Clinicopathologic Significance and Prognostic Value of Chromosomal Imbalances in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas

RNA-seq analysis reveals candidate genes associated with proliferation, invasion, and migration in BCL11A knockdown B-NHL cell lines

B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A (BCL11A) is highly expressed in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), blocks cell differentiation, and inhibits cell apoptosis. However, little is known about BCL11A in the proliferation, invasion, and migration of B-NHL cells. Here, we found increased expression of BCL11A in B-NHL patients and cell lines. Knockdown of BCL11A suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and migration of B-NHL cells in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that BCL11A-targeted genes were significantly enriched in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, focal adhesion, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction (including COL4A1, COL4A2, FN1, SPP1), and SPP1 was the most significantly downregulated gene. qRT‒PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry revealed that silencing BCL11A reduced the expression level of SPP1 in Raji cells. Our study suggested that high level of BCL11A may promote B-NHL proliferation, invasion, and migration, and the BCL11A-SPP1 regulatory axis may play an important role in Burkitt's lymphoma.

COX-2/PGE2 upregulation contributes to the chromosome 17p-deleted lymphoma

Deletions of chromosome 17p, where TP53 gene locates, are the most frequent chromosome alterations in human cancers and associated with poor outcomes in patients. Our previous work suggested that there were p53-independent mechanisms involved in chromosome 17p deletions-driven cancers. Here, we report that altered arachidonate metabolism, due to the deficiency of mouse Alox8 on chromosome 11B3 (homologous to human ALOX15B on chromosome 17p), contributes to the B cell malignancy. While the metabolites produced from lipoxygenase pathway reduced, chromosome 11B3 deletions or Alox8 loss, lead to upregulating its paralleling cyclooxygenase pathway, indicated by the increased levels of oncometabolite prostaglandin E2. Ectopic PGE2 prevented the apoptosis and differentiation of pre-B cells. Further studies revealed that Alox8 deficiency dramatically and specifically induced Cox-2(Ptgs2) gene expression. Repressing Cox-2 by its shRNAs impaired the tumorigenesis driven by Alox8 loss. And, in turn, tumor cells with Alox8 or 11B3 loss were sensitive to the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. This correlation between COX-2 upregulation and chromosome 17p deletions was consistent in human B-cell lymphomas. Hence, our studies reveal that the arachidonate metabolism abnormality with unbalanced ALOX and COX pathways underlies human cancers with 17p deletions and suggest new susceptibility for this disease.

Effect of miR-27b on the proliferation and apoptosis of diffuse large b-cell lymphoma cells by targeting the regulation of MET/PI3K/AKT pathway

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to explore the regulation of miR-27b expression on MET/PI3K/AKT pathway, and to explain its effect on biological functions of DLBCL cells.

METHODS

The expressions of miR-27b and MET gene in DLBCL cells and normal human B cell lines were determined by qRT-PCR. miR-27b expression in DLBCL cell line Toledo was over-expressed with the cell transfection method. The proliferation of DLBCL cells was determined by MTT. And the invasiveness of DLBCL cells was determined by Transwell. The level of apoptosis in DLBCL cells was determined by ELISA. miR-27b targeting of MET was verified by dual- luciferase reporter assay. The activation of MET/PI3K/AKT pathway and the expression of downstream related proteins were determined by Western blot.

RESULTS

The results showed that miR-27b was poorly expressed in DLBCL cell lines compared with normal human B cell lines, and was associated with its high proliferation, high invasiveness and low apoptosis level. High miR-27b expression can reduce the proliferation and increase the apoptosis level in DLBCL cells. By examining the effect of miR-27b over-expression on the MET/PI3K/AKT pathway, it was found that miR-27b can inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness and promote the apoptosis of DLBCL cells by targeting the inhibition of MET expression and the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway.

CONCLUSION

miR-27b can inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of DLBCL cells and promote the apoptosis of the cells by targeting MET/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Leukemic High Grade B Cell Lymphoma is Associated With MYC Translocation, Double Hit/Triple Hit Status, Transformation, and CNS Disease Risk: The Mayo Clinic Experience

INTRODUCTION

Leukemic involvement in high grade B cell lymphoma (L-HGBL) is rare and has been sparsely described in the literature. We report our experience in a large single institution multicenter academic setting.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Medical records of patients with HGBL who received care at Mayo Clinic between 2003 and 2020 were reviewed. L-HGBL was confirmed by peripheral blood smear and flow cytometry with corroboration from tissue and bone marrow biopsy findings.

RESULTS

Twenty patients met inclusion criteria. All patients had significant bone marrow involvement by HGBL. Leukemic involvement presented in 11 of 20 (55%) in the de novo and 9 of 20 (45%) in the relapsed setting. Seven of 20 patients had DLBCL, NOS, 6 of 20 had transformation (t-DLBCL), 3 of 20 had transformed double/triple hit lymphoma (t-DHL/THL), 2 of 20 had double hit lymphoma (DHL), and 2 of 20 had HGBL with intermediate features between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma. Nine of 15 patients had MYC translocation. Based on Hans criteria, 11 of 20 had germinal center B-cell (GCB) cell of origin (COO) and 9/20 had non-GCB COO. Five of 11 de novo patients experienced CNS relapse/progression. All de novo patients received anthracycline-based chemoimmunotherapy. Eighteen of 20 patients died of progressive disease. Median overall survival was significantly better in the de novo compared to relapsed group (8.9 months vs. 2.8 months, P = .01). COO, MYC status, DHL/THL status, HGBL subtype, or treatment group did not demonstrate a significant effect on overall survival.

CONCLUSION

L-HGBL carries a poor prognosis and is associated with MYC translocation, DHL/THL status, transformation, and high CNS risk. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed for L-HGBL.

Identification of high-risk monomorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following solid organ transplantation

Monomorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (M-PTLD) occurring after solid organ transplant histologically resembles aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma being the most common. In a cohort of 40 patients with DLBCL-type M-PTLD, inferior progression free survival (PFS) was observed for Revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) >2 (p = 0.01) and high-risk pathologic features (p = 0.02), defined by double expressor lymphoma, MYC rearrangement, or increased copy number of either MYC or BCL2. Overall survival (OS) was inferior in R-IPI >2 (p = 0.002) and high-risk pathologic features (p = 0.003). Combining both R-IPI >2 and high-risk pathologic features resulted in well-delineated good, intermediate, and poor risk groups of DLBCL-type M-PTLD with respect to both PFS and OS (p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate a prognostic role for both the R-IPI score and presence of high-risk pathologic features in DLBCL-type M-PTLD.

A Probabilistic Classification Tool for Genetic Subtypes of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma with Therapeutic Implications

The development of precision medicine approaches for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is confounded by its pronounced genetic, phenotypic, and clinical heterogeneity. Recent multiplatform genomic studies revealed the existence of genetic subtypes of DLBCL using clustering methodologies. Here, we describe an algorithm that determines the probability that a patient's lymphoma belongs to one of seven genetic subtypes based on its genetic features. This classification reveals genetic similarities between these DLBCL subtypes and various indolent and extranodal lymphoma types, suggesting a shared pathogenesis. These genetic subtypes also have distinct gene expression profiles, immune microenvironments, and outcomes following immunochemotherapy. Functional analysis of genetic subtype models highlights distinct vulnerabilities to targeted therapy, supporting the use of this classification in precision medicine trials.

The Unsolved Puzzle of c-Rel in B Cell Lymphoma

Aberrant constitutive activation of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors is a hallmark of numerous cancers. Of the five Rel family members, c-Rel has the strongest direct links to tumorigenesis. c-Rel is the only member that can malignantly transform lymphoid cells in vitro. Furthermore, c-Rel is implicated in human B cell lymphoma through the frequent occurrence of REL gene locus gains and amplifications. In normal physiology, high c-Rel expression predominates in the hematopoietic lineage and a diverse range of stimuli can trigger enhanced expression and activation of c-Rel. Both expression and activation of c-Rel are tightly regulated on multiple levels, indicating the necessity to keep its functions under control. In this review we meta-analyze and integrate studies reporting gene locus aberrations to provide an overview on the frequency of REL gains in human B cell lymphoma subtypes, namely follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. We also summarize current knowledge on c-Rel expression and protein localization in these human B cell lymphomas and discuss the co-amplification of BCL11A with REL. In addition, we highlight and illustrate key pathways of c-Rel activation and regulation with a specific focus on B cell biology.

A novel in vivo model for studying conditional dual loss of BLIMP-1 and p53 in B-cells, leading to tumor transformation

The tumor suppressors B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP-1) and p53 play a crucial role in B-cell lymphomas, and their inactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of lymphoid malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). Patients with activated B-cell-like (ABC) DLBCL may present with loss of BLIMP-1, c-Myc over-expression, decreased p53, and poor prognosis. Nevertheless, there is a lack of in vivo models recapitulating the biology of high-grade ABC DLBCL. We therefore aimed to develop an in vivo model aiming to recapitulate the phenotype observed in this cohort of patients. A Cre-Lox approach was used to achieve inactivation of both p53 and BLIMP-1 in murine B-cells. Contextual ablation of BLIMP-1 and p53 led to development of IgM-positive B-cell lymphoma with an aggressive phenotype, supported by c-Myc up-regulation, and accumulation of somatic mutations, as demonstrated by whole exome sequencing. Sensitivity of B-tumor cells to BTK inhibition was demonstrated. This model mirrors what reported in patients with ABC DLBLC, and therefore represents a novel model for studying the biology of ABC-DLBCL harboring the dual loss of BLIMP-1/p53 and c-Myc over-expression.

Expansion of BCR/ABL1+ cells requires PAK2 but not PAK1

The p21‐activated kinases (PAKs) are key nodes in oncogenic signalling pathways controlling growth, survival, and motility of cancer cells. Their activity is increased in many human cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. To date, PAK deregulation has mainly been studied in solid tumours, where PAK1 and PAK4 are the main isoforms deregulated. We show that PAK1 and PAK2 are the critical isoforms in a BCR/ABL1⁺ haematopoietic malignancy. In suspension, leukaemic cells deficient for PAK1 and PAK2 undergo apoptosis, while the loss of either protein is well tolerated. Transfer of medium conditioned by shPAK2‐ but not shPAK1‐expressing leukaemic cells interferes with endothelial cell growth. We found that leukaemic cells produce exosomes containing PAK2. Transfer of isolated exosomes supports endothelial cell proliferation. In parallel, we found that leukaemic cells explicitly require PAK2 to grow towards an extracellular matrix. PAK2‐deficient cells fail to form colonies in methylcellulose and to induce lymphomas in vivo. PAK2 might therefore be the critical isoform in leukaemic cells by controlling tumour growth in a dual manner: vascularization via exosome‐mediated transfer to endothelial cells and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. This finding suggests that the PAK2 isoform represents a promising target for the treatment of haematological diseases.

Correlation between Immunohistochemical Subtype and Clinicopathological Features in Patients with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

The aim of this study was to establish correlations between certain clinical, biological, therapeutic factors and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) subtypes. For this purpose, between January 2007 and December 2016 a total number of 97 patients with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were analyzed. Patients with a high prognostic index and non-GCB DLBCL positively correlated and exhibited lower survival rates than low IPI, GCB patients. IPI scoring system and cell-of-origin classification should be used together as a single valid prognostic evaluation tool for DLBCL.

Hedgehog pathway activation in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia predicts response to SMO and GLI1 inhibitors

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive childhood leukemia that is caused by the accumulation of multiple genomic lesions resulting in transcriptional deregulation and increased cell proliferation and survival. Through analysis of gene expression data, we provide evidence that the hedgehog pathway is activated in 20% of T-ALL samples. Hedgehog pathway activation is associated with ectopic expression of the hedgehog ligands Sonic hedgehog (SHH) or Indian hedgehog (IHH), and with upregulation of the transcription factor GLI1 Ectopic expression of SHH or IHH in mouse T cells in vivo caused hedgehog pathway activation in both lymphoid and epithelial cells in the thymus and resulted in increased expression of important T-cell stimulatory ligands (Dll4, Il7, and Vegf) by thymic epithelial cells. In T-ALL cell lines, pharmacological inhibition or short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of SMO or GLI1 led to decreased cell proliferation. Moreover, primary T-ALL cases with high GLI1 messenger RNA levels, but not those with low or undetectable GLI1 expression, were sensitive to hedgehog pathway inhibition by GANT61 or GDC-0449 (vismodegib) using ex vivo cultures and in vivo xenograft models. We identify the hedgehog pathway as a novel therapeutic target in T-ALL and demonstrate that hedgehog inhibitors approved by the US Food and Drug Administration could be used for the treatment of this rare leukemia.

Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma With a MYC-IGH Rearrangement and Gain of BCL2: Expanding the Spectrum of MYC/BCL2 Double-Hit Lymphomas

Aggressive extracutaneous B-cell lymphomas span the various stages of B-cell ontogeny and include B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas represent the most common histologic subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, comprising 30% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. A distinctive form of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the double-hit lymphoma, with most cases exhibiting a combined MYC and BCL2 rearrangement, leading some hematopathologists to propose the term MYC/BCL2 lymphoma. More recently, MYC rearrangement with multiple copies/gain of BCL2 or multiple copies/gain of MYC with a BCL2 rearrangement have been described and exhibit a very similar clinical course to conventional double-hit lymphomas. We report the seventh case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma exhibiting this distinct cytogenetic abnormality and the first reported case in the skin. The patient's clinical course was aggressive, succumbing to disease 18 months after his initial presentation.

BCL11A expression in acute phase chronic myeloid leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has chronic and acute phases. In chronic phase myeloid differentiation is preserved whereas in acute phase myeloid differentiation is blocked. Acute phase CML resembles acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic phase CML is caused by BCR-ABL1. What additional mutation(s) cause transition to acute phase is unknown and may differ in different persons with CML. BCL11A encodes a transcription factor and is aberrantly-expressed in several haematological and solid neoplasms. We analyzed BCL11A mRNA levels in subjects with chronic and acute phase CML. BCL11A transcript levels were increased in subjects with CML in acute phase compared with those in normals and in subjects in chronic phase including some subjects studied in both phases. BCL11A mRNA levels were correlated with percent bone marrow blasts and significantly higher in lymphoid versus myeloid blast crisis. Differentiation of K562 with butyric acid, a CML cell line, decreased BCL11A mRNA levels. Cytology and flow cytometry analyses showed that ectopic expression of BCL11A in K562 cells blocked differentiation. These data suggest BCL11A may operate in transformation of CML from chronic to acute phase in some persons.

BCL11A expression in acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND

BCL11A encodes a C2H2 type zinc-finger protein. During normal haematopoietic cell differentiation BCL11A expression is down-regulated. Data in mice suggest up-regulation of BCL11A is involved in the pathogenesis of myeloid leukaemias. BCL11A expression in persons with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is not systematically studied.

OBJECTIVE

Interrogate associations between BCL11A expression at diagnosis and clinical and laboratory valuables and outcomes in newly-diagnosed persons with AML.

METHODS

We determined BCL11A mRNA levels in bone marrow and blood mononuclear cells in 292 consecutive newly-diagnosed subjects with AML by reverse transcript and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were compared to mRNA levels in bone marrow cells of normals.

RESULTS

Subjects with BCL11A transcript levels at diagnosis exceeding the median value of 2.434 (±3.423 SD; 25th-75th inter-quartile range, 1.33-4.29) had higher WBC levels, a greater proportion of bone marrow myeloblasts, were more likely to be FAB M0 subtype, less likely to be FAB M3 subtype, more likely to be in the intermediate cytogenetic risk cohort, less likely to have a complex karyotype and more likely to have DNMT3A(R882) and FLT3-ITD mutations than subjects with transcript levels below the median value. In 89 subjects receiving conventional induction chemotherapy the complete remission rate was 54% (95% confidence interval [CI]; 33, 75%) in the lower BCL11A cohort and 65% (45, 85%; P=0.26) in the higher BCL11A cohort. 3 year survival was 33% (2, 65%) in the lower BCL11A cohort and 15% (0, 39%; P=0.35) in the high BCL11A cohort.

CONCLUSION

BCL11A transcript levels at diagnosis was significantly associated with several clinical and laboratory variables. There were also non-significant associations with complete remission rate and survival. These data suggest a possible role for BCL11A expression in AML biology.

High-resolution copy number analysis of paired normal-tumor samples from diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Copy number analysis can be useful for assessing prognosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We analyzed copy number data from tumor samples of 60 patients diagnosed with DLBCL de novo and their matched normal samples. We detected 63 recurrent copy number alterations (CNAs), including 33 gains, 30 losses, and nine recurrent acquired copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNN-LOH). Interestingly, 20 % of cases acquired CNN-LOH of 6p21 locus, which involves the HLA region. In normal cells, there were no CNAs but we observed CNN-LOH involving some key lymphoma regions such as 6p21 and 9p24.1 (5 %) and 17p13.1 (2.5 %) in DLBCL patients. Furthermore, a model with some specific CNA was able to predict the subtype of DLBCL, 1p36.32 and 10q23.31 losses being restricted to germinal center B cell-like (GCB) DLBCL. In contrast, 8p23.3 losses and 11q24.3 gains were strongly associated with the non-GCB subtype. A poor prognosis was associated with biallelic inactivation of TP53 or 18p11.32 losses, while prognosis was better in cases carrying 11q24.3 gains. In summary, CNA abnormalities identify specific DLBCL groups, and we describe CNN-LOH in germline cells from DLBCL patients that are associated with genes that probably play a key role in DLBCL development.

Whole-exome analysis reveals novel somatic genomic alterations associated with outcome in immunochemotherapy-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Lack of remission or early relapse remains a major clinical issue in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), with 30% of patients failing standard of care. Although clinical factors and molecular signatures can partially predict DLBCL outcome, additional information is needed to identify high-risk patients, particularly biologic factors that might ultimately be amenable to intervention. Using whole-exome sequencing data from 51 newly diagnosed and immunochemotherapy-treated DLBCL patients, we evaluated the association of somatic genomic alterations with patient outcome, defined as failure to achieve event-free survival at 24 months after diagnosis (EFS24). We identified 16 genes with mutations, 374 with copy number gains and 151 with copy number losses that were associated with failure to achieve EFS24 (P<0.05). Except for FOXO1 and CIITA, known driver mutations did not correlate with EFS24. Gene losses were localized to 6q21-6q24.2, and gains to 3q13.12-3q29, 11q23.1-11q23.3 and 19q13.12-19q13.43. Globally, the number of gains was highly associated with poor outcome (P=7.4 × 10⁻¹²) and when combined with FOXO1 mutations identified 77% of cases that failed to achieve EFS24. One gene (SLC22A16) at 6q21, a doxorubicin transporter, was lost in 54% of EFS24 failures and our findings suggest it functions as a doxorubicin transporter in DLBCL cells.

SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes and cancer

The identification of mutations and deletions in the SMARCB1 locus in chromosome band 22q11.2 in pediatric rhabdoid tumors provided the first evidence for the involvement of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in cancer. Over the last 15 years, alterations in more than 20 members of the complex have been reported in a variety of human tumors. These include germline mutations and copy number alterations in SMARCB1, SMARCA4, SMARCE1, and PBRM1 that predispose carriers to both benign and malignant neoplasms. Somatic mutations, structural abnormalities, or epigenetic modifications that lead to reduced or aberrant expression of complex members have now been reported in more than 20% of malignancies, including both solid tumors and hematologic disorders in both children and adults. In this review, we will highlight the role of SMARCB1 in cancer as a paradigm for other tumors with alterations in SWI/SNF complex members and demonstrate the broad spectrum of mutations observed in complex members in different tumor types.

Clonal heterogeneity of lymphoid malignancies correlates with poor prognosis

Clonal heterogeneity in lymphoid malignancies has been recently reported in adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, and mantle cell lymphoma. Our analysis was extended to other types of lymphoma including marginal zone lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. To determine the presence of clonal heterogeneity, 332 cases were examined using array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Results showed that incidence of clonal heterogeneity varied from 25% to 69% among different types of lymphoma. Survival analysis revealed that mantle cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with clonal heterogeneity showed significantly poorer prognosis, and that clonal heterogeneity was confirmed as an independent predictor of poor prognosis for both types of lymphoma. Interestingly, 8q24.1 (MYC) gain, 9p21.3 (CDKN2A/2B) loss and 17p13 (TP53, ATP1B2, SAT2, SHBG) loss were recurrent genomic lesions among various types of lymphoma with clonal heterogeneity, suggesting at least in part that alterations of these genes may play a role in clonal heterogeneity.

MicroRNA as potential biomarker in HCV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

AIMS

To identify molecular characteristics to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) through a comprehensive miRNAs expression profiling.

METHODS

In this study, miRNA profiles were obtained from 37 patients with DLBCLs and 60 patients with reactive lymph nodes, equally distributed according to HCV presence. Germinal centres, from reactive lymph nodes were used as controls. Clinical features at presentation were available for all patients.

RESULTS

A set of 52 miRNAs define a signature for HCV-associated DLBCL. Importantly, decreased expression of miR-138-5p and increased expression of miR-147a, miR-147b and miR-511-5p in HCV DLBCL was found to be a poor prognostic factor for HCV-positive DLBCL patients.

CONCLUSIONS

These data reveal molecular differences in diffuse DLBCL patients according to HCV presence, potentially useful as novel prognostic or therapeutic biomarkers.

Clinical significance of cytogenetic aberrations in bone marrow of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: prognostic significance and relevance to histologic involvement

Background

Although knowledge of the genetics of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has been increasing, little is known about the characteristics and prognostic significance of cytogenetic abnormalities and the clinical utility of cytogenetic studies performed on bone marrow (BM) specimens. To investigate the significance of isolated cytogenetic aberrations in the absence of histologic BM involvement, we assessed the implication of cytogenetic staging and prognostic stratification by a retrospective multicenter analysis of newly diagnosed DLBCL patients.

Methods

We analyzed cytogenetic and clinical data from 1585 DLBCL patients whose BM aspirates had been subjected to conventional karyotyping for staging. If available, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data were also collected from patients.

Results

Histologic BM involvement were found in 259/1585 (16.3%) patients and chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 192 (12.1%) patients (54 patients with single abnormalities and 138 patients with 2 or more abnormalities). Isolated cytogenetic aberrations (2 or more abnormalities) without histologic involvement were found in 21 patients (1.3%). Two or more cytogenetic abnormalities were associated with inferior overall survival (OS) compared with a normal karyotype or single abnormality in both patients with histologic BM involvement (5-year OS, 16.5% vs. 52.7%; P < 0.001) and those without BM involvement (31.8% vs. 66.5%; P < 0.001). This result demonstrated that BM cytogenetic results have a significant prognostic impact that is independent of BM histology. The following abnormalities were most frequently observed: rearrangements involving 14q32, 19q13, 19p13, 1p, 3q27, and 8q24; del(6q); dup(1q); and trisomy 18. In univariate analysis, several specific abnormalities including abnormalities at 16q22-q24, 6p21-p25, 12q22-q24, and -17 were associated with poor prognosis. Multivariate analyses performed for patients who had either chromosomal abnormalities or histologic BM involvement, revealed IPI high risk, ≥ 2 cytogenetic abnormalities, and several specific chromosomal abnormalities, including abnormalities at 19p13, 12q22-q24, 8q24, and 19q13 were significantly associated with a worse prognosis.

Conclusions

We suggest that isolated cytogenetic aberrations can be regarded as BM involvement and cytogenetic evaluation of BM improves staging accuracy along with prognostic information for DLBCL patients.

Differences in the cytogenetic alteration profiles of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma among Chinese and American patients

To study the similarities and differences of cytogenetic alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) between Asian and Caucasian patients, we compared the cytogenetic profiles of Chinese and American DLBCL cases by analyzing conventional karyotypes and select fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) findings. We used interphase FISH analyses to determine the incidence of the t(14;18) and BCL6 and MYC rearrangements. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to categorize the lymphomas into the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) or non-GCB-DLBCL subtypes, according to the Hans algorithm. Our data suggested that Chinese patients had cytogenetic profiles for GCB-DLBCL that differed from those of their American counterparts; specifically, the Chinese GCB patients exhibited greater frequencies of BCL6 rearrangements and gains of 1q and 11q but lower incidence of the t(14;18). Non-GCB-DLBCL in both the Chinese and American patients was characterized by recurrent gains of 3/3q and 18/18q. The incidences of both BCL6 rearrangement and t(14;18) were similar in Chinese and American non-GCB-DLBCL cases.

Karyotyping of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: loss of 17p is associated with poor patient outcome

BACKGROUND

Cytogenetic studies of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have revealed a large spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities, some of which may be clinically relevant. We wanted to evaluate possible associations between commonly acquired chromosome aberrations and prognosis in a large cohort of patients.

METHODS

All patients with DLBCL treated at our center during 1999-2010 with an abnormal G-banding karyotype determined on cells short-term cultured from diagnostic biopsies were included. Detailed information on staging, treatment, and outcome was available for all patients.

RESULTS

Of the 110 patients available for analysis, there were 48 deaths and 27 relapses after a median follow-up of 4.5 yr. Eleven different chromosomal abnormalities were detected in more than ten percent of patients. Of those, only loss of 17p, including the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, was significantly associated with inferior long-term prognosis. Five year overall and progression-free survival frequencies were 32% and 27% for patients with loss of 17p and 67% and 59% in patients without this abnormality.

CONCLUSION

In a relatively large cohort of patients with DLBCL analyzed by chromosome banding, loss of 17p was the only chromosomal abnormality associated with inferior survival in uni- and multivariate analysis.

Clinicopathologic implication of A20/TNFAIP3 deletion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an analysis according to immunohistochemical subgroups and rituximab treatment

We analyzed the clinicopathologic implication of A20/tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 3 deletion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) using fluorescence in situ hybridization, according to germinal center B-cell (GCB) versus non-GCB/activated B-cell (ABC) phenotypes and rituximab treatment. Excluding primary central nervous system (CNS) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive lymphomas, 134 DLBCLs were analyzed. A20 was deleted in 23.1% (31/134) of DLBCLs including 21.6% (29/ 134) of monoallelic and 1.5% (2/134) of biallelic deletion, with no predilection for GCB versus non-GCB/ABC. In univariate analysis, A20 deletion was marginally associated with favorable prognosis in the rituximab-treated subgroup (n = 109; p = 0.0454), non-gastrointestinal lymphoma (n = 108; p = 0.0320) and nodal lymphoma (n = 46; p = 0.0411). In multivariate analysis in rituximab-treated DLBCL, MUM1 and international prognostic index (IPI) were independent prognostic factors (p = 0.021 [IPI]; p = 009 [MUM1]) with a marginally favorable prognostic effect for A20 deletion (p = 0.047). Taken together, A20 deletion was observed in similar frequencies in GCB and non-GCB/ABC, and was not a poor prognostic factor in DLBCL.

Clinical applications of BAC array-CGH to the study of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

BAC array-CGH is a powerful method to identify DNA copy number changes (gains, amplifications and deletions) on a genome-wide scale, and to map these changes to genomic sequence. It is based on the analysis of genomic DNA isolated from test and reference cell populations, the differential labelling with fluorescent dyes and the co-hybridization with a genomic array. BAC array-CGH has proven to be a specific, sensitive, and reliable technique, with considerable advantages compared to other methods used for the analysis of DNA copy number changes. The application of genome scanning technologies and the recent advances in bioinformatics tools that enable us to perform a robust and highly sensitive analysis of array-CGH data, useful not only for genome scanning of tumor cells but also in the identification of novel cancer related genes, oncogenes and suppressor genes. Cytogenetic analysis provides essential information for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with hematologic malignancies such as lymphomas. However, the chromosomal interpretation in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is sometimes inconclusive. Copy number aberrations identified by BAC array-CGH analyses could be a complementary methodology to chromosomal analysis. In NHL the genomic imbalances might have a prognostic rather than a diagnostic value. In fact, the diagnosis of NHL is based on pathological and molecular cytogenetics data. Furthermore genetic variations and their association with specific types of lymphoma development, and elucidation of the variable genetic pathways leading to lymphoma development, are important directions for future cancer research. Array-CGH, along with FISH and PCR, will be used for routine diagnostic purposes in near future.

Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of germinal center origin with BCL2 translocations have poor outcome, irrespective of MYC status: a report from an International DLBCL rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma can be classified by gene expression profiling into germinal center and activated B-cell subtypes with different prognoses after rituximab-CHOP. The importance of previously recognized prognostic markers, such as Bcl-2 protein expression and BCL2 gene abnormalities, has been questioned in the new therapeutic era. We analyzed Bcl-2 protein expression, and BCL2 and MYC gene abnormalities by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization in 327 patients with de novo disease treated with rituximab-CHOP. Isolated BCL2 and MYC rearrangements were not predictive of outcome in our patients as a whole, but only in those with the germinal center subtype of lymphoma. The prognostic relevance of isolated MYC rearrangements was weaker than that of BCL2 isolated translocations, but was probably limited by the rarity of the rearrangements. Seven of eight patients with double hit lymphoma had the germinal center subtype with poor outcome. The germinal center subtype patients with isolated BCL2 translocations had significantly worse outcome than the patients without BCL2 rearrangements (P=0.0002), and their outcome was similar to that of patients with the activated B-cell subtype (P=0.30), but not as bad as the outcome of patients with double hit lymphoma (P<0.0001). Bcl-2 protein overexpression was associated with inferior outcome in patients with germinal center subtype lymphoma, but multivariate analysis showed that this was dependent on BCL2 translocations. The gene expression profiling of patients with BCL2 rearrangements was unique, showing activation of pathways that were silent in the negative counterpart. BCL2 translocated germinal center subtype patients have worse prognosis after rituximab-CHOP, irrespective of MYC status, but the presence of combined gene breaks significantly overcomes the prognostic relevance of isolated lesions.

The c-Rel Transcription Factor in Development and Disease

c-Rel is a member of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor family. Unlike other NF-κB proteins that are expressed in a variety of cell types, high levels of c-Rel expression are found primarily in B and T cells, with many c-Rel target genes involved in lymphoid cell growth and survival. In addition to c-Rel playing a major role in mammalian B and T cell function, the human c-rel gene (REL) is a susceptibility locus for certain autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, psoriasis, and celiac disease. The REL locus is also frequently altered (amplified, mutated, rearranged), and expression of REL is increased in a variety of B and T cell malignancies and, to a lesser extent, in other cancer types. Thus, agents that modulate REL activity may have therapeutic benefits for certain human cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Defining causative factors contributing in the activation of hedgehog signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is activated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Genetic abnormalities that explain activation of Hh signaling in DLBCL are unknown. We investigate the presence of amplifications of Hh genes that might result in activation of this pathway in DLBCL. Our data showed few extra copies of GLI1 and SMO due to chromosomal aneuploidies in a subset of DLBCL cell lines. We also showed that pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways resulted in decreased expression of GLI1 and Hh ligands. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that aberrant activation of Hh signaling in DLBCL mainly results from integration of deregulated oncogenic signaling inputs converging into Hh signaling.

Aberrant activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway in malignant hematological neoplasms

The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is a highly regulated signaling pathway that is important not only for embryonic development, tissue patterning, and organogenesis but also for tissue repair and the maintenance of stem cells in adult tissues. In the adult hematopoietic system, HH signaling regulates intrathymic T-cell development, and it is one of the survival signals provided by follicular dendritic cells to prevent apoptosis in germinal center B cells. HH signaling is required for primitive hematopoiesis; however, conflicting data have been reported regarding the role of the HH pathway in adult hematopoiesis. Inappropriate activation of the HH signaling pathway occurs in several human cancers, including hematological neoplasms. Emerging data demonstrate abnormal HH pathway activation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and acute leukemias. In these neoplasms, HH signaling promotes proliferation and survival, contributes to the maintenance of cancer stem cells, and enhances tolerance or resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we review current understanding of HH signaling, its role in the pathobiology of hematological malignancies, and its potential as a therapeutic target to treat malignant hematological neoplasms.

Genotypic and phenotypic differences between nodal and extranodal diffuse large B-Cell lymphomas

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that have diverse clinical, pathological, and biological features. Here, it is shown that primary nodal and extranodal DLBCLs differ genomically and phenotypically. Using conventional comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), the authors assessed the chromosomal aberrations in 18 nodal, 13 extranodal, and 5 mixed DLBCLs. The results demonstrate significantly distinct chromosomal aberrations exemplified by gains of chromosomal arms 1p, 7p, 12q24.21-12q24.31, and 22q and chromosome X and loss of chromosome 4, 6q, and 18q22.3-23 in extranodal compared with nodal DLBCLs. Nodal DLBCLs showed an increased tendency for 18q amplification and BCL2 protein overexpression compared with extranodal and mixed tumors. Using a panel of five antibodies against GCET1, MUM1, CD10, BCL6, and FOXP1 proteins to subclassify DLBCLs according to the recent Choi algorithm, the authors showed that the genomic profiles observed between the nodal and extranodal DLBCLs were not due to the different proportions of GCB vs ABC in the two groups. Further delineation of these genomic differences was illuminated by the use of high-resolution 21K BAC array CGH performed on 12 independent new cases of extranodal DLBCL. The authors demonstrated for the first time a novel genome and proteome-based signatures that may differentiate the two lymphoma types.

Refining tumor-associated aneuploidy through 'genomic recoding' of recurrent DNA copy number aberrations in 150 canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Identification of the genomic regions most intimately associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) pathogenesis is confounded by the genetic heterogeneity of human populations. We hypothesize that the restricted genetic variation of purebred dogs, combined with the contrasting architecture of the human and canine karyotypes, will increase the penetrance of fundamental NHL-associated chromosomal aberrations in both species. We surveyed non-random aneuploidy in 150 canine NHL cases, revealing limited genomic instability compared to their human counterparts and no evidence for CDKN2A/B deletion in canine B-cell NHL. 'Genomic recoding' of canine NHL data into a 'virtual human' chromosome format showed remarkably few regions of copy number aberration (CNA) shared between both species, restricted to regions of dog chromosomes 13 and 31, and human chromosomes 8 and 21. Our data suggest that gene discovery in NHL may be enhanced through comparative studies exploiting the less complex association between CNAs and tumor pathogenesis in canine patients.

Accurate classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma into germinal center and activated B-cell subtypes using a nuclease protection assay on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues

Classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into cell-of-origin (COO) subtypes based on gene expression profiles has well-established prognostic value. These subtypes, termed germinal center B cell (GCB) and activated B cell (ABC) also have different genetic alterations and overexpression of different pathways that may serve as therapeutic targets. Thus, accurate classification is essential for analysis of clinical trial results and planning new trials by using targeted agents. The current standard for COO classification uses gene expression profiling (GEP) of snap frozen tissues, and a Bayesian predictor algorithm. However, this is generally not feasible. In this study, we investigated whether the qNPA technique could be used for accurate classification of COO by using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. We analyzed expression levels of 14 genes in 121 cases of R-CHOP-treated DLBCL that had previously undergone GEP by using the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarray and had matching FFPE blocks. Results were evaluated by using the previously published algorithm with a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. These results were compared with COO classification based on frozen tissue GEP profiles. For each case, a probability statistic was generated indicating the likelihood that the classification by using qNPA was accurate. When data were dichotomized into GCB or non-GCB, overall accuracy was 92%. The qNPA technique accurately categorized DLBCL into GCB and ABC subtypes, as defined by GEP. This approach is quantifiable, applicable to FFPE tissues with no technical failures, and has potential for significant impact on DLBCL research and clinical trial development.

Bcl-2 is a better therapeutic target than c-Myc, but attacking both could be a more effective treatment strategy for B-cell lymphoma with concurrent Bcl-2 and c-Myc overexpression

OBJECTIVE

The prognosis for diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concomitant overexpression of c-Myc and Bcl-2 remains dismal; there is an urgent need to clarify the significance of these two oncogenes as therapeutic targets for a more effective treatment strategy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We established two novel cell lines, KPUM-MS3 and KPUM-UH1, from two chemoresistant patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concomitant overexpression of c-Myc and Bcl-2, and investigated the significance of c-Myc and Bcl-2 as therapeutic targets.

RESULTS

KPUM-MS3 possesses t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation and KPUM-UH1 bcl-2 gene amplification, both of which account for Bcl-2 overexpression. Chromosomal translocation t(8;14)(q24;q34) was found to coexist only in KPUM-UH1, overexpression of pvt-1 messenger RNA was detected only in KPUM-MS3, and reduced expression of miR-143 and miR-145 was identified in both. Working together, these abnormalities can contribute to c-Myc overexpression. Using ABT-263, an inhibitor for Bcl-2, and 10058-F4, an inhibitor for c-Myc, we found that both cell lines were more highly sensitive to cell death as a result of Bcl-2 inhibition than of c-Myc inhibition. When combined with genotoxic agents, ABT-263 exerted additive and/or synergistic cell-killing effects, while 10058-F4 showed, at most, a modest combinatory effect. Importantly, the combination of ABT-263 and 10058-F4 had a synergistic cell-killing effect on both cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that Bcl-2 is a better therapeutic target than c-Myc, but attacking both Bcl-2 and c-Myc would be an even more effective treatment strategy for diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concurrent Bcl-2 and c-Myc overexpression.

The Gray Zone Between Burkitt's Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma From a Genetics Perspective

It has long been recognized that the border between classical Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and classical diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is hard to determine. Instead, both classical lymphoma entities seem to be the extreme ends of a spectrum of diseases that contains a group of lymphomas characterized predominately by the fact that they are hard to assign to the one or the other group. This gray zone has been recently termed “lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and BL” by the updated WHO classification. The term “intermediate” resembles that from a recent gene-expression study of mature aggressive B-cell lymphomas, although, notably, it is used differently. Intermediate lymphomas according to the WHO classification clearly are a temporary container of different biologic subtypes of aggressive lymphoma, from which several might be associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome. The present review aims at describing the morphologic, clinical, and biologic heterogeneity of the intermediate lymphomas and, moreover, attempts to propose testable subgroups based on age and presence of genetic aberrations.

A BACH2-BCL2L1 fusion gene resulting from a t(6;20)(q15;q11.2) chromosomal translocation in the lymphoma cell line BLUE-1

Abnormalities of the long arm of chromosome 6 are a common feature in various B-cell malignancies. In most cases, the genes involved have not yet been clearly identified. We have molecularly characterized the recently established Burkitt lymphoma cell line BLUE-1 that carries a t(6;20)(q15;q11.2) rearrangement in addition to the typical t(8;14) with MYC-IGH fusion. To identify the gene loci involved on both chromosomes we applied a sequential BAC clone mapping strategy. By using RT-PCR we were finally able to detect a chimeric mRNA transcript showing a fusion of the first (non-coding) exon of BACH2 (BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2) on 6q15 to the second exon of BCL2L1 (BCL-X) on 20q11. Various fusion transcripts were detected for different BCL2L1 (BCL-XL) isoforms. The fusion ultimately results in strong expression of the BCL2L1 (BCL-XL) anti-apoptosis protein, as demonstrated by immunoblotting. This is the first report that shows the involvement of both BCL2L1 and the transcription factor BACH2 in a chromosomal rearrangement. It points to BACH2 as a possibly important target in lymphomas with 6q aberrations, although other genes on 6q are probably also involved in these cases. Moreover, it suggests that members of the BCL2 anti-apoptosis gene family other than BCL2 itself might also be involved in lymphoma.

Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the oral cavity: germinal center classification

Primary lymphomas of the oral cavity are rare and the most frequent type is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Recently, several reports have highlighted the value of classifying DLBCL into prognostically important subgroups, namely germinal center B-cell like (GCB) and non-germinal center B-cell like (non-GCB) lymphomas based on gene expression profiles and by immunohistochemical expression of CD10, BCL6 and MUM-1. GCB lymphomas tend to exhibit a better prognosis than non-GCB lymphomas. Studies validating this classification have been done for DLBCL of the breast, CNS, testes and GI tract. Therefore we undertook this study to examine if primary oral DLBCLs reflect this trend. We identified 13 cases (age range 38-91 years) from our archives dating from 2003-09. IHC was performed using antibodies against germinal center markers (CD10, BCL6), activated B-cell markers (MUM1, BCL2) and Ki-67 (proliferation marker). Cases were sub-classified as GCB subgroup if CD10 and/or BCL6 were positive and MUM-1, was negative and as non-GCB subgroup if CD10 was negative and MUM-1 was positive. Immunoreactivity was noted in 2/13 cases for CD10, in 12/13 for BCL6, in 8/13 for MUM-1, and in 6/13 for BCL2. Therefore, 8/13 (58%) were sub-classified as non-GCB DLBCLs and 5/13 (42%) as GCB subgroup. All tumors showed frequent labeling with Ki-67 (range 40-95%). Four of the 8 patients with non-GCB subgroup succumbed to their disease, with the mean survival rate of 16 months. Two patients in this group are alive, one with no evidence of disease and another with disease. No information was available for the other 3 patients in this group. Four of the 5 patients in the GCB subgroup were alive with no evidence of disease and one patient succumbed to complications of therapy and recurrent disease after 18 months. In conclusion, our analysis shows that primary oral DLBCL predominantly belongs to the non-GCB subgroup, which tends to exhibit a poorer prognosis. These findings could allow pathologists to provide a more accurate insight into the potential aggressive behavior and poorer prognosis of these lymphomas.

Expression of the brain transcription factor OTX1 occurs in a subset of normal germinal-center B cells and in aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

The roles in brain development. Previous studies have shown the association between OTX2 and OTX1 with anaplastic and desmoplastic medulloblastomas, respectively. Here, we investigated OTX1 and OTX2 expression in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma. A combination of semiquantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses was used to measure OTX1 and OTX2 levels in normal lymphoid tissues and in 184 tumor specimens representative of various forms of NHL and multiple myeloma. OTX1 expression was activated in 94% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, in all Burkitt lymphomas, and in 90% of high-grade follicular lymphomas. OTX1 was undetectable in precursor-B lymphoblastic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and in most marginal zone and mantle cell lymphomas and multiple myeloma. OTX2 was undetectable in all analyzed malignancies. Analysis of OTX1 expression in normal lymphoid tissues identified a subset of resting germinal center (GC) B cells lacking PAX5 and BCL6 and expressing cytoplasmic IgG and syndecan. About 50% of OTX1(+) GC B cells co-expressed CD10 and CD20. This study identifies OTX1 as a molecular marker for high-grade GC-derived NHL and suggests an involvement of this transcription factor in B-cell lymphomagenesis. Furthermore, OTX1 expression in a subset of normal GC B cells carrying plasma cell markers suggests its possible contribution to terminal B-cell differentiation.

Pathophysiology of retinal lymphoma

Retinal lymphoma, the most common form of intraocular lymphoma, is a high-grade malignancy, usually of B-cell type, and is associated with a poor prognosis because of frequent central nervous system (CNS) involvement. The neoplastic B-cells of retinal lymphoma have a characteristic morphology and immunophenotype, express certain chemokines and chemokine receptors, and produce interleukins (IL), e.g. IL-10. Together with the cytological features of these tumors, the immunophenotype, presence of immunoglobulin rearrangements, and biochemical profile aid the diagnosis of retinal lymphomas. Immunophenotyping and somatic mutation analysis suggest derivation of most retinal lymphomas from an early post-germinal centre B-cell. Chromosomal translocation data would suggest, however, that a subgroup of these neoplasms may arise from germinal centre B-cells, and these could be associated with a better prognosis. Further investigations, such as gene expression profiling, are required to identify oncogenic pathways potentially involved in retinal lymphoma development, and to identify new prognostic/therapeutic markers for this tumor.

Prognostic significance of B-cell differentiation genes encoding proteins in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3

AIM

To define prognostic significance of B-cell differentiation genes encoding proteins and BCL2 and BCL6 gene abnormalities in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern.

METHODS

In 53 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 20 patients with follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern the following was performed: 1) determination of protein expression of BCL6, CD10, MUM1/IRF4, CD138, and BCL2 by immunohistochemistry; 2) subclassification into germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) groups according to the results of protein expression; 3) detection of t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IgH-BCL2 and BCL6 abnormalities by fluorescent in situ hybridization in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern as well as in GCB and ABC groups; and 4) assessment of the influence of the analyzed characteristics and clinical prognostic factors on overall survival.

RESULTS

Only BCL6 expression was more frequently found in follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern than in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (P=0.030). There were no differences in BCL2 and BCL6 gene abnormalities between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern patients were equally distributed in GCB and ABC groups. t(14;18)(q32;q21) was more frequently recorded in GCB group, and t(14;18)(q32;q21) with BCL2 additional signals or only BCL2 and IgH additional signals in ABC group (P=0.004). The GCB and ABC groups showed no difference in BCL6 gene abnormalities. There was no overall survival difference between the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern patients, however, GCB group had longer overall survival than ABC group (P=0.047). Multivariate analysis showed that BCL6, CD10, and BCL2 expression, BCL2 and BCL6 abnormalities, and International Prognostic Index were not significantly related to overall survival.

CONCLUSION

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma grade 3 with >75% follicular growth pattern patients have very similar characteristics and their prognosis is more influenced by protein expression of B-cell differentiation stage genes than by tumor cells growth pattern, BCL2 and BCL6 abnormalities, and International Prognostic Index.

Uniparental disomies, homozygous deletions, amplifications, and target genes in mantle cell lymphoma revealed by integrative high-resolution whole-genome profiling

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is genetically characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation and a high number of secondary chromosomal alterations. However, only a limited number of target genes have been identified. We have studied 10 MCL cell lines and 28 primary tumors with a combination of a high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism array and gene expression profiling. We detected highly altered genomes in the majority of the samples with a high number of partial uniparental disomies (UPDs). The UPD at 17p was one of the most common, and it was associated with TP53 gene inactivation. Homozygous deletions targeted 4 known tumor suppressor genes (CDKN2C, BCL2L11, CDKN2A, and RB1) and 6 new genes (FAF1, MAP2, SP100, MOBKL2B, ZNF280A, and PRAME). Gene amplification coupled with overexpression was identified in 35 different regions. The most recurrent amplified regions were 11q13.3-q13.5, 13q31.3, and 18q21.33, which targeted CCND1, C13orf25, and BCL2, respectively. Interestingly, the breakpoints flanking all the genomic alterations, including UPDs, were significantly associated with genomic regions enriched in copy number variants and segmental duplications, suggesting that the recombination at these regions may play a role in the genomic instability of MCL. This integrative genomic analysis has revealed target genes that may be potentially relevant in MCL pathogenesis.