and lung metastasis by triggering cancer cell death when netrin-1 is lowly expressed. Recent genomic data highlighted that DCC is the third most frequently mutated gene in melanoma; we therefore investigated whether DCC could act as a melanoma tumor suppressor. Reexpressing DCC in human melanoma cell lines promoted tumor cell death and tumor growth inhibition in xenograft mouse models. Genetic silencing of DCC prodeath activity in a BRAFV600E mouse model increased the proportion of mice with melanoma, further supporting that DCC is a melanoma tumor suppressor. Netrin-1 expression was elevated in melanoma compared with benign melanocytic lesions. Upregulation of netrin-1 in the skin cells of a BRAFV600E-mutated murine model reduced cancer cell death and promoted melanoma progression. Therapeutic antibody blockade of netrin-1 combined with dacarbazine increased overall survival in several mouse melanoma models. Together, these data support that interfering with netrin-1 could be a viable therapeutic approach in patients with netrin-1-expressing melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE: Netrin-1 and its receptor DCC regulate melanoma progression, suggesting therapeutic targeting of this signaling axis as a viable option for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Boussouar
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Antonin Tortereau
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Ambroise Manceau
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Paradisi
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Vial
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Maxime Battistella
- Université Paris Diderot, Inserm, UMR_S1165, Paris, France, Laboratoire de pathologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Leboeuf
- Université Paris Diderot, Inserm, UMR_S1165, Paris, France, Laboratoire de pathologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Celeste Lebbé
- Service de dermatologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Janin
- Université Paris Diderot, Inserm, UMR_S1165, Paris, France, Laboratoire de pathologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. .,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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13
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Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC. Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:291-302. [PMID: 31622622 PMCID: PMC6981255 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that develops via stepwise accumulation of well-characterized genetic and epigenetic alterations. We review the genetic changes associated with the development of precancerous colorectal adenomas and their progression to tumors, as well as the effects of defective DNA repair, chromosome instability, microsatellite instability, and alterations in the serrated pathway and DNA methylation. We provide insights into the different molecular subgroups of colorectal tumors that develop via each of these different mechanisms and their associations with patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long H Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas; Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California.
| | - Daniel C Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Cancer Risk Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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14
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Li HP, Su W, Shu Y, Yuan XC, Lin LX, Hou TF, Xiang HC, Zhu H, Hu XF, Pan L, Wu JN, Meng XF, Pan HL, Wu CH, Li M. Electroacupuncture decreases Netrin-1-induced myelinated afferent fiber sprouting and neuropathic pain through μ-opioid receptors. J Pain Res 2019; 12:1259-1268. [PMID: 31118749 PMCID: PMC6499485 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s191900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We determined whether electroacupuncture (EA) reduces Netrin-1-induced myelinated primary afferent nerve fiber sprouting in the spinal cord and pain hypersensitivity associated with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) through activation of μ-opioid receptors. Methods: PHN was induced by systemic injection of resiniferatoxin (RTX) in rats. Thirty-six days after RTX injection, a μ-opioid receptor antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) or a κ-opioid receptor antagonist, nor Binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), was injected intrathecally 30 mins before EA, once every other day for 4 times. Mechanical allodynia was tested with von Frey filaments. The protein expression level of Netrin-1 and its receptors (DCC and UNC5H2) were quantified by using western blotting. The myelinated primary afferent nerve fiber sprouting was mapped with the transganglionic tracer cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). Results: Treatment with 2 Hz EA at “Huantiao” (GB30) and “Yanglingquan” (GB34) decreased the mechanical allodynia at 22 days and the myelinated primary afferent nerve fiber preternatural sprouting into the lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn at 42 days after RTX injection. Also, treatment with 2 Hz EA reduced the protein levels of DCC and Netrin-1 and promoted the expression of UNC5H2 in the spinal dorsal horn 42 days after RTX injection. Furthermore, the μ-opioid receptor antagonist β-FNA, but not the κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI, reversed the effect of EA on neuropathic pain caused by RTX. In addition, morphine inhibited the Netrin-1 protein level induced by RTX in SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusions: Through activation of μ-opioid receptors, treatment with EA reduces the expression level of DCC and Netrin-1 and changes a growth-permissive environment in spinal dorsal horn into an inhibitory environment by increasing UNC5H2, thus decreasing RTX-caused primary afferent nerve sprouting in the spinal dorsal horn and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Acupuncture, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Cui Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xue Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng-Fei Hou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Chun Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fei Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Nan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Fang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cai-Hua Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Acupuncture, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Rodrigues-Junior DM, Biassi TP, de Albuquerque GE, Carlin V, Buri MV, Machado-Junior J, Vettore AL. Downregulation of DCC sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to bortezomib treatment. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5023-5029. [PMID: 31059005 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease; a better understanding of the molecular aspects of this hematological malignancy could contribute to the development of new treatment strategies and help to improve the survival rates of patients with MM. Previously, the methylation status of the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) gene was correlated with the survival rate of patients with MM, thus the main goal of this study was to understand DCC contribution to MM tumorigenesis, and to assess the impact of DCC inhibition in the MM response to treatment with bortezomib. Our results demonstrated that hypermethylation of the DCC promoter inhibits gene expression, and DCC silencing is significantly correlated with a reduction in cell viability and an increase in cell death induced by bortezomib. In conclusion, our results suggested that hypermethylation is an important mechanism of DCC expression regulation in MM and that the absence of DCC contributes to the enhanced sensitivity to treatment with bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorival Mendes Rodrigues-Junior
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Câncer, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Thaís Priscila Biassi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Câncer, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Estrela de Albuquerque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Câncer, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Viviane Carlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Câncer, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Buri
- Department of Biochemistry, Insitute of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo 04044‑020, Brazil
| | - Joel Machado-Junior
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Câncer, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Andre Luiz Vettore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Câncer, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
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16
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Wang H, Boussouar A, Mazelin L, Tauszig-Delamasure S, Sun Y, Goldschneider D, Paradisi A, Mehlen P. The Proto-oncogene c-Kit Inhibits Tumor Growth by Behaving as a Dependence Receptor. Mol Cell 2018; 72:413-425.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Gu Y, Zhang CWH, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang H, Ye Q, Gao S. Association Analysis between Body Mass Index and Genomic DNA Methylation across 15 Major Cancer Types. J Cancer 2018; 9:2532-2542. [PMID: 30026852 PMCID: PMC6036895 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality increase with increasing body mass index (BMI), but BMI-associated epigenetic alterations in cancer remain elusive. We hypothesized that BMI would be associated with DNA methylation alterations in cancers. To test this hypothesis, here, we estimated the associations between DNA methylation and BMI through two different methods across 15 cancer types, at approximately 485,000 CpG sites and 2415 samples using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. After comparing the DNA methylation levels in control BMI and high BMI individuals, we found differentially methylated CpG sites (DMSs) in cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) (False Discovery Rate < 0.05). The DMSs of COAD or UCEC were enriched in several obesity-induced and cancer-related pathways. Next, when BMI was used as a continuous variable, we identified BMI-associated methylated CpG sites (BMS) (P (Bonferroni) < 0.05) in CHOL (BMS = 1), COAD (BMS = 1), and UCEC (BMS = 4) using multivariable linear regression. In UCEC, three of the BMSs can predict the clinical outcomes and survival of patients with the tumors. Overall, we observed associations between DNA methylation and high BMI in CHOL, COAD, and UCEC. Furthermore, three BMI-associated CpGs were identified as potential biomarkers for UCEC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinmin Gu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | | | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China.,Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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18
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Negulescu A, Mehlen P. Dependence receptors – the dark side awakens. FEBS J 2018; 285:3909-3924. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana‐Maria Negulescu
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory – Equipe labelisée “La Ligue” LabEx DEVweCAN INSERM U1052 – CNRS UMR5286 Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon Centre Léon Bérard Université Claude Bernard Lyon‐1 Université de Lyon France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory – Equipe labelisée “La Ligue” LabEx DEVweCAN INSERM U1052 – CNRS UMR5286 Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon Centre Léon Bérard Université Claude Bernard Lyon‐1 Université de Lyon France
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19
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Nguyen HT, Duong HQ. The molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:9-18. [PMID: 29928381 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations within cells. The progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma is caused by three major pathways: Microsatellite instability, chromosomal instability and CpG island methylator phenotype. A growing body of scientific evidences suggests that CRC is a heterogeneous disease, and genetic characteristics of the tumors determine their prognostic outcome and response to targeted therapies. Early diagnosis and effective targeted therapies based on a current knowledge of the molecular characteristics of CRC are essential to the successful treatment of CRC. Therefore, the present review summarized the current understanding of the molecular characteristics of CRC, and discussed its implications for diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Nguyen
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Hong-Quan Duong
- Department of Cancer Research, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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20
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Liu RX, Ren WY, Ma Y, Liao YP, Wang H, Zhu JH, Jiang HT, Wu K, He BC, Sun WJ. BMP7 mediates the anticancer effect of honokiol by upregulating p53 in HCT116 cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:907-917. [PMID: 28731124 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death. Hence, there is a great need to explore new efficacious drugs for the treatment of CRC. Honokiol (HNK), a natural product extracted from magnolia bark, processes various biological activities, including anticancer. In this study, we introduced cell viability assay, western blotting, real-time PCR and immunofluorescent staining to determine the anticancer effect of HNK, and the possible mechanism underlying this biological process. We found that HNK can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in HCT116 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. HNK activates p53 in HCT116 and other colon cancer cells. Exogenous p53 potentiates the anticancer of HNK, while p53 inhibitor decreases this effect of HNK. Moreover, HNK upregulates the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) in colon cancer cells; Exogenous BMP7 enhances the anticancer activity of HNK and BMP7 specific antibody reduces this effect of HNK. For mechanism, we found that HNK cannot increase the level of Smad1/5/8; Exogenous BMP7 potentiates the HNK-induced activation of p53. On the contrary, BMP7 specific antibody inhibits the HNK-induced activation of p53 in colon cancer cells and partly decreases the total level of p53. Our findings suggested that HNK may be a promising anticancer drug for CRC; activation of p53 plays an important role in the anticancer activity of HNK, which may be initialized partly by the HNK-induced upregulation of BMP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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21
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Rodriguez-Salas N, Dominguez G, Barderas R, Mendiola M, García-Albéniz X, Maurel J, Batlle JF. Clinical relevance of colorectal cancer molecular subtypes. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 109:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Leggere JC, Saito Y, Darnell RB, Tessier-Lavigne M, Junge HJ, Chen Z. NOVA regulates Dcc alternative splicing during neuronal migration and axon guidance in the spinal cord. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27223328 PMCID: PMC4930329 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) control multiple aspects of post-transcriptional gene regulation and function during various biological processes in the nervous system. To further reveal the functional significance of RBPs during neural development, we carried out an in vivo RNAi screen in the dorsal spinal cord interneurons, including the commissural neurons. We found that the NOVA family of RBPs play a key role in neuronal migration, axon outgrowth, and axon guidance. Interestingly, Nova mutants display similar defects as the knockout of the Dcc transmembrane receptor. We show here that Nova deficiency disrupts the alternative splicing of Dcc, and that restoring Dcc splicing in Nova knockouts is able to rescue the defects. Together, our results demonstrate that the production of DCC splice variants controlled by NOVA has a crucial function during many stages of commissural neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Leggere
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Marc Tessier-Lavigne
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Harald J Junge
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
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23
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Repulsive guidance molecule A suppresses angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:993-9. [PMID: 26721439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The repulsive guidance molecule-a (RGMa) is a membrane-associated glycoprotein that has diverse functions in the developing and adult central nervous system. Here, we show that RGMa suppresses new blood vessel formation. Treatment of human umbilical artery endothelial cells (HUAEC) on Matrigel with recombinant RGMa inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced and VEGF-independent tubular formation and migration. RGMa enhances adhesion presumably through dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at tyrosine-397. Neogenin, an RGMa receptor, in HUAEC is required for the effect of RGMa. In vivo Matrigel plug assay reveals that treatment with recombinant RGMa suppresses angiogenesis. Thus, we conclude that RGMa inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo suggesting that its manipulation would be an efficient therapeutic strategy for pro-angiogenic conditions.
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24
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FAM172A is a tumor suppressor in colorectal carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6501-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Nagoshi H, Taki T, Chinen Y, Tatekawa S, Tsukamoto T, Maegawa S, Yamamoto-Sugitani M, Tsutsumi Y, Kobayashi T, Matsumoto Y, Horiike S, Okuno Y, Fujiwara S, Hata H, Kuroda J, Taniwaki M. Transcriptional dysregulation of the deleted in colorectal carcinoma gene in multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:788-95. [PMID: 26390996 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) gene at 18q21 encodes a netrin-1 receptor, a tumor suppressor that prevents cell growth. While allele loss or decreased expression of DCC has been associated with the progression of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, including leukemias and malignant lymphomas, its involvement has not been evaluated in multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell malignancy characterized by complex and heterogenous molecular abnormalities. We here show that 10 of 11 human myeloma-derived cell lines (HMCLs) expressed non-translated aberrant DCC transcriptional variants, in which exon 2 fuses with intron 1 instead of exon 1 (mt.DCC). Among them, two co-expressed wild type transcripts (wt.DCC), while eight co-expressed the splicing variant (sv.DCC) lacking exon 1. The remaining HMCL expressed only sv.DCC. In addition, analyses revealed that there were two types of mt.DCC that differed in their fusion of intron 1 with exon 2. In patient-derived samples from 30 MM and 8 monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) patients, wt.DCC was expressed in 53% of MM, but not in MGUS, while 23% of MM and 75% of MGUS expressed only sv.DCC. Considering that 25% of MGUS, 57% of MM, and 91% HMCLs expressed mt.DCC, our results suggest that the acquisition of mt.DCC might be a secondary genetic change in plasma cell dyscrasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Nagoshi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Chinen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shotaro Tatekawa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Taku Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Saori Maegawa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mio Yamamoto-Sugitani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tsutsumi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horiike
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yutaka Okuno
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hata
- Division of Informative Clinical Science, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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Toda K, Nagasaka T, Umeda Y, Tanaka T, Kawai T, Fuji T, Taniguchi F, Yasui K, Kubota N, Takehara Y, Tazawa H, Kagawa S, Sun DS, Nishida N, Goel A, Fujiwara T. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of netrin-1 receptors in gastric cancer with chromosomal instability. Clin Epigenetics 2015. [PMID: 26207151 PMCID: PMC4511994 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gene expressions of netrin-1 dependence receptors, DCC and UNC5C, are frequently downregulated in many cancers. We hypothesized that downregulation of DCC and UNC5C has an important growth regulatory function in gastric tumorigenesis. Results In the present study, a series of genetic and epigenetic analyses for DCC and UNC5C were performed in a Japanese cohort of 98 sporadic gastric cancers and corresponding normal gastric mucosa specimens. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses and microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis was applied to determine chromosomal instability (CIN) and MSI phenotypes, respectively. More than 5 % methylation in the DCC and UNC5C promoters were found in 45 % (44/98) and 32 % (31/98) gastric cancers, respectively, and in 9 % (9/105) and 5 % (5/105) normal gastric mucosa, respectively. Overall, 70 % (58 of 83 informative cases) and 51 % (40 of 79 informative cases) of gastric cancers harbored either LOH or aberrant methylation in the DCC and UNC5C genes, respectively. In total, 77 % (51 of 66 informative cases) of gastric cancers showed cumulative defects in these two dependence receptors and were significantly associated with chromosomal instability. Both DCC and UNC5C were inactivated in 97 % of CIN-positive gastric cancers and in 55 % of CIN-negative gastric cancers. Conclusions Defect in netrin receptors is a common feature in gastric cancers. DCC alterations are apparent in the early stages, and UNC5C alterations escalate with the progression of the disease, suggesting that the cumulative alterations of netrin-1 receptors was a late event in gastric cancer progression and emphasizing the importance of this growth regulatory pathway in gastric carcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0096-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Toda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagasaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Yuzo Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Takehiro Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fuji
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Fumitaka Taniguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Kazuya Yasui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Nobuhito Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Yuko Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Dong-Sheng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan ; Department of Oncology, Kailuan General Hospital in Tangshan of Hebei Province, Tangshan, Hebei 063000 China
| | - Naoshi Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 337-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Cancer Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246 USA
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a serious health problem, a challenge for research, and a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in its development. According to its incidence, this pathology manifests itself in three forms: family, hereditary, and most commonly sporadic, apparently not associated with any hereditary or familial factor. For the types having inheritance patterns and a family predisposition, the tumours develop through defined stages ranging from adenomatous lesions to the manifestation of a malignant tumour. It has been established that environmental and hereditary factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer, as indicated by the accumulation of mutations in oncogenes, genes which suppress and repair DNA, signaling the existence of various pathways through which the appearance of tumours may occur. In the case of the suppressive and mutating tracks, these are characterised by genetic disorders related to the phenotypical changes of the morphological progression sequence in the adenoma/carcinoma. Moreover, alternate pathways through mutation in BRAF and KRAS genes are associated with the progression of polyps to cancer. This review surveys the research done at the cellular and molecular level aimed at finding specific alternative therapeutic targets for fighting colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arvelo
- Centre for Biosciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation-IDEA, Caracas 1015-A, Apartado 17606, Venezuela ; Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Felipe Sojo
- Centre for Biosciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation-IDEA, Caracas 1015-A, Apartado 17606, Venezuela ; Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Cotte
- Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
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Nomiya T, Akamatsu H, Harada M, Ota I, Hagiwara Y, Ichikawa M, Miwa M, Kawashiro S, Hagiwara M, Chin M, Hashizume E, Nemoto K. Modified simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy for an unresectable huge refractory pelvic tumor diagnosed as a rectal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18480-18486. [PMID: 25561820 PMCID: PMC4277990 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A clinical trial of radiotherapy with modified simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique against huge tumors was conducted. A 58-year-old male patient who had a huge pelvic tumor diagnosed as a rectal adenocarcinoma due to familial adenomatous polyposis was enrolled in this trial. The total dose of 77 Gy (equivalent dose in 2 Gy/fraction) and 64.5 Gy was delivered to the center of the tumor and the surrounding area respectively, and approximately 20% dose escalation was achieved with the modified SIB technique. The tumor with an initial maximum size of 15 cm disappeared 120 d after the start of the radiotherapy. Performance status of the patient improved from 4 to 0. Radiotherapy with modified SIB may be effective for patients with a huge tumor in terms of tumor shrinkage/disappearance, improvement of QOL, and prolongation of survival.
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29
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Abstract
The research on colorectal cancer (CRC) biology has been leading the oncology field since the early 1990s. The search for genetic alterations has allowed the identification of the main tumour suppressors or oncogenes. Recent work obtained in CRC has unexpectedly proposed the existence of novel category of tumour suppressors, the so-called 'dependence receptors'. These transmembrane receptors behave as Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde with two opposite sides: they induce a positive signalling (survival, proliferation, differentiation) in presence of their ligand, but are not inactive in the absence of their ligand and rather trigger apoptosis when unbound. This trait confers them a conditional tumour suppressor activity: they eliminate cells that grow abnormally in an environment offering a limited quantity of ligand. This review will describe how receptors such as deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC), uncoordinated 5 (UNC5), rearranged during transfection (RET) or TrkC constrain CRC progression and how this dependence receptor paradigm may open up therapeutical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Servane Tauszig-Delamasure
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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30
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Gibert B, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Gattolliat CH, Meurette O, Le Guernevel S, Fombonne J, Ducarouge B, Lavial F, Bouhallier F, Creveaux M, Negulescu AM, Bénard J, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Harel-Bellan A, Delattre O, Mehlen P. Regulation by miR181 family of the dependence receptor CDON tumor suppressive activity in neuroblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju318. [PMID: 25313246 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway plays an important role in neural crest cell fate during embryonic development and has been implicated in the progression of multiple cancers that include neuroblastoma, a neural crest cell-derived disease. While most of the SHH signaling is mediated by the well-described canonical pathway leading to the activation of Smoothened and Gli, it has recently been shown that cell-adhesion molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes (CDON) serves as a receptor for SHH and contributes to SHH-induced signaling. CDON has also been recently described as a dependence receptor, triggering apoptosis in the absence of SHH. This CDON proapoptotic activity has been suggested to constrain tumor progression. METHODS CDON expression was analyzed by quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in a panel of 226 neuroblastoma patients and associated with stages, overall survival, and expression of miR181 family members using Kaplan Meier and Pearson correlation methods. Cell death assays were performed in neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor growth was investigated in the chick chorioallantoic model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS CDON expression was inversely associated with neuroblastoma aggressiveness (P < .001). Moreover, re-expression of CDON in neuroblastoma cell lines was associated with apoptosis in vitro and tumor growth inhibition in vivo. We show that CDON expression is regulated by the miR181 miRNA family, whose expression is directly associated with neuroblastoma aggressiveness (survival: high miR181-b 73.2% vs low miR181-b 54.6%; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Together, these data support the view that CDON acts as a tumor suppressor in neuroblastomas, and that CDON is tightly regulated by miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gibert
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Charles-Henry Gattolliat
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Olivier Meurette
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Solen Le Guernevel
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Joanna Fombonne
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Benjamin Ducarouge
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Fabrice Lavial
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Frantz Bouhallier
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Marion Creveaux
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Ana Maria Negulescu
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Jean Bénard
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Isabelle Janoueix-Lerosey
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Annick Harel-Bellan
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG)
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue,' LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France (BG, CDB, OM, SLG, JF, BD, FL, MC, AMN, PM); CNRS UMR 8126, University Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (C-HG, JB); Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France (FB); INSERM, U830, Génétique et Biologie des Cancers, Institut Curie, Paris, France (IJL, OD); Department Epigenetics and Cancer FRE 3377, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AHB); Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (AH-B); Present address: INSERM UMR 1078, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, SFR ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France (C-HG).
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Abstract
Neuronal cell death happens as a result of the normal physiological process that occurs during development, or as part of the pathological process that occurs during disease. Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is an intracellular protein that mediates cell death by its serine/threonine kinase activity, and transmits apoptotic cell death signals in various cells, including neurons. DAPK is elevated in injured neurons in acute models of injury such as ischemia and seizure. The absence of DAPK has been shown to protect neurons from a wide variety of acute toxic insults. Moreover, DAPK also regulates neuronal cell death during central nervous system development. Neurons are initially overproduced in the developing nervous system, following which approximately one-half of the original cell population dies. This "naturally-occurring" or "programmed" cell death is essential for the construction of the developing nervous system. In this review, we focus on the role of DAPK in neuronal cell death after neuronal injury. The participation of DAPK in developmental neuronal death is also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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32
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Shin HW, Choi H, So D, Kim YI, Cho K, Chung HJ, Lee KH, Chun YS, Cho CH, Kang GH, Kim WH, Park JW. ITF2 prevents activation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex in colon cancer cells and levels decrease with tumor progression. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:430-442.e8. [PMID: 24846398 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 (ITF2) was believed to promote neoplastic transformation via activation of β-catenin. However, ITF2 recently was reported to suppress colon carcinogenesis. We investigated the roles of ITF2 in colorectal cancer cell lines and tumor formation and growth in mice. METHODS Levels of ITF2, β-catenin, and c-Myc were measured in 12 human colorectal tumor samples and by immunohistochemistry. ITF2 regulation of β-catenin and T-cell factor (TCF) were analyzed using luciferase reporter, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunoblot analyses. Mice were given subcutaneous injections of human colorectal cancer cell lines that stably express ITF2, small hairpin RNAs to reduce levels of ITF2, or control plasmids; xenograft tumor growth was assessed. Human colorectal carcinoma tissue arrays were used to associate levels of ITF2 expression and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Levels of β-catenin, cMyc, and ITF2 were increased in areas of human colon adenomas and carcinomas, compared with nontumor areas of the same tissues. ITF2 levels were reduced and cMyc levels were increased in areas of carcinoma, compared with adenoma. In human colorectal cancer cell lines, activation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex and expression of its target genes were regulated negatively by ITF2. ITF2 inhibited formation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex by competing with TCF4 for β-catenin binding. Stable transgenic expression of ITF2 in human colorectal cancer cell lines reduced their proliferation and tumorigenic potential in mice, whereas small hairpin RNA knockdown of ITF2 promoted growth of xenograft tumors in mice. In an analysis of colorectal tumor tissue arrays, loss of ITF2 from colorectal tumor tissues was associated with poor outcomes of patients. A gene set enrichment analysis supported the negative correlation between the level of ITF2 and activity of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex. CONCLUSIONS In human colorectal cancer cell lines and tissue samples, ITF2 appears to prevent activation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex and transcription of its gene targets. Loss of ITF2 promotes the ability of colorectal cancer cells to form xenograft tumors, and is associated with tumor progression and shorter survival times of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunsung Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daeho So
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Im Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kumsun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Chung
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Lee
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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33
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Abstract
Whereas the classic dogma postulates that transmembrane receptors remain inactive at the plasma membrane unless bound by their specific ligand, it was suggested that some receptors may actually be active not only in the presence of their ligand, but also in their absence. In this latter case, the signaling downstream of these unbound receptors leads to apoptosis. These receptors were consequently named dependence receptors, as their cell expression renders the survival of the cell dependent on the presence in the cell environment of its respective ligand. This dual function - positive in the presence of ligand, negative in the absence of ligand - is hypothesized to lead these receptors to have key roles both during embryonic development and in the regulation of tumorigenesis. In the context of cancer, the hypothesis is that these receptors are tumor suppressors that would limit tumor progression by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells outside of settings of ligand accessibility/availability. This was recently formally demonstrated for the prototypical dependence receptors that bind netrin-1- i.e., DCC and UNC5H. Because expression of DCC and UNC5H is a constraint for tumor progression, their expression is often lost in many aggressive cancers. However, a loss of dependence receptors is not always the selective advantage used by tumor cells to escape this survival dependence on the presence of the ligand. Indeed, it was shown that in many cancers, tumor cells acquire the preferred autocrine expression of ligands of dependence receptor. This selective advantage for the tumor is much more appealing in terms of therapeutic opportunities. Drugs based on the interference on the interaction between dependence receptors and their ligands allow tumor cell death in vitro and trigger tumor growth and metastases inhibition in mice. This review describes how a basic cell biology concept has provided in a near future new tools to fight cancer.
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Kawasaki H, Igawa E, Kohosozawa R, Kobayashi M, Nishiko R, Abe H. Detection of aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes in plasma from cancer patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmu.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Context is everything for dependence receptors in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2697-8. [PMID: 23396845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300758110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Dependence receptor TrkC is a putative colon cancer tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3017-22. [PMID: 23341610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212333110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The TrkC neurotrophin receptor belongs to the functional dependence receptor family, members of which share the ability to induce apoptosis in the absence of their ligands. Such a trait has been hypothesized to confer tumor-suppressor activity. Indeed, cells that express these receptors are thought to be dependent on ligand availability for their survival, a mechanism that inhibits uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation and migration. TrkC is a classic tyrosine kinase receptor and therefore generally considered to be a proto-oncogene. We show here that TrkC expression is down-regulated in a large fraction of human colorectal cancers, mainly through promoter methylation. Moreover, we show that TrkC silencing by promoter methylation is a selective advantage for colorectal cell lines to limit tumor cell death. Furthermore, reestablished TrkC expression in colorectal cancer cell lines is associated with tumor cell death and inhibition of in vitro characteristics of cell transformation, as well as in vivo tumor growth. Finally, we provide evidence that a mutation of TrkC detected in a sporadic cancer is a loss-of-proapoptotic function mutation. Together, these data support the conclusion that TrkC is a colorectal cancer tumor suppressor.
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Abstract
This review is focusing on a critical mediator of embryonic and postnatal development with multiple implications in inflammation, neoplasia, and other pathological situations in brain and peripheral tissues. These morphogenetic guidance and dependence processes are involved in several malignancies targeting the epithelial and immune systems including the progression of human colorectal cancers. We consider the most important findings and their impact on basic, translational, and clinical cancer research. Expected information can bring new cues for innovative, efficient, and safe strategies of personalized medicine based on molecular markers, protagonists, signaling networks, and effectors inherent to the Netrin axis in pathophysiological states.
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Rama N, Goldschneider D, Corset V, Lambert J, Pays L, Mehlen P. Amyloid precursor protein regulates netrin-1-mediated commissural axon outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30014-23. [PMID: 22782894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional protein netrin-1 was initially discovered as the main attractive cue for commissural axon guidance by acting through its receptor DCC. Recently, we have shown that netrin-1 also interacts with the orphan transmembrane receptor amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is cleaved by proteases, generating amyloid-β peptide, the main component of the amyloid plaques that are associated with Alzheimer disease. Our previous work demonstrated that via its interaction with APP, netrin-1 is a negative regulator of amyloid-β production in adult brain, but the biological relevance of APP/netrin-1 interaction under non-pathological conditions was unknown. We show here that during commissural axon navigation, APP, expressed at the growth cone, is part of the DCC receptor complex mediating netrin-1-dependent axon guidance. APP interacts with DCC in the presence of netrin-1 and enhances netrin-1-mediated DCC intracellular signaling, such as MAPK activation. Inactivation of APP in mice is associated with reduced commissural axon outgrowth. Thus, APP functionally acts as a co-receptor for DCC to mediate axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rama
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée La Ligue, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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Luo Y, Tsuchiya KD, Il Park D, Fausel R, Kanngurn S, Welcsh P, Dzieciatkowski S, Wang J, Grady WM. RET is a potential tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:2037-47. [PMID: 22751117 PMCID: PMC3465636 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises as the consequence of mutations and epigenetic alterations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Through a genome-wide screen for methylated genes in colon neoplasms, we identified aberrantly methylated RET in colorectal cancer. RET, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase and a receptor for the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands, was one of the first oncogenes to be identified, and has been shown to be an oncogene in thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma. However, unexpectedly, we found RET is methylated in 27% of colon adenomas and in 63% of colorectal cancers, and now provide evidence that RET has tumor suppressor activity in colon cancer. The aberrant methylation of RET correlates with decreased RET expression, whereas the restoration of RET in colorectal cancer cell lines results in apoptosis. Furthermore, in support of a tumor suppressor function of RET, mutant RET has also been found in primary colorectal cancer. We now show that these mutations inactivate RET, which is consistent with RET being a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. These findings suggest that the aberrant methylation of RET and the mutational inactivation of RET promote colorectal cancer formation, and that RET can serve as a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. Moreover, the increased frequency of methylated RET in colon cancers compared with adenomas suggests RET inactivation is involved in the progression of colon adenomas to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Grant A, Fathalli F, Rouleau G, Joober R, Flores C. Association between schizophrenia and genetic variation in DCC: a case-control study. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:26-31. [PMID: 22418395 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder associated with alterations in synaptic connectivity. Deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), a receptor for the guidance cue netrin-1, plays a pivotal role in organizing neuronal circuitry by guiding growing axons and dendrites to their correct targets and by influencing synaptic connectivity. Results from experiments we previously conducted in dcc-heterozygous mice show that DCC plays a critical role in the developmental organization of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) circuitry. Furthermore we have shown that reduced expression of DCC during development and/or throughout life confers resilience to the development of schizophrenia-like DA and behavioural abnormalities. Importantly, this "protective" phenotype only emerges after puberty. Here we assess whether DCC may contribute to the risk of schizophrenia. We examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the DCC gene for association with schizophrenia using a case-control sample consisting of 556 unrelated schizophrenic patients and 208 healthy controls. We found one SNP, rs2270954, to be nominally associated with schizophrenia; patients were less likely to be heterozygous at this locus and more likely to be homozygous for the minor allele (χ(2)=9.84, df=2, nominal p=0.0071). Intriguingly, this SNP is located within the 3' untranslated region, an area known to contain a number of regulatory sequences that determine the stability and translation efficacy of mRNA. These results, together with our previous findings from studies in rodents, point at DCC as a promising novel candidate gene that may contribute to the genetic basis behind individual differences in susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Grant
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Krimpenfort P, Song JY, Proost N, Zevenhoven J, Jonkers J, Berns A. Deleted in colorectal carcinoma suppresses metastasis in p53-deficient mammary tumours. Nature 2012; 482:538-41. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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DCC constrains tumour progression via its dependence receptor activity. Nature 2011; 482:534-7. [PMID: 22158121 DOI: 10.1038/nature10708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) as a tumour suppressor has been a matter of debate for the past 15 years. DCC gene expression is lost or markedly reduced in the majority of advanced colorectal cancers and, by functioning as a dependence receptor, DCC has been shown to induce apoptosis unless engaged by its ligand, netrin-1 (ref. 2). However, so far no animal model has supported the view that the DCC loss-of-function is causally implicated as predisposing to aggressive cancer development. To investigate the role of DCC-induced apoptosis in the control of tumour progression, here we created a mouse model in which the pro-apoptotic activity of DCC is genetically silenced. Although the loss of DCC-induced apoptosis in this mouse model is not associated with a major disorganization of the intestines, it leads to spontaneous intestinal neoplasia at a relatively low frequency. Loss of DCC-induced apoptosis is also associated with an increase in the number and aggressiveness of intestinal tumours in a predisposing APC mutant context, resulting in the development of highly invasive adenocarcinomas. These results demonstrate that DCC functions as a tumour suppressor via its ability to trigger tumour cell apoptosis.
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Schulz P, Fischer C, Detjen KM, Rieke S, Hilfenhaus G, von Marschall Z, Böhmig M, Koch I, Kehrberger J, Hauff P, Thierauch KH, Alves F, Wiedenmann B, Scholz A. Angiopoietin-2 drives lymphatic metastasis of pancreatic cancer. FASEB J 2011; 25:3325-35. [PMID: 21685330 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-182287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis constitutes a critical route of disease dissemination, which limits the prognosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). As lymphangiogenesis has been implicated in stimulation of lymphatic metastasis by vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D, we studied the effect of the angioregulatory growth factor angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) on PDAC progression. Ang-2 was found to be expressed in transformed cells of human PDAC specimens, with corresponding Tie-2 receptors present on blood and lymphatic endothelium. In vitro in PDAC cells, Ang-2 was subject to autocrine/paracrine TGF-β stimulation (2-fold induction, P=0.0106) acting on the -61- to +476-bp element of the human Ang-2 promoter. In turn, Ang-2 regulated the expression of genes involved in cell motility and tumor suppression. Orthotopic PDAC xenografts with forced expression of Ang-2, but not Ang-1, displayed increased blood and lymphatic vessel density, and an enhanced rate of lymphatic metastasis (6.7- to 9.1-fold, P<0.01), which was prevented by sequestration of Ang-2 via coexpression of soluble Tie-2. Notably, elevated circulating Ang-2 in patients with PDAC correlated with the extent of lymphatic metastasis. Furthermore, median survival was reduced from 28.4 to 7.7 mo in patients with circulating Ang-2 ≥ 75th percentile (P=0.0005). These findings indicate that Ang-2 participates in the control of lymphatic metastasis, constitutes a noninvasive prognostic biomarker, and may provide an accessible therapeutic target in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schulz
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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VanZomeren-Dohm A, Sarro J, Flannery E, Duman-Scheel M. The Drosophila Netrin receptor frazzled/DCC functions as an invasive tumor suppressor. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:41. [PMID: 21672235 PMCID: PMC3144007 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of heterozygosity at 18q, which includes the Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) gene, has been linked to many human cancers. However, it is unclear if loss of DCC is the specific underlying cause of these cancers. The Drosophila imaginal discs are excellent systems in which to study DCC function, as it is possible to model human tumors through the generation of somatic clones of cells bearing multiple genetic lesions. Here, these attributes of the fly system were utilized to investigate the potential tumor suppressing functions of the Drosophila DCC homologue frazzled (fra) during eye-antennal disc development. RESULTS Most fra loss of function clones are eliminated during development. However, when mutant clone cells generated in the developing eye were rescued from death, partially differentiated eye cells were found outside of the normal eye field, and in extreme cases distant sites of the body. Characterization of these cells during development indicates that fra mutant cells display characteristics of invasive tumor cells, including increased levels of phospho-ERK, phospho-JNK, and Mmp-1, changes in cadherin expression, remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, and loss of polarity. Mutation of fra promotes basement membrane degradation and invasion which are repressed by inhibition of Rho1 signaling. Although inhibition of JNK signaling blocks invasive phenotypes in some metastatic cancer models in flies, blocking JNK signaling inhibits fra mutant cell death, thereby enhancing the fra mutant phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results of this investigation provide the first direct link between point mutations in fra/DCC and metastatic phenotypes in an animal model and suggest that Fra functions as an invasive tumor suppressor during Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne VanZomeren-Dohm
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Raclin-Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Ave, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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Mehlen P, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Chédotal A. Novel roles for Slits and netrins: axon guidance cues as anticancer targets? Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:188-97. [PMID: 21326323 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, several genes, proteins and signalling pathways that are required for embryogenesis have been shown to regulate tumour development and progression by playing a major part in overriding antitumour safeguard mechanisms. These include axon guidance cues, such as Netrins and Slits. Netrin 1 and members of the Slit family are secreted extracellular matrix proteins that bind to deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and UNC5 receptors, and roundabout receptors (Robos), respectively. Their expression is deregulated in a large proportion of human cancers, suggesting that they could be tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes. Moreover, recent data suggest that these ligand-receptor pairs could be promising targets for personalized anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée La Ligue-, CRCL UMR INSERM U1052 CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Belov L, Zhou J, Christopherson RI. Cell surface markers in colorectal cancer prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 12:78-113. [PMID: 21339979 PMCID: PMC3039945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of colorectal cancers (CRC) is currently based largely on histologically determined tumour characteristics, such as differentiation status and tumour stage, i.e., depth of tumour invasion, involvement of regional lymph nodes and the occurrence of metastatic spread to other organs. These are the conventional prognostic factors for patient survival and often determine the requirement for adjuvant therapy after surgical resection of the primary tumour. However, patients with the same CRC stage can have very different disease-related outcomes. For some, surgical removal of early-stage tumours leads to full recovery, while for others, disease recurrence and metastasis may occur regardless of adjuvant therapy. It is therefore important to understand the molecular processes that lead to disease progression and metastasis and to find more reliable prognostic markers and novel targets for therapy. This review focuses on cell surface proteins that correlate with tumour progression, metastasis and patient outcome, and discusses some of the challenges in finding prognostic protein markers in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Belov
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (R.I.C.)
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Morán A, Ortega P, de Juan C, Fernández-Marcelo T, Frías C, Sánchez-Pernaute A, Torres AJ, Díaz-Rubio E, Iniesta P, Benito M. Differential colorectal carcinogenesis: Molecular basis and clinical relevance. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:151-8. [PMID: 21160823 PMCID: PMC2999176 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CCR) is one of the most frequent cancers in developed countries. It poses a major public health problem and there is renewed interest in understanding the basic principles of the molecular biology of colorectal cancer. It has been established that sporadic CCRs can arise from at least two different carcinogenic pathways. The traditional pathway, also called the suppressor or chromosomal instability pathway, follows the Fearon and Vogelstein model and shows mutation in classical oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, such as K-ras, adenomatous polyposis coli, deleted in colorectal cancer, or p53. Alterations in the Wnt pathway are also very common in this type of tumour. The second main colorectal carcinogenesis pathway is the mutator pathway. This pathway is present in nearly 15% of all cases of sporadic colorectal cancer. It is characterized by the presence of mutations in the microsatellite sequences caused by a defect in the DNA mismatch repair genes, mostly in hMLH1 or hMSH2. These two pathways have clear molecular differences, which will be reviewed in this article, but they also present distinct histopathological features. More strikingly, their clinical behaviours are completely different, having the “mutator” tumours a better outcome than the “suppressor” tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Morán
- Alberto Morán, Paloma Ortega, Carmen de Juan, Tamara Fernández-Marcelo, Cristina Frías, Pilar Iniesta, Manuel Benito, the second Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Goldschneider D, Mehlen P. Dependence receptors: a new paradigm in cell signaling and cancer therapy. Oncogene 2010; 29:1865-82. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Duman-Scheel M. Netrin and DCC: axon guidance regulators at the intersection of nervous system development and cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2009; 10:602-10. [PMID: 19601764 DOI: 10.2174/138945009788680428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of axon guidance genes, including Netrin (Net) and Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), have been implicated in human cancers. Many of the hallmarks of human cancer, such as cell growth, invasion, evasion of apoptosis, and formation of a blood supply to the tumor, involve cellular processes that are critical during nervous system development. Here, the roles of Net-DCC in the regulation of these cellular processes in tumors and developing neurons are discussed. The advantages of using Drosophila to study the function of Net-DCC and other axon guidance molecules in these cellular processes, as well as the potential for cancer therapeutics targeting Net-DCC are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duman-Scheel
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend at Notre Dame, Raclin-Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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