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De Silva F, Alcorn J. A Tale of Two Cancers: A Current Concise Overview of Breast and Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2954. [PMID: 35740617 PMCID: PMC9220807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global issue, and it is expected to have a major impact on our continuing global health crisis. As populations age, we see an increased incidence in cancer rates, but considerable variation is observed in survival rates across different geographical regions and cancer types. Both breast and prostate cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although cancer statistics indicate improvements in some areas of breast and prostate cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, such statistics clearly convey the need for improvements in our understanding of the disease, risk factors, and interventions to improve life span and quality of life for all patients, and hopefully to effect a cure for people living in developed and developing countries. This concise review compiles the current information on statistics, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments associated with breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklyn De Silva
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Jane Alcorn
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
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2
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Kuzhan O, Özet A, Ulutin C, Kömürcü Ş, Arpaci F, Öztürk B, Öztürk M. Survival Benefit with GM-CSF Use after High-Dose Chemotherapy in High-Risk Breast Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 93:550-6. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160709300606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The role of high-dose chemotherapy in breast cancer has not been fully defined. It has been concluded that new trials should focus on defining potential subgroups that are more likely to benefit from high-dose chemotherapy. We compared survival differences in patients receiving human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) after high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support. Methods High-risk non-metastatic breast cancer patients (axillary lymph node involvement more than 8) aged 16 to 65 years and with a performance status ≤1 underwent high-dose chemotherapy with autograft. Written informed consent was obtained from every patient, and the study was approved by the local ethics committee. Results For 54 eligible women, the median follow-up was 41.4 months. The five-year disease-free survival was 45.7%. The five-year projected overall survival rate was 53.9%. Among them, patients who received GM-CSF (n = 12) posttransplant lived longer than the patients who received G-CSF (n = 15) (five year survival rates, 46.6% vs 75%, P <0.050). The patients who received GM-CSF posttransplant had fewer relapses (5 vs 9). However, between the two groups there was no statistically significant difference regarding disease-free survival rates calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method (58.8% vs 40%; P = 0.121). Conclusions Patients receiving GM-CSF posttransplant lived longer and they had fewer relapses than those who received G-CSF. This result merits consideration. The antitumor activity of GM-CSF should be investigated further in prospective randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Kuzhan
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Etlik, Ankara
| | - Ahmet Özet
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Etlik, Ankara
| | - Cüneyt Ulutin
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ankara, Etlik, Turkey
| | - Şeref Kömürcü
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Etlik, Ankara
| | - Fikret Arpaci
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Etlik, Ankara
| | - Bekir Öztürk
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Etlik, Ankara
| | - Mustafa Öztürk
- GATA School of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Etlik, Ankara
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3
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Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Azhar M. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation versus conventional chemotherapy for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD003139. [PMID: 27200512 PMCID: PMC8078206 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003139.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overall survival rates are disappointing for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow or peripheral stem cells (in which the woman is both donor and recipient) has been considered a promising technique because it permits use of much higher doses of chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness and safety of high-dose chemotherapy and autograft (either autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation) with conventional chemotherapy for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1966 to October 2015), EMBASE (1980 to October 2015), the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Search Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov on the 21 October 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing high-dose chemotherapy and autograft (bone marrow transplant or stem cell rescue) versus chemotherapy without autograft for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors selected RCTs, independently extracted data and assessed risks of bias. We combined data using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE methods. Outcomes were survival rates, toxicity and quality of life. MAIN RESULTS We included 14 RCTs of 5600 women randomised to receive high-dose chemotherapy and autograft (bone marrow transplant or stem cell rescue) versus chemotherapy without autograft for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. The studies were at low risk of bias in most areas.There is high-quality evidence that high-dose chemotherapy does not increase the likelihood of overall survival at any stage of follow-up (at three years: RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.10, 3 RCTs, 795 women, I² = 56%; at five years: RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.04, 9 RCTs, 3948 women, I² = 0%; at six years: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.08, 1 RCT, 511 women; at eight years: RR1.17, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.43, 1 RCT, 344 women; at 12 years: RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.42, 1 RCT, 382 women).There is high-quality evidence that high-dose chemotherapy improves the likelihood of event-free survival at three years (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.34, 3 RCTs, 795 women, I² = 56%) but this effect was no longer apparent at longer duration of follow-up (at five years: RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.09, 9 RCTs, 3948 women, I² = 14%; at six years RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.24, 1 RCT, 511 women; at eight years: RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.64, 1 RCT, 344 women; at 12 years: RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.45, 1 RCT, 382 women).Treatment-related deaths were much more frequent in the high-dose arm (RR 7.97, 95% CI 3.99 to 15.92, 14 RCTs, 5600 women, I² = 12%, high-quality evidence) and non-fatal morbidity was also more common and more severe in the high-dose group. There was little or no difference between the groups in the incidence of second cancers at four to nine years' median follow-up (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.73, 7 RCTs, 3423 women, I² = 0%, high-quality evidence). Women in the high-dose group reported significantly worse quality-of-life scores immediately after treatment, but there were few statistically significant differences between the groups by one year.The primary studies were at low risk of bias in most areas, and the evidence was assessed using GRADE methods and rated as high quality for all comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is high-quality evidence of increased treatment-related mortality and little or no increase in survival by using high-dose chemotherapy with autograft for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Farquhar
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFMHS Park RoadGraftonAucklandNew Zealand1003
| | - Jane Marjoribanks
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFMHS Park RoadGraftonAucklandNew Zealand1003
| | - Anne Lethaby
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFMHS Park RoadGraftonAucklandNew Zealand1003
| | - Maimoona Azhar
- Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandDepartment of Surgery123 St. Stephen's GreenDublin 2Ireland
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Boudin L, Gonçalves A, Sabatier R, Moretta J, Sfumato P, Asseeva P, Livon D, Bertucci F, Extra JM, Tarpin C, Houvenaeghel G, Lambaudie E, Tallet A, Resbeut M, Sobol H, Charafe-Jauffret E, Calmels B, Lemarie C, Boher JM, Viens P, Eisinger F, Chabannon C. Highly favorable outcome in BRCA-mutated metastatic breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:1082-6. [PMID: 27042835 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer carrying BRCA mutation may be highly sensitive to DNA-damaging agents. We hypothesized a better outcome for BRCA-mutated (BRCA(mut)) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDC AHSCT) versus unaffected BRCA (BRCA wild type; (BRCA(wt))) or patients without documented BRCA mutation (BRCA untested (BRCA(ut))). All female patients treated for MBC with AHSCT at Institut Paoli-Calmettes between 2003 and 2012 were included. BRCA(mut) and BRCA(wt) patients were identified from our institutional genetic database. Overall survival (OS) was the primary end point. A total of 235 patients were included. In all, 15 patients were BRCA(mut), 62 BRCA(wt) and 149 BRCA(ut). In multivariate analyses, the BRCA(mut) status was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio (HR): 3.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-8.64, P=0.0326) and PFS (HR: 2.52, 95% CI :1.29-4.91, P=0.0069). In this large series of MBC receiving HDC AHSCT, we report a highly favorable survival outcome in the subset of patients with documented germline BRCA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boudin
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
| | - A Gonçalves
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - R Sabatier
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - J Moretta
- Département d'Anticipation et de Suivi du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - P Sfumato
- Biostatistiques, Département de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation (DRCI), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - P Asseeva
- Département d'Anticipation et de Suivi du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - D Livon
- Département d'Anticipation et de Suivi du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - F Bertucci
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - J-M Extra
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
| | - C Tarpin
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
| | - G Houvenaeghel
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Département de Chirurgie Oncologique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - E Lambaudie
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Département de Chirurgie Oncologique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - A Tallet
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - M Resbeut
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - H Sobol
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Département d'Anticipation et de Suivi du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - E Charafe-Jauffret
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Biopathologie, Département de Biologie du Cancer Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - B Calmels
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Département de Biologie du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Investigations Cliniques en Biothérapies, Marseille, France
| | - C Lemarie
- Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Département de Biologie du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Investigations Cliniques en Biothérapies, Marseille, France
| | - J-M Boher
- Biostatistiques, Département de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation (DRCI), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - P Viens
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Eisinger
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Département d'Anticipation et de Suivi du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - C Chabannon
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Biopathologie, Département de Biologie du Cancer Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Département de Biologie du Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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5
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Long-term outcomes among breast cancer patients with extensive regional lymph node involvement: implications for locoregional management. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:633-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Pedrazzoli P, Martino M, Delfanti S, Generali D, Rosti G, Bregni M, Lanza F. High-Dose Chemotherapy With Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for High-Risk Primary Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2015; 2015:70-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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7
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Vaxman I, Ram R, Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, Yeshurun M, Lahav M, Shpilberg O. Secondary malignancies following high dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation-systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50:706-14. [PMID: 25665042 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with other treatment modalities to analyze the risk for various secondary malignancies (SMs). Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated and pooled. Our search yielded 36 trials. The median follow-up was 55 (range 12-144) months. Overall, the RR for developing SMs was 1.23 ((0.97-1.55), I(2)=4%, 9870 patients). Subgroup analysis of trials assessing TBI-containing preparative regimens and of patients with baseline lymphoproliferative diseases, showed there was a higher risk for SMs in patients given autografts (RR=1.61 (1.05-2.48), I(2)=14%, 2218 patients and RR=1.62 (1.12-2.33), I(2)=22%, 3343 patients, respectively). Among all patients, there was a higher rate of myelodysplastic syndrome MDS/AML in patients given HCT compared with other treatments (RR=1.71 (1.18-2.48), I(2)=0%, 8778 patients). The risk of secondary solid malignancies was comparable in the short term between patients given HCT and patients given other treatments (RR=0.95 (0.67-1.32), I(2)=0%, 5925 patients). We conclude that overall the risk of secondary MDS/AML is higher in patients given autologous HCT compared with other treatments. In the subgroup of patients given a TBI-based regimen and in those with a baseline lymphoproliferative disease, there was a higher risk of overall SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vaxman
- 1] Medicine A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel [2] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Ram
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel [2] BMT Unit, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Gafter-Gvili
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel [2] Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Vidal
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel [2] Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Yeshurun
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel [2] Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Lahav
- 1] Medicine A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel [2] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Shpilberg
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel [2] Institute of Hematology, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Henderson IC, Bhatia V. Nab-paclitaxel for breast cancer: a new formulation with an improved safety profile and greater efficacy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:919-43. [PMID: 17627452 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.7.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel, are among the most effective agents used to treat breast cancer. Nab-paclitaxel (ABI-007, Abraxane) is paclitaxel encapsulated in albumin. This differs from the more conventional formulation which uses cremophor to increase the solubility of paclitaxel (CrEL-paclitaxel). In a randomized trial that formed the basis of its regulatory approval in the USA, 3-weekly nab-paclitaxel induced a higher response rate and longer time to progression than CrEL-paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Except for grade 3 sensory neuropathy, nab-paclitaxel was also safer. An interim analysis from a more recent randomized Phase II trial suggests that weekly nab-paclitaxel is more effective and safer than either 3-weekly nab-paclitaxel or 3-weekly docetaxel. The superior efficacy of nab-paclitaxel is presumably due to the improved safety profile, which allows for the administration of higher doses, a greater proportion of which actually reaches the tumor. Observations on the development of nab-paclitaxel have important implications for our understanding of dose response in the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat all forms of cancer. Although it is not yet clear whether nab-paclitaxel can be routinely substituted for CrEL-paclitaxel or docetaxel in breast cancer treatment regimens, it seems highly likely that this will occur within the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Craig Henderson
- Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Breast cancer follow-up strategies in randomized phase III adjuvant clinical trials: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:89. [PMID: 24438135 PMCID: PMC3828573 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of different breast cancer follow-up procedures to decrease breast cancer mortality are still an object of debate, even if intensive follow-up by imaging modalities is not recommended by international guidelines since 1997. We conducted a systematic review of surveillance procedures utilized, in the last ten years, in phase III randomized trials (RCTs) of adjuvant treatments in early stage breast cancer with disease free survival as primary endpoint of the study, in order to verify if a similar variance exists in the scientific world. Follow-up modalities were reported in 66 RCTs, and among them, minimal and intensive approaches were equally represented, each being followed by 33 (50%) trials. The minimal surveillance regimen is preferred by international and North American RCTs (P = 0.001) and by trials involving more than one country (P = 0.004), with no relationship with the number of participating centers (P = 0.173), with pharmaceutical industry sponsorship (P = 0.80) and with trials enrolling > 1000 patients (P = 0.14). At multivariate regression analysis, only geographic location of the trial was predictive for a distinct follow-up methodology (P = 0.008): Western European (P = 0.004) and East Asian studies (P = 0.010) use intensive follow-up procedures with a significantly higher frequency than international RCTs, while no differences have been detected between North American and international RCTs. Stratifying the studies according to the date of beginning of patients enrollment, before or after 1998, in more recent RCTs the minimal approach is more frequently followed by international and North American RCTs (P = 0.01), by trials involving more than one country (P = 0.01) and with more than 50 participating centers (P = 0.02). It would be highly desirable that in the near future breast cancer follow-up procedures will be homogeneous in RCTs and everyday clinical settings.
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Martino M, Bottini A, Rosti G, Generali D, Secondino S, Barni S, Maisano R, Lanza F, Castagna L, Pedrazzoli P. Critical issues on high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation in breast cancer patients. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1505-15. [PMID: 22946512 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.721767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (AHPCT) for high-risk (HR) or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is no longer an option. AREAS COVERED An expert panel including medical oncologists and hematologists produce an opinion paper on the use of HDC and AHPCT in BC patients and they explain why they believe that; despite inconclusive results thus far, this treatment should have an ongoing role in breast cancer management under clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION HDC with AHPCT has become a safe treatment modality and an advantage in disease-free survival has been observed in most of the studies with HDC, with the caveat that today, even a limited relapse-free survival and progression-free survival benefit is sufficient for the approval of new antineoplastic agents. Moreover, in HRBC, an overall survival benefit by HDC could be achieved in the HER2-ve and triple-negative populations and, in this setting, HDC with AHPCT represents a therapeutic option that can be proposed to well-informed patients. In MBC, the HDC approach should be investigated further in selected patients with HER2-ve, chemosensitive disease. This paper is not intended to give any conclusion, but rather to open a debate on the value of HDC in HR and MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Martino
- Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo e Terapia Intensiva, Dipartimento di Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, 89100Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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11
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High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation as a first-line therapy for high-risk primary breast cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33388. [PMID: 22428041 PMCID: PMC3299795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Several trials have generated conflicting results about the results of high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT) for primary breast cancer. This meta-analysis summarizes the available evidence from all suitable studies. Design and Methods Prospective, randomized trials with HDCT as a first-line therapy for primary breast cancer were included in this meta-analysis. The primary outcome of interest for our analysis was survival (disease-free survival and overall survival); secondary endpoints included treatment-related mortality (TRM) and second (non-breast) cancers. We used a median age of 47, a PR positive rate of 50% and a premenopausal rate of 70% as cutoff values to complete the subgroup analyses, which were pre-planned according to the prepared protocol. Results Fourteen trials with 5747 patients were eligible for the meta-analysis. Compared with non-HDCT, non-significant second (non-breast) cancers (RR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.82–1.98) and higher TRM (RR = 3.42; 95% CI = 1.32–8.86) were associated with HDCT for primary breast cancer. A significant DFS benefit of HDCT was documented (HR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79–0.99). No difference in OS (overall survival) was found when the studies were pooled (HR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.82–1.00, p = 0.062). In subgroup analysis, age and hormone receptor status had a significant interaction with prolonged DFS and OS. Conclusions HDCT has a benefit on DFS and OS compared to SDC in some special patients with high-risk primary breast cancer.
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Berry DA, Ueno NT, Johnson MM, Lei X, Caputo J, Rodenhuis S, Peters WP, Leonard RC, Barlow WE, Tallman MS, Bergh J, Nitz UA, Gianni AM, Basser RL, Zander AR, Coombes RC, Roché H, Tokuda Y, de Vries EGE, Hortobagyi GN, Crown JP, Pedrazzoli P, Bregni M, Demirer T. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer: overview of 15 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3214-23. [PMID: 21768471 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.32.5910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjuvant high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (AHST) for high-risk primary breast cancer has not been shown to prolong survival. Individual trials have had limited power to show overall benefit or benefits within subsets. METHODS We assembled individual patient data from 15 randomized trials that compared HDC versus control therapy without stem-cell support. Prospectively defined primary end points were relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). We compared the effect of HDC versus control by using log-rank tests and proportional hazards regression, and we adjusted for clinically relevant covariates. Subset analyses were by age, number of positive lymph nodes, tumor size, histology, hormone receptor (HmR) status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. RESULTS Of 6,210 total patients (n = 3,118, HDC; n = 3,092 control), the median age was 46 years; 69% were premenopausal, 29% were postmenopausal, and 2% were unknown menopausal status; 49.5% were HmR positive; 33.5% were HmR negative, and 17% were unknown HmR status. The median follow-up was 6 years. After analysis was adjusted for covariates, HDC was found to prolong relapse-free survival (RFS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.93; P < .001) but not overall survival (OS; HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.02; P = .13). For OS, no covariates had statistically significant interactions with treatment effect, and no subsets evinced a significant effect of HDC. Younger patients had a significantly better RFS on HDC than did older patients. CONCLUSION Adjuvant HDC with AHST prolonged RFS in high-risk primary breast cancer compared with control, but this did not translate into a significant OS benefit. Whether HDC benefits patients in the context of targeted therapies is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Berry
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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13
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Basaran G, Devrim C, Caglar HB, Gulluoglu B, Kaya H, Seber S, Korkmaz T, Telli F, Kocak M, Dane F, Yumuk FP, Turhal SN. Clinical outcome of breast cancer patients with N3a (≥10 positive lymph nodes) disease: has it changed over years? Med Oncol 2010; 28:726-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Eiermann W, Graf E, Ataseven B, Conrad B, Hilfrich J, Massinger-Biebl H, Vescia S, Loibl S, von Minckwitz G, Schumacher M, Kaufmann M. Dose-intensified epirubicin versus standard-dose epirubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by CMF in breast cancer patients with 10 or more positive lymph nodes: Results of a randomised trial (GABG-IV E-93) – The German Adjuvant Breast Cancer Group. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Sportès C, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, Gea-Banacloche J, Danforth DN, Avila DN, Bryant KE, Krumlauf MC, Fowler DH, Pavletic S, Hardy NM, Bishop MR, Gress RE. Strategies to improve long-term outcome in stage IIIB inflammatory breast cancer: multimodality treatment including dose-intensive induction and high-dose chemotherapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15:963-70. [PMID: 19589486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare clinicopathologic entity with a poor prognosis, lagging far behind any other form of nonmetastatic breast cancer. Since the advent of systemic chemotherapy over 35 years ago, only minimal progress has been made in long-term outcome. Although multiple randomized trials of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous progenitor cell transplantation (ASCT) for the treatment of breast cancer have yielded disappointing results, these data are not necessarily relevant to IBC, a distinct clinical and pathologic entity. Therefore, the optimal multimodality therapy for IBC is not well established, and remains unsatisfactory. We treated 21 women with nonmetastatic IBC with a multimodality strategy including high-dose melphalan (Mel)/etoposide and ASCT. The treatment was overall tolerated with acceptable morbidity, and no post-ASCT 100-day mortality. With a median potential follow-up of approximately 8 years, the estimated progression-free survival (PFS), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) at 6 years from on-study date are: 67%, 55%, and 69%, respectively. These results from a small phase II study are among the most promising of mature outcome data for IBC. They strongly suggest, along with results of several already published phase II trials, that ASCT could play a significant role in the first line treatment of IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Sportès
- Experimental Transplantation & Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1203, USA.
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Tsimberidou AM, Braiteh F, Stewart DJ, Kurzrock R. Ultimate fate of oncology drugs approved by the us food and drug administration without a randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:6243-50. [PMID: 19826112 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To approve a new anticancer drug, the US Food and Drug Administration often requires randomized trials. However, several oncology drugs have been approved on the basis of objective end points without a randomized trial. We reviewed the long-term safety and efficacy of such agents. METHODS We searched the Web site of the US Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and MEDLINE for initial applications of investigational anticancer drugs from 1973 through 2006. RESULTS Overall, 68 oncology drugs, excluding hormone therapy and supportive care, were approved, including 31 without a randomized trial. For these 31 drugs, a median of two clinical trials (range, one to seven) and 79 patients (range, 40 to 413) were used per approval. Objective response was the most common end point used for approval; median response rate was 33% (range, 11% to 90%). Thirty drugs are still fully approved. United States marketing authorization for one drug, gefitinib (an epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] inhibitor), was rescinded after a randomized trial showed no survival improvement; however, this trial was performed in unselected patients, and it was subsequently demonstrated that patients with EGFR mutation are more likely to respond. Nineteen of the 31 drugs have additional uses (per National Comprehensive Cancer Network or National Cancer Institute Physician Data Query guidelines), and subsequent formal US Food and Drug Administration approvals were obtained for 11 of these (range, one to 18 new indications). No drug has demonstrated safety concerns. CONCLUSION Nonrandomized clinical trials with definitive end points can yield US Food and Drug Administration approvals, and these drugs have a reassuring record of long-term safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolia-Maria Tsimberidou
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Unit 455, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Metastasis may arise years after removal of a primary tumor. The mechanisms allowing latent disseminated cancer cells to survive are unknown. We report that a gene expression signature of Src activation is associated with late-onset bone metastasis in breast cancer. This link is independent of hormone receptor status or breast cancer subtype. In breast cancer cells, Src is dispensable for homing to the bones or lungs but is critical for the survival and outgrowth of these cells in the bone marrow. Src mediates AKT regulation and cancer cell survival responses to CXCL12 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), factors that are distinctively expressed in the bone metastasis microenvironment. Breast cancer cells that lodge in the bone marrow succumb in this environment when deprived of Src activity.
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18
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Zhang XHF, Wang Q, Gerald W, Hudis CA, Norton L, Smid M, Foekens JA, Massagué J. Latent bone metastasis in breast cancer tied to Src-dependent survival signals. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:67-78. [PMID: 19573813 PMCID: PMC2749247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis may arise years after removal of a primary tumor. The mechanisms allowing latent disseminated cancer cells to survive are unknown. We report that a gene expression signature of Src activation is associated with late-onset bone metastasis in breast cancer. This link is independent of hormone receptor status or breast cancer subtype. In breast cancer cells, Src is dispensable for homing to the bones or lungs but is critical for the survival and outgrowth of these cells in the bone marrow. Src mediates AKT regulation and cancer cell survival responses to CXCL12 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), factors that are distinctively expressed in the bone metastasis microenvironment. Breast cancer cells that lodge in the bone marrow succumb in this environment when deprived of Src activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiongqing Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Gerald
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clifford A. Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Colleoni M, Sun Z, Martinelli G, Basser RL, Coates AS, Gelber RD, Green MD, Peccatori F, Cinieri S, Aebi S, Viale G, Price KN, Goldhirsch A. The effect of endocrine responsiveness on high-risk breast cancer treated with dose-intensive chemotherapy: results of International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial 15-95 after prolonged follow-up. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:1344-51. [PMID: 19468030 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of adjuvant dose-intensive chemotherapy and its efficacy according to baseline features has not yet been established. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three hundred and forty-four patients were randomized to receive seven courses of standard-dose chemotherapy (SD-CT) or three cycles of dose-intensive epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (epirubicin 200 mg/m(2) plus cyclophosphamide 4 mg/m(2) with filgrastim and progenitor cell support). All patients were assigned tamoxifen at the completion of chemotherapy. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS). This paper updates the results and explores patterns of recurrence according to predicting baseline features. RESULTS At 8.3-years median follow-up, patients assigned DI-EC had a significantly better DFS compared with those assigned SD-CT [8-year DFS percent 47% and 37%, respectively, hazard ratio (HR) 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.58-1.00; P = 0.05]. Only patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease benefited from the DI-EC (HR 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.39, 0.95; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS After prolonged follow-up, DI-EC significantly improved DFS, but the effect was observed only in patients with ER-positive disease, leading to the hypothesis that efficacy of DI-EC may relate to its endocrine effects. Further studies designed to confirm the importance of endocrine responsiveness in patients treated with dose-intensive chemotherapy are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colleoni
- Department of Medicine, Research Unit in Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Nitz U. Dose in (adjuvant) chemotherapy of breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 151:239-253. [PMID: 19593516 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75115-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Nitz
- Niderrhein Breast Centre, Mönchengladbach, Germany.
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21
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Gluz O, Wild P, Meiler R, Diallo‐Danebrock R, Ting E, Mohrmann S, Schuett G, Dahl E, Fuchs T, Herr A, Gaumann A, Frick M, Poremba C, Nitz UA, Hartmann A. Nuclear karyopherin α2 expression predicts poor survival in patients with advanced breast cancer irrespective of treatment intensity. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1433-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Factors influencing catheter-related infections in the Dutch multicenter study on high-dose chemotherapy followed by peripheral SCT in high-risk breast cancer patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 42:475-81. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Gluz O, Nitz U, Harbeck N, Ting E, Kates R, Herr A, Lindemann W, Jackisch C, Berdel W, Kirchner H, Metzner B, Werner F, Schütt G, Frick M, Poremba C, Diallo-Danebrock R, Mohrmann S. Triple-negative high-risk breast cancer derives particular benefit from dose intensification of adjuvant chemotherapy: results of WSG AM-01 trial. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:861-70. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Kobayashi A, Hara H, Ohashi M, Nishimoto T, Yoshida K, Ohkohchi N, Yoshida T, Aoki K. Allogeneic MHC gene transfer enhances an effective antitumor immunity in the early period of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:7469-79. [PMID: 18094431 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation of T cells is driven by the recognition of self-antigens, and there is an opportunity to skew the T-cell repertoire during the T-cell recovery by engaging tumor-associated antigens, leading to a break of tolerance against tumors. However, the homeostatic proliferation-driven antitumor responses seem to decline rapidly in association with tumor growth. We hypothesized that a tumor-specific immune response induced by an immune gene therapy could enhance and sustain homeostatic proliferation-induced antitumor immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The antitumor effect of allogeneic MHC (alloMHC) gene transfer was examined at the early phase of the immune reconstitution after syngeneic HSCT. RESULTS Syngeneic HSCT showed significant tumor growth inhibition of syngeneic colon cancer cells within a period of 30 days; however, the tumor then resumed rapid growth and the survival of the mice was not prolonged. In contrast, when the alloMHC plasmid was intratumorally injected at the early phase after syngeneic HSCT, the established tumors were markedly regressed and the survival of recipient mice was prolonged without significant toxicities, whereas no survival advantage was recognized in recipient mice injected with a control plasmid. This tumor suppression was evident even in the other tumors that were not injected with the alloMHC plasmid. The antitumor response was characterized by the development of tumor-specific T cell- and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicities. CONCLUSION The results suggest the efficacy and safety of integrating intratumoral alloMHC gene transfer with an autologous HSCT for the treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kobayashi
- Authors' Affiliations: Section for Studies on Host-Immune Response and Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Zander AR, Schmoor C, Kröger N, Krüger W, Möbus V, Frickhofen N, Metzner B, Berdel WE, Koenigsmann M, Thiel E, Wandt H, Possinger K, Kreienberg R, Schumacher M, Jonat W. Randomized trial of high-dose adjuvant chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell support versus standard-dose chemotherapy in breast cancer patients with 10 or more positive lymph nodes: overall survival after 6 years of follow-up. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1082-9. [PMID: 18304964 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of high-dose chemotherapy (HD-CT) compared with standard-dose chemotherapy (SD-CT) as adjuvant treatment in patients with primary breast cancer and >/=10 axillary lymph nodes. From November 1993 to September 2000, 307 patients were randomized to receive after four cycles of epirubicin (90 mg/m(2)), cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m(2)) i.v. (every 21 days) and either HD-CT of cyclophosphamide (1500 mg/m(2)), thiotepa (150 mg/m(2)) and mitoxantrone (10 mg/m(2)) i.v. for four consecutive days followed by stem cell transplantation or a SD-CT of three cycles CMF (cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m(2), methotrexate 40 mg/m(2), 5-fluorouracil 600 mg/m(2), i.v. on day 1 and 8, respectively, every 28 days). After a median follow-up of 6.1 years, 166 events with respect to event-free survival (EFS) (SD-CT: 91, HD-CT: 75) have been observed. The hazard ratio of HD-CT versus SD-CT is estimated as 0.80 [95% confidence interval (0.59, 1.08)], P = 0.15. The trend to a superiority of HD-CT as compared with SD-CT with respect to EFS seems to be more pronounced in premenopausal patients as compared with postmenopausal patients and in patients with tumor grade 3 as compared with patients with tumor grade 1/2. With a follow-up of 6 years, there was a trend in favor of HD-CT with respect to EFS not being significant. A proper meta-analysis needs to be undertaken for an evaluation of subgroups of patients who might benefit from HD-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Zander
- Center of Oncology, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Pedrazzoli P, Rosti G, Secondino S, Carminati O, Demirer T. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell support for solid tumors in adults. Semin Hematol 2008; 44:286-95. [PMID: 17961729 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Supported by experimental evidence and convincing results of early phase II studies, since the 1980s high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic stem cell support (AHSCT) has been uncritically adopted by many oncologists as a potentially curative option for several solid tumors. As a result, the number (and size) of randomized trials comparing this approach with conventional chemotherapy initiated (and often abandoned before completion) in this setting was limited and the benefit of a greater escalation of dose of chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation in solid tumors remains, with the possible exception of breast carcinoma (BC) and germ cell tumors (GCT), largely unsettled. In this article, we review and comment on the data from studies to date of HDC for solid tumors in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Divisione di Oncologia Medica Falck, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy, and Department of Hematology, Ankara University Medical School, Turkey
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27
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Tokuda Y, Tajima T, Narabayashi M, Takeyama K, Watanabe T, Fukutomi T, Chou T, Sano M, Igarashi T, Sasaki Y, Ogura M, Miura S, Okamoto SI, Ogita M, Kasai M, Kobayashi T, Fukuda H, Takashima S, Tobinai K. Phase III study to evaluate the use of high-dose chemotherapy as consolidation of treatment for high-risk postoperative breast cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study, JCOG 9208. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:145-51. [PMID: 17970786 PMCID: PMC11159025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) as consolidation of the treatment of high-risk postoperative breast cancer. Patients under 56 years of age with stage I to IIIB breast cancer involving 10 or more axillary lymph nodes were eligible. The primary endpoint was relapse-free survival (RFS). Between May 1993 and March 1999, 97 patients were enrolled, and two patients became ineligible. The median age of the 97 patients was 46 years (range 27-55 years), and 72 (74%) were premenopausal. The median number of involved axillary nodes was 16 (range 10-49). All patients had undergone a radical mastectomy. Major characteristics were well balanced between the treatment arms. Forty-eight patients in the standard-dose (STD) arm received six courses of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil followed by tamoxifen. Forty-nine patients were assigned to undergo HDC with cyclophosphamide and thiotepa after six courses of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil followed by tamoxifen; however, 15 of these patients (31%) did not undergo HDC. HDC was well tolerated without any treatment-related mortality. At a median follow-up of 63 months, the 5-year RFS of 47 eligible patients in the STD arm and 48 eligible patients in the HDC arm was 37% and 52% on an intent-to-treat basis, respectively (P = 0.17). Five-year overall survival of all randomized patients was 62% for the STD arm and 63% for the HDC arm (P = 0.78). Although the prespecified values of the two arms were not so accurate as to allow detection of the observed difference, no advantage of HDC was observed in terms of RFS or overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tokuda
- Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Hoehne F, Chen S, Mabry H, Giuliano AE. An update on prognosis in breast cancer patients with extensive axillary disease. Breast J 2007; 14:76-80. [PMID: 18086270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2007.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) status is the most important factor in predicting survival in breast cancer. Historically, patients with 10 or more positive LN have been thought to have a particularly poor prognosis, which has in the past been used to alter therapeutic recommendations. Studies conducted both prior to and after the use of anthracycline-based chemotherapy demonstrate poor survival. We hypothesized that the current survival rate is considerably higher. All patients with breast cancer treated at our institution between July 1991 and December 2005 with at least 10 positive axillary LN were identified. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was performed using age, number of positive nodes, and primary tumor characteristics. Of 55 patients identified, two were excluded for incomplete follow-up information. The median patient age was 53; median follow-up was 5-years. The overall 5-year survival rate was 71.9%. On univariate analysis estrogen receptor (ER) status (p = 0.0001), progesterone receptor status (p = 0.004), use of adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.01), T-stage (p = 0.03), and adjuvant hormonal therapy (p = 0.002) were statistically significant for survival. In the multivariate analysis, only ER status and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy remained significant for survival. ER negativity conferred a hazard ratio of 12.6 (95% confidence interval: 3.7-43.2) and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy had a hazard ratio of 0.14 (95% confidence interval: 0.04-0.46). In our study, patients with at least 10 positive axillary LN had a 5-year survival of 71.9% which may be due to the improvements in local and systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Hoehne
- Joyce Eisenberg Keefer Breast Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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29
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Intensité de dose dans le traitement du cancer du sein. ONCOLOGIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-007-0783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Duraker N, Caynak ZC, Bati B. Is there any Prognostically Different Subgroup among Patients with Stage IIIC (Any TN3M0) Breast Carcinoma? Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 15:430-7. [PMID: 17912589 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether there are prognostically different subgroups among patients with stage IIIC (any TN3M0) breast carcinoma. METHODS The file records of 348 female patients operated for stage IIIC breast carcinoma were reviewed. The endpoint was disease recurrence. RESULTS Patients with a T1, T2 or T3 tumor had significantly better disease-free survival (DFS) compared to those with a T4 tumor. In the patient group with T1,2,3N3M0 disease, the DFS was significantly better in patients with between 10 and 15 metastatic axillary lymph nodes, compared to patients with 16 or more metastatic lymph nodes (p = 0.0360) and in patients with a nodal ratio ( number of metastatic lymph nodes divided by number of removed nodes) less than or equal to 0.80, compared to patients with a nodal ratio greater than 0.80 (p = 0.0003). In the patient subgroup with between 10 and 15 metastatic lymph nodes, those with a nodal ratio greater than 0.80 had significantly worse DFS, whereas in the patient subgroup with 16 or more metastatic lymph nodes the nodal ratio had no prognostic significance. The DFS of patients with 10 to 15 positive lymph nodes and a nodal ratio of up to 0.80 was significantly better than that of both the patients with 10 to 15 positive lymph nodes and a nodal ratio greater than 0.80 (p = 0.0002), and the patients with 16 or more positive lymph nodes (p = 0.0002); survival of the latter two patient groups was similar. CONCLUSIONS Patients with T1,2,3N3M0 disease can be divided into prognostically different subgroups according to the number of metastatic lymph nodes in the axilla and the nodal ratio; in this way, different patient subgroups may be offered different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nüvit Duraker
- Fifth Department of Surgery, SSK Okmeydani Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ballestrero A, Boy D, Gonella R, Miglino M, Clavio M, Barbero V, Nencioni A, Gobbi M, Patrone F. Pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with solid tumours and lymphomas. Ann Hematol 2007; 87:49-55. [PMID: 17710398 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-007-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of pegfilgrastim administered as haematological support after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, we compared 44 patients with solid tumours and lymphomas receiving a 6-mg single dose of pegfilgrastim on day +5 after transplantation to a historical control group of 25 patients receiving filgrastim 5 microg kg(-1) day(-1) starting on day +5. There were no significant differences in haematological recovery nor in the incidence and duration of neutropenic fever. Median duration of grade 4 neutropenia in the pegfilgrastim and filgrastim group was similar. The incidence of grade III-IV mucositis was lower in pegfilgrastim than in filgrastim group due to the significant difference observed among the patients with solid tumours (p = 0.00). The only adverse event considered to be cytokine related was mild to moderate bone pain occurring during haematological recovery. According to the present study design and taking into account the current prices in our institution, the cost of the two drugs was similar in both treatment groups. In conclusion, a single injection of pegfilgrastim administered at day +5 post-transplantation shows comparable safety and efficacy profiles to daily injections of filgrastim and may be cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ballestrero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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Farquhar CM, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Basser R. High dose chemotherapy for poor prognosis breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:325-37. [PMID: 17382477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dose chemotherapy with autologous transplantation of bone marrow or peripheral stem cells (autograft) has been considered promising for treating poor prognosis breast cancer. We reviewed the relevant evidence. METHODS We included randomised controlled trials comparing high dose chemotherapy and autograft with conventional chemotherapy for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. We searched medical databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE), websites (co-operative cancer research groups, American Society of Clinical Oncologists) and citations of articles found, to September 2006. Where appropriate, data were pooled to obtain a relative risk, using a fixed effects model. Clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity were examined with sensitivity analyses. FINDINGS Thirteen trials with 5064 women were included. There was a significant benefit in event-free survival for the high dose group at three years (RR 1.19 (95% CI 1.06, 1.19)) and four years (RR 1.24 (95% CI 1.03, 1.50)) and at five years this benefit approached statistical significance (RR 1.06 (95% CI 1.00, 1.13)). Overall survival rates were not significantly different at any stage of follow up. There were significantly more treatment-related deaths on the high dose arm (RR 8.58 (95% CI 4.13, 17.80)). Morbidity was higher in the high dose group but there was no significant difference in the incidence of second cancers. The high dose group reported significantly worse quality of life immediately after treatment, but there were few differences by one year. INTERPRETATION There is insufficient evidence supporting routine use of high dose chemotherapy with autograft for treating early poor prognosis breast cancer.
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Moore HCF, Green SJ, Gralow JR, Bearman SI, Lew D, Barlow WE, Hudis C, Wolff AC, Ingle JN, Chew HK, Elias AD, Livingston RB, Martino S. Intensive dose-dense compared with high-dose adjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk operable breast cancer: Southwest Oncology Group/Intergroup study 9623. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:1677-82. [PMID: 17404368 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.08.9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG)/Intergroup study 9623 was undertaken to compare treatment with an anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy regimen followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support (AHPCS) with a modern dose-dense dose-escalated (nonstandard) regimen including both an anthracycline and a taxane. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants in this phase III randomized study had operable breast cancer involving four or more axillary lymph nodes and had completed mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive four cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by HDC with AHPCS or to receive sequential dose-dense and dose-escalated chemotherapy with doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide. The primary end point of this study was disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS Among 536 eligible patients, there was no significant difference between the two arms for DFS or overall survival (OS). Estimated five-year DFS was 80% (95% CI, 76% to 85%) for dose-dense therapy and 75% (95% CI, 69% to 80%) for transplantation. Estimated 5-year OS was 88% (95% CI, 84% to 92%) for dose-dense therapy and 84% (95% CI, 79% to 88%) for transplantation. CONCLUSION There is no evidence that transplantation was superior to dose-dense dose-escalated therapy. Transplantation was associated with an increase in toxicity and a possibly inferior outcome, although the hazard ratios were not significantly different from 1.
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Mehnert A, Scherwath A, Schirmer L, Schleimer B, Petersen C, Schulz-Kindermann F, Zander AR, Koch U. The association between neuropsychological impairment, self-perceived cognitive deficits, fatigue and health related quality of life in breast cancer survivors following standard adjuvant versus high-dose chemotherapy. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2007; 66:108-18. [PMID: 17320337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The possible association between neuropsychological impairment, self-perceived cognitive deficits, fatigue and health related quality of life has been studied in high-risk breast cancer survivors 5 years following standard adjuvant (n=23) versus high-dose chemotherapy (n=24) and in early-stage breast cancer patients (n=29) (comparison group) following radiation therapy. METHODS A neuropsychological assessment covering attention, memory and executive functions was used together with the questionnaire for self-perceived deficits in attention (FEDA), the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI-20) and the EORTC-QLQ-C30. RESULTS Findings have shown that neuropsychological impairment is not directly associated with self-perceived cognitive deficits, fatigue and HRQOL. However, 46% of patients reported self-perceived cognitive deficits and 82% of the patients complained about cancer related fatigue. Except for reduced activity we did not find significant group differences, even though patients who received standard-dose chemotherapy had consistently higher levels of self-perceived cognitive deficits and fatigue, and the lowest HRQOL. CONCLUSION Results emphasize the need for psychosocial counseling and support during treatment phase and follow up care as well. Sensitive cancer-specific measures for the assessment of self-perceived cognitive deficits in different cognitive domains according to neuropsychological measurements are required. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The role of self-perceived cognitive deficits and fatigue should be considered in educational interventions and counseling. Specific rehabilitation measures should be developed, implemented and evaluated in order to meet the needs of these patients and to decrease the frequency of cognitive deficits following cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mehnert
- Institute of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52-S35, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Geara FB, Nasr E, Tucker SL, Charafeddine M, Dabaja B, Eid T, Abbas J, Salem Z, Shamseddine A, Issa P, El Saghir N. Breast cancer patients with 10 or more involved axillary lymph nodes treated by multimodality therapy: influence of clinical presentation on outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:364-9. [PMID: 17324529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze tumor control and survival for breast cancer patients with 10 or more positive lymph nodes without systemic disease, treated by adjuvant radiation alone or combined-modality therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS We reviewed the records of 309 consecutive patients with these characteristics who received locoregional radiotherapy (RT) at our institution. The majority of patients had clinical Stage II or IIIA-B disease (43% and 48%, respectively). The median number of positive axillary lymph nodes was 15 (range, 10-78). Adjuvant therapy consisted of RT alone, with or without chemotherapy, tamoxifen, and/or ovarian castration. RESULTS The overall 5-year and 10-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 20% and 7%, respectively. Median DFS was higher for patients with Stage I-II compared with those with Stage IIIABC (28 vs. 19 months; p = 0.006). Median DFS for patients aged <or=35 years was lower than that of older patients (12 vs. 24 months; p < 0.0001). Patients treated with a combination therapy had a higher 5-year DFS rate compared with those treated by RT alone (26% vs. 11%; p = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, clinical stage (III vs. I, II; relative risk = 1.8, p = 0.002) and age (<or=35 vs. others; relative risk = 2.6, p <0.001) were found to be independent variables for DFS. CONCLUSION This retrospective data analysis identified young age and advanced clinical stage as pertinent and independent clinical prognostic factors for breast cancer patients with advanced axillary disease (10 or more involved nodes). These factors can be used for further prognostic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady B Geara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Wilking N, Lidbrink E, Wiklund T, Erikstein B, Lindman H, Malmström P, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P, Bengtsson NO, Söderlund G, Anker G, Wist E, Ottosson S, Salminen E, Ljungman P, Holte H, Nilsson J, Blomqvist C, Bergh J. Long-term follow-up of the SBG 9401 study comparing tailored FEC-based therapy versus marrow-supported high-dose therapy. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:694-700. [PMID: 17301072 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose was to investigate adjuvant marrow-supportive high-dose chemotherapy compared with an equitoxicity-tailored comparator arm. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five hundred and twenty-five women below the age of 60 years with operated high-risk primary breast cancer were randomised to nine cycles of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor supported and individually tailored FEC (5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), (n = 251) or standard FEC followed by marrow-supported high-dose therapy with CTCb (cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, carboplatin) therapy (n = 274), followed by locoregional radiotherapy and tamoxifen for 5 years. RESULTS There were 104 breast cancer relapses in the tailored FEC group versus 139 in the CTCb group (double triangular method by Whitehead, P = 0.046), with a median follow-up of all included patients of 60.8 months. The event-free survival demonstrated 121 and 150 events in the tailored FEC- and CTCb group, respectively [P = 0.074, hazard ratio (HR) 0.804, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.633-1.022]. Ten patients in the tailored FEC regimen developed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)/myelodysplasia (MDS). One hundred deaths occurred in the tailored FEC group and 121 in the CTCb group (P = 0.287, HR 0.866, 95% CI 0.665-1.129). CONCLUSION The update of this study shows an improved outcome linked to the tailored FEC treatment in relation to breast cancer relapse, but also an increased incidence of AML/MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wilking
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hanrahan EO, Broglio K, Frye D, Buzdar AU, Theriault RL, Valero V, Booser DJ, Singletary SE, Strom EA, Gajewski JL, Champlin RE, Hortobagyi GN. Randomized trial of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell support for high-risk primary breast carcinoma: follow-up at 12 years. Cancer 2006; 106:2327-36. [PMID: 16639731 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors previously reported results from a randomized trial of standard-dose chemotherapy with combined 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2 per cycle), doxorubicin (50 mg/m2 per cycle), and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2 per cycle) (FAC) versus FAC followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell support (ASCS) for patients with high-risk primary breast carcinoma. After a median follow-up of 6.5 years, no significant differences were observed in recurrence-free survival (RFS) or overall survival (OS) between the 2 arms. This report updates the survival analyses. METHODS Patients with >or=10 positive axillary lymph nodes after primary surgery or >or=4 positive lymph nodes at surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were eligible. All patients were to receive 8 cycles of FAC. Patients were assigned randomly to receive either no further chemotherapy or 2 cycles of combined high-dose cyclophosphamide (5250 mg/m2 per cycle), etoposide (1200 mg/m2 per cycle), and cisplatin (165 mg/m2 per cycle) with ASCS. Primary endpoints were RFS and OS. RFS and OS were calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank statistic was used to compare treatment arms. RESULTS Between 1990 and 1997, 78 patients were registered, and 39 patients were assigned randomly to each arm. The median follow-up for all patients who were alive at last follow-up was 142.5 months (range, 45-169 months). An intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant difference between the 2 arms in terms of RFS (at 10 years: 40% with FAC vs. 26% with FAC plus HDCT; P=.11) or OS (at 10 years: 47% with FAC vs. 42% with FAC plus HDCT; P=.13). CONCLUSIONS With a median follow-up of nearly 12 years for patients who remained alive, this trial continued to demonstrate no RFS or OS advantage for patients with high-risk primary breast carcinoma treated with HDCT after standard-dose FAC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer O Hanrahan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Montemurro F, Redana S, Valabrega G, Aglietta M. Controversies in breast cancer: adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 6:1055-72. [PMID: 15957962 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.6.7.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Initial randomised studies of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy showed that systemic treatments had a substantial impact on the survival of women with early breast cancer. The original assumption was that the efficacy of these treatments was limited to those patients presenting with more adverse prognostic features. Subsequently, meta-analyses of randomised trials revealed that the benefits of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy are not mutually exclusive and extend to all the prognostic subgroups. However, the absolute benefit varies according to baseline characteristics such as tumour stage and other biological factors. Over the last 10 years, considerable progress has been made with the introduction of new drugs into the adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment of women with breast cancer. Taxanes and third-generation aromatase inhibitors are providing proof of additional benefits compared with standard reference treatments. In parallel, research on the biology of breast cancer is establishing novel prognostic and predictive factors, which may allow better treatment tailoring. Currently, however, women with early breast cancer and their doctors face the difficult task of making therapeutic decisions often based on early results from positive studies. In a disease where follow up is crucial to fully assess the benefit and long-term toxicities of an intervention, current knowledge leaves unanswered questions that generate debate and controversy. This review will summarise recent results from randomised trials of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy in women with early breast cancer and focus on the current controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Montemurro
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, IRCC Candiolo, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
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Marks R, Finke J. Die Bedeutung der Stammzelltherapie in der Hämatologie und Onkologie. Internist (Berl) 2006; 47:467-8, 470-8. [PMID: 16557411 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-006-1601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCT) is an established part of the therapy of hematologic neoplasia and certain solid tumors. In the allogeneic approach hematopoietic stem cells are harvested from healthy donors, while in the autologous setting preparations originating from the patient himself are being used. Both therapies use high dose cytotoxic medication for the induction of higher remission rates in malignant diseases. While autologous HSCT rescues hematopoiesis after high dose chemotherapy, in allogeneic HSCT donor immune cells exert an additional allo-reactivity towards recipient tissue and residual malignant cells. Autologous HSCT is mainly used in relapsed malignant high-grade lymphoma. Allogeneic HSCT results in cure from acute leukemia with unfavorable prognosis in a high percentage of patients. Recent developments target the expansion of the donor pool for allogeneic stem cells and want to reduce chemotherapeutic toxicity of allogeneic transplantation with sustained anti-leukemia efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marks
- Medizinische Klinik I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg
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Bertuzzi A, Gullo G, Rimassa L, Castagna L, Santoro A. High-dose chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for high-risk primary breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:719-20. [PMID: 16291584 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Scherwath A, Mehnert A, Schleimer B, Schirmer L, Fehlauer F, Kreienberg R, Metzner B, Thiel E, Zander AR, Schulz-Kindermann F, Koch U. Neuropsychological function in high-risk breast cancer survivors after stem-cell supported high-dose therapy versus standard-dose chemotherapy: evaluation of long-term treatment effects. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:415-23. [PMID: 16357023 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on cognitive functioning in breast cancer patients point out that a subset of women exhibit chemotherapy-related neuropsychological impairment. Thereby, high-dose therapy may elevate the risk of cognitive dysfunctions. The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of high-dose versus standard-dose chemotherapy on the late neuropsychological outcome in randomized assigned high-risk breast cancer survivors. Next to focusing prevalence, function specificity and extent of cognitive impairment, the question as to whether doses-dependent group differences occur was investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four high-dose and 23 standard-dose patients 5 years, on average, after treatment underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. In addition, 29 early-stage breast cancer patients matched for age, education and time since treatment were recruited as a comparison group. RESULTS Global cognitive impairment was observed in 8% of high-dose versus 13% of standard-dose compared with 3% of early-stage breast cancer patients. Compared with normative data, all patient groups performed worse on one attention subtest measuring the simple reaction time (P < 0.001 in each case). By contrast, no significant between-group differences on the late neuropsychological outcome were found. CONCLUSIONS Five years after treatment, standard-dose patients were slightly, but not significantly, more impaired in cognitive performance than high-dose patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scherwath
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Hamburg-Eppendorf University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany.
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Kröger N, Milde-Langosch K, Riethdorf S, Schmoor C, Schumacher M, Zander AR, Löning T. Prognostic and predictive effects of immunohistochemical factors in high-risk primary breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:159-68. [PMID: 16397038 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze prognostic and predictive effects of immunohistochemical factors within a randomized study of high-dose versus standard-dose chemotherapy in high-risk breast cancer with >10 involved lymph nodes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Histopathologic specimens in 188 of 302 patients were analyzed for Ki-67, p16, maspin, Bcl-2, Her2/neu, and p53. RESULTS In a univariate analysis after adjustment for therapy, tumor size, and estrogen receptor, Her2/neu positivity (P = 0.001) was a negative and Bcl2 positivity (P = 0.003) was a positive prognostic factor for event-free survival. In a multivariate analysis, Her2/neu positivity (hazard ratio, 3.68; 95% confidence interval, 2.01-6.73; P = 0.0001) had a negative influence on event-free survival, whereas p53 positivity (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.95; P = 0.03) and Bcl2 positivity (hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.64; P = 0.0006) were associated with a better event-free survival. Analyzing the predictive effect of the immunohistochemical factors, an interaction between p53 and treatment could be shown (P = 0.005). The hazard ratio for high-dose chemotherapy versus standard chemotherapy is estimated as 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-7.92) in p53-negative patients and as 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.2-1.07) in p53-positive patients, which indicates a superiority of high-dose chemotherapy in p53-positive patients and an inferiority in p53-negative patients. No interactive effect could be shown for the other factors. CONCLUSIONS Her2/neu and Bcl-2 are prognostic but not predictive factors in patients with high-risk primary breast cancer; p53-positive patients might benefit more from high-dose chemotherapy than from standard chemotherapy, and p53-negative patients might benefit more from standard chemotherapy than from high-dose therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Transplant Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Nitz UA, Mohrmann S, Fischer J, Lindemann W, Berdel WE, Jackisch C, Werner C, Ziske C, Kirchner H, Metzner B, Souchon R, Ruffert U, Schütt G, Pollmanns A, Schmoll HJ, Middecke C, Baltzer J, Schrader I, Wiebringhaus H, Ko Y, Rösel S, Schwenzer T, Wernet P, Hinke A, Bender HG, Frick M. Comparison of rapidly cycled tandem high-dose chemotherapy plus peripheral-blood stem-cell support versus dose-dense conventional chemotherapy for adjuvant treatment of high-risk breast cancer: results of a multicentre phase III trial. Lancet 2005; 366:1935-44. [PMID: 16325695 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer with extensive axillary-lymph-node involvement has a poor prognosis after conventional treatment. In trials with historical controls, high-dose chemotherapy produced improved outcomes. We compared an intensive double-cycle high-dose chemotherapy regimen with an accelerated conventionally dosed regimen in high-risk breast cancer in a multicentre trial. METHODS Patients with at least nine positive nodes were randomly assigned either two courses of accelerated (2-week intervals, with filgrastim support), conventionally dosed epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by two courses of high-dose chemotherapy (epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and thiotepa supported by peripheral-blood progenitors) or four identical cycles of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by three cycles of accelerated cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil. The primary endpoint was event-free survival. Analyses were done both by intention to treat and per protocol. FINDINGS 403 patients were enrolled; 201 were assigned high-dose chemotherapy and 202 conventional treatment. The mean number of positive nodes was 17.6, and median follow-up was 48.6 months. 4-year event-free survival (intention-to-treat analysis) was 60% (95% CI 53-67) in the high-dose chemotherapy group and 44% (37-52) in the control group (p=0.00069). The corresponding overall survival was 75% (69-82) versus 70% (64-77; p=0.02). There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION Our finding of significant improvements in both event-free and overall survival for high-dose chemotherapy compared with a dose-dense conventional regimen contrasts with the results of other studies. The discrepancy might be due partly to design differences (tandem, brief induction) between our regimen and those studied in other trials. This approach merits further study.
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Zander AR, Kroger N. High-dose therapy for breast cancer - a case of suspended animation. Acta Haematol 2005; 114:248-54. [PMID: 16269865 DOI: 10.1159/000088585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of high-dose chemotherapy in breast cancer is still controversial despite 20 years of clinical studies. Several nonrandomized studies had demonstrated improvement for patients with primary breast cancer. This led to the premature acceptance of high-dose therapy as a new standard of care for patients with high-risk breast cancer. There followed a phase of disillusionment after some of the randomized studies did not show any significant benefit and after a case of scientific misconduct. High-dose chemotherapy studies in breast cancer have been unpopular for the last 5 years. There is new evidence that warrants a new critical look. Fourteen randomized studies with a total of 5,592 patients have been carried out in patients with high-risk breast cancer on adjuvant therapy. Some of them showed significant improvement; others are coming to maturation now. In all randomized studies high-dose therapy in metastatic breast cancer leads to an equivalent or better disease-free survival, but because of their low power, none of these studies achieved an improvement in overall survival. It is thus necessary to perform a meta-analysis of all these studies to acquire insight into the choice of high-dose regimens. It is further necessary to look at the biology of breast cancer in the context of high-dose chemotherapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Zander
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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Isaacs C, Slack R, Gehan E, Ballen K, Boccia R, Areman E, Kramer R, Hayes DF, Herscowitz H, Lippman M. A multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating interleukin-2 activated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and post-transplant IL-2 for high risk breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 93:125-34. [PMID: 16187232 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-4445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This Phase III randomized multicenter trial compared progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for autologous peripheral blood stem cell (aPBSC) transplantation with or without immunotherapy in high-risk breast cancer patients. METHODS Eligible patients had American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 5th Edition Stage II/IIIA with > or = 4 axillary nodes, Stage IIIB, or chemotherapy-sensitive or stable Stage IV disease. Following treatment with cyclophosphamide, thiotepa and carboplatin (STAMP V), patients were randomized to aPBSC transplant with or without immunotherapy. Patients on immunotherapy received cells that were incubated in interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 24 h followed by parenteral IL-2 for 5 days then 2 days of rest for 4 weeks. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were treated (35 Stage II/IIIA; 13 Stage IIIB; 11 Stage IV), 30 patients were randomized to immunotherapy and 29 patients to no immunotherapy. Neutrophils engrafted a median of 10 days post-transplant in both groups. The median times to platelet engraftment were 9 and 10 days after transplant in the no-immunotherapy and immunotherapy groups, respectively (p = 0.03). There was no statistical evidence (p = 0.61) of a difference in progression-free and surviving (PFS) at 3 years for patients receiving immunotherapy (53%) compared with no immunotherapy (48%). There was some evidence of superiority in overall survival (OS) at 3 years for patients receiving immunotherapy (83%) compared with no immunotherapy (69%), but the difference between survival curves was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). Also, there was some evidence that patients developing acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) had superior PFS (p = 0.02) but not OS (p = 0.19) than patients not developing aGVHD. Toxicities were transient and similar between groups, with no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS This phase III study of high-risk breast cancer patients randomized to immunotherapy or no immunotherapy demonstrated that a well-tolerated immunotherapy regimen added to aPBSC transplant did not improve PFS, but there was some improvement in OS, but not by an amount that was statistically significant (p = 0.08).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Isaacs
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Stewart DA, Paterson AHG, Ruether JD, Russell J, Craighead P, Smylie M, Mackey J. High-dose mitoxantrone–vinblastine–cyclophosphamide and autologous stem cell transplantation for stage III breast cancer: final results of a prospective multicentre study. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:1463-8. [PMID: 15946980 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stage III breast cancer patients continue to suffer high relapse and death rates despite standard chemotherapy regimens. High-dose alkylator chemotherapy does not further improve outcome. This phase II study evaluated a novel high-dose chemotherapy regimen which combined active breast cancer agents with differing mechanisms of action. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligibility included at least seven involved axillary nodes (AxLNs) for tumours <5 cm, at least four AxLNs for tumours >5 cm or locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Patients received four cycles of fluorouracil-adriamycin-cyclophosphamide (FAC) followed by one cycle of mitoxantrone 63 mg/m(2)-vinblastine 12.5 mg/m(2)-cyclophosphamide 6 g/m(2) (MVC) with autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ASCT). RESULTS Between April 1995 and December 1998, 92 patients aged 21-65 years (median 45 years) were enrolled, of whom 25 were treated preoperatively for LABC and 67 were treated postoperatively. Although there was no early treatment-related mortality, one late death occurred from secondary acute myeloid leukaemia. The 7-year event-free and overall survival rates were 53% (95% confidence interval 42-64%) and 62% (95% CI 52-73%), respectively, with no significant difference between pre- and postoperative groups. CONCLUSION FAC followed by MVC-ASCT is feasible and reasonably well tolerated, but does not result in improved survival rates compared with other conventional or high-dose regimens for stage III breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Stewart
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Calgary, Canada.
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DeMichele A, Aplenc R, Botbyl J, Colligan T, Wray L, Klein-Cabral M, Foulkes A, Gimotty P, Glick J, Weber B, Stadtmauer E, Rebbeck TR. Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Polymorphisms Predict Clinical Outcome in a Node-Positive Breast Cancer Cohort. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:5552-9. [PMID: 16110016 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.06.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adjuvant chemotherapy cures only a subset of women with nonmetastatic breast cancer. Genotypes in drug-metabolizing enzymes, including functional polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferases (GST), may predict treatment-related outcomes. Patients and Methods We examined CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3, and deletions in GST μ (GSTM1) and θ (GSTT1), as well as a priori–defined combinations of polymorphisms in these genes. Using a cohort of 90 node-positive breast cancer patients who received anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy followed by high-dose multiagent chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue, we estimated the effect of genotype and other known prognostic factors on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Patients who carried homozygous CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 variants and did not carry homozygous deletions in both GSTM1 and GSTT1 (denoted low-drug genotype group) had a 4.9-fold poorer DFS (P = .021) and a four-fold poorer OS (P = .031) compared with individuals who did not carry any CYP3A4*1B or CYP3A5*3 variants but had deletions in both GSTT1 and GSTM1 (denoted high-drug genotype group). After adjustment for other significant prognostic factors, the low-drug genotype group retained a significantly poorer DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.9; 95% CI, 1.7 to 14.6; P = .004) and OS (HR = 4.8; 95% CI, 1.8 to 12.9; P = .002) compared with the high- and intermediate-drug combined genotype group. In the multivariate model, having low-drug genotype group status had a greater impact on clinical outcome than estrogen receptor status. Conclusion Combined genotypes at CYP3A4, CYP3A5, GSTM1, and GSTT1 influence the probability of treatment failure after high-dose adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela DeMichele
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abramson Cancer Center, PA, USA.
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Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Basser R, Lethaby A. High dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation versus conventional chemotherapy for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD003139. [PMID: 16034886 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003139.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overall survival rates are disappointing for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow or peripheral stem cells (in which the patient is both donor and recipient) has been considered a promising technique because it allows much higher doses of chemotherapy to be used. OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of high dose chemotherapy and autograft versus conventional chemotherapy for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. Outcomes were survival rates, toxicity and quality of life. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group specialised register, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to November 2004), EMBASE (1980 to November 2004), PsycINFO (1984 to November 2004), Cinahl (1982 to November 2004), web sites of co-operative research groups and ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncologists) and reference lists of articles found. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing high dose chemotherapy and autograft versus conventional chemotherapy for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Fifteen trials were considered. Thirteen were included and two were excluded. Three independent reviewers extracted data. MAIN RESULTS Analysis included 2535 women randomised to receive high dose chemotherapy with autograft and 2529 randomised to receive conventional chemotherapy. There were 65 treatment-related deaths on the high dose arm and four on the conventional dose arm (RR 8.58 (95% CI 4.13, 17.80). Many studies have not completed follow-up and have reported only preliminary results. There was a statistically significant benefit in event-free survival for women in the high dose group at three years (RR 1.12 (95% CI 1.06, 1.19)) and at four years (RR 1.30 (95% CI 1.16, 1.45)). At five and six years there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in event-free survival. With respect to overall survival, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups at any stage of follow up. Morbidity was more common and more severe in the high dose group. However there was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to the incidence of second cancers at five to seven years' follow up. Women in the high dose group reported significantly worse quality of life scores immediately after treatment, but few statistically significant differences were found between the groups by one year. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of high dose chemotherapy with autograft for women with early poor prognosis breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Farquhar
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National Women's Hospital, Private Bag 92019, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 1003.
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Sohn HJ, Kim SH, Lee GW, Kim S, Ahn JH, Kim SB, Kim SW, Kim WK, Suh C. High-dose chemotherapy of cyclophosphamide, thiotepa and carboplatin (CTCb) followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation as a consolidation for breast cancer patients with 10 or more positive lymph nodes: a 5-year follow-up results. Cancer Res Treat 2005; 37:137-42. [PMID: 19956494 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2005.37.3.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The benefit of consolidation high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) for high-risk primary breast cancer is controversial. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of consolidation HDC with cyclophosphamide, thiotepa and carboplatin (CTCb) followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) in resected breast cancer patients with 10 or more positive lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between December 1994 and April 2000, 22 patients were enrolled. All patients received 2 to 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for breast cancer. The HDC regimen consisted of cyclophosphamide 1,500 mg/m(2)/day, thiotepa 125 mg/m(2)/day and carboplatin 200 mg/m(2)/day intravenous for 4 consecutive days. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 58 months, 11 patients recurred and died. The median disease-free survival (DFS) and median overall survival (OS) were 49 and 69 months, respectively. The 5-year DFS and OS rates were 50% and 58%, respectively. The 12 patients with 10 to 18 involved nodes had better 5-year DFS (67%) and OS (75%) than 10 patients with more than 18 involved nodes (30% and 38%, respectively). The most common grade 3 or 4 nonhematologic toxicity was diarrhea, which occurred in 5 patients (23%). No treatment-related death was observed. CONCLUSION Consolidation HDC with CTCb followed by ASCT for resected breast cancer with more than 10 positive nodes had an acceptable toxicity but does not show promising survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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