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Grady CI, Walsh LM, Heiss JD. Mitoepigenetics and gliomas: epigenetic alterations to mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA alter mtDNA expression and contribute to glioma pathogenicity. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1154753. [PMID: 37332990 PMCID: PMC10270738 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1154753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms allow cells to fine-tune gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. For decades, it has been known that mitochondria have genetic material. Still, only recently have studies shown that epigenetic factors regulate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene expression. Mitochondria regulate cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism, all critical areas of dysfunction in gliomas. Methylation of mtDNA, alterations in mtDNA packaging via mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and regulation of mtDNA transcription via the micro-RNAs (mir 23-b) and long noncoding RNAs [RNA mitochondrial RNA processing (RMRP)] have all been identified as contributing to glioma pathogenicity. Developing new interventions interfering with these pathways may improve glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare I. Grady
- Neurosurgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa M. Walsh
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John D. Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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2
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He W, Li X, Morsch M, Ismail M, Liu Y, Rehman FU, Zhang D, Wang Y, Zheng M, Chung R, Zou Y, Shi B. Brain-Targeted Codelivery of Bcl-2/Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 Inhibitors by Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Orthotopic Glioblastoma Therapy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6293-6308. [PMID: 35353498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is among the most treatment-resistant solid tumors and often recurrs after resection. One of the mechanisms through which GBM escapes various treatment modalities is the overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (e.g., Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Mcl-1) in tumor cells. Small-molecule inhibitors such as ABT-263 (ABT), which can promote mitochondrial-mediated cell apoptosis by selectively inhibiting the function of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, have been proven to be promising anticancer agents in clinical trials. However, the therapeutic prospects of ABT for GBM treatment are hampered by its limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, dose-dependent thrombocytopenia, and the drug resistance driven by Mcl-1, which is overexpressed in GBM cells and further upregulated upon treatment with ABT. Herein, we reported that the Mcl-1-specific inhibitor A-1210477 (A12) can act synergistically with ABT to induce potent cell apoptosis in U87 MG cells, drug-resistant U251 cells, and patient-derived GBM cancer stem cells. We further designed a biomimetic nanomedicine, based on the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) peptide-decorated red blood cell membrane and pH-sensitive dextran nanoparticles, for the brain-targeted delivery of ABT and A12. The synergistic anti-GBM effect was retained after encapsulation in the nanomedicine. Additionally, the obtained nanomedicine possessed good biocompatibility, exhibited efficient BBB penetration, and could effectively suppress tumor growth and prolong the survival time of mice bearing orthotopic GBM xenografts without inducing detectable adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Morsch
- Center for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger Chung
- Center for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yan Zou
- Center for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Center for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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3
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Celastrol with a Knockdown of miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 Causes Cell Cycle Changes and Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a cancer with extremely high aggressiveness, malignancy and mortality. Because of all of the poor prognosis features of GBM, new methods should be sought that will effectively cure it. We examined the efficacy of a combination of celastrol and a knockdown of the miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 genes in the human glioblastoma U251MG cell line. U251MG cells were transfected with specific siRNA and exposed to celastrol. The effect of the knockdown of the miRs genes in combination with exposure to celastrol on the cell cycle (flow cytometry) and the expression of selected genes related to its regulation (RT-qPCR) and the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy was investigated. We found a significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation, an accumulation of the subG1-phase cells and a decreased population of cells in the S and G2/M phases, as well as the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. The observed changes were not identical in the case of the silencing of each of the tested miRNAs, which indicates a different mechanism of action of miR9-2, miR-17, miR-19 silencing on GBM cells in combination with celastrol. The multidirectional effects of the silencing of the genes encoding miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 in combination with exposure to celastrol is possible. The studied strategy of silencing the miR overexpressed in GBM could be important in developing more effective treatments for glioblastoma. Additional studies are necessary in order to obtain a more detailed interpretation of the obtained results. The siRNA-induced miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 mRNA knockdowns in combination with celastrol could offer a novel therapeutic strategy to more effectively control the growth of human GBM cells.
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4
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Sharma VK, Singh TG, Singh S, Garg N, Dhiman S. Apoptotic Pathways and Alzheimer's Disease: Probing Therapeutic Potential. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3103-3122. [PMID: 34386919 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an intrinsic biochemical, cellular process that regulates cell death and is crucial for cell survival, cellular homeostasis, and maintaining the optimum functional status. Apoptosis in a predetermined and programmed manner regulates several molecular events, including cell turnover, embryonic development, and immune system functions but may be the exclusive contributor to several disorders, including neurodegenerative manifestations, when it functions in an aberrant and disorganized manner. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal, chronic neurodegenerative disorder where apoptosis has a compelling and divergent role. The well-characterized pathological features of AD, including extracellular plaques of amyloid-beta, intracellular hyperphosphorylated tangles of tau protein (NFTs), inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxic cell death, also instigate an abnormal apoptotic cascade in susceptible brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus). The apoptotic players in these regions affect cellular organelles (mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum), interact with trophic factors, and several pathways, including PI3K/AKT, JNK, MAPK, mTOR signalling. This dysregulated apoptotic cascade end with an abnormal neuronal loss which is a primary event that may precede the other events of AD progression and correlates well with the degree of dementia. The present review provides insight into the diverse and versatile apoptotic mechanisms that are indispensable for neuronal survival and constitute an integral part of the pathological progression of AD. Identification of potential targets (restoring apoptotic and antiapoptotic balance, caspases, TRADD, RIPK1, FADD, TNFα, etc.) may be valuable and advantageous to decide the fate of neurons and to develop potential therapeutics for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.,Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | | | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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5
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Hao YP, Wang WY, Qiao Q, Li G. EFNA1 is a potential key gene that correlates with immune infiltration in low-grade glioma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26188. [PMID: 34087884 PMCID: PMC8183727 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
EFNA1 is a key gene that is associated with the pathogenesis of several human cancers. However, the prognostic role of EFNA1 in many cancers and the relationship between EFNA1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in different cancers remain unclear.The expression levels of EFNA1 in 33 types of cancer in the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database were collected via the UCSC Xena browser. The clinical data of LGG (low grade glioma) patients were downloaded from the TCGA database. The glioma data from the CGGA (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas) database were also downloaded to verify the results. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the prognostic value of EFNA1 in different cancers using R software. We verified the differential expression of EFNA1 in glioma and normal brain tissue via gene expression profiling interactive analysis. We evaluated the relationship between the expression level of EFNA1 and the clinicopathological features of LGG patients via the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The immune infiltration levels were evaluated via tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) and CIBERSORT, and the correlations between EFNA1 and immune cell levels were investigated via TIMER. Finally, we conducted gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to explore the potential mechanisms.Data from the TCGA database showed that EFNA1 was differentially expressed in many kinds of cancers when compared with normal tissues. Upregulated EFNA1 expression in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), and LGG correlated with shorter patient overall survival (OS) times. The Cox regression analysis revealed that the expression of EFNA1 was also a risk factor for the disease-specific survival (DSS) and progression-free interval (PFI) of LGG patients. The multiple Cox regression analysis revealed that EFNA1 was an independent prognostic factor for LGG patients. In addition, EFNA1 expression was increased in the WHO grade III group and the 1p19q non-codeletion group. Moreover, EFNA1 expression was positively correlated with the levels of infiltrating CD4+ T cells, myeloid dendritic cells and neutrophils in LGG. GSEA suggested that several GO and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) items associated with nervous system function and apoptotic pathway were significantly enriched in the EFNA1-low and EFNA1-high expression phenotypes.EFNA1 may play a pivotal role in the development of LGG and may serve as a potential marker for LGG prognosis and therapy.
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6
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Song H, Guo X, Sun L, Wang Q, Han F, Wang H, Wray GA, Davidson P, Wang Q, Hu Z, Zhou C, Yu Z, Yang M, Feng J, Shi P, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhang T. The hard clam genome reveals massive expansion and diversification of inhibitors of apoptosis in Bivalvia. BMC Biol 2021; 19:15. [PMID: 33487168 PMCID: PMC7831173 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are critical regulators of programmed cell death that are essential for development, oncogenesis, and immune and stress responses. However, available knowledge regarding IAP is largely biased toward humans and model species, while the distribution, function, and evolutionary novelties of this gene family remain poorly understood in many taxa, including Mollusca, the second most speciose phylum of Metazoa. RESULTS Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of an economically significant bivalve, the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria, which reveals an unexpected and dramatic expansion of the IAP gene family to 159 members, the largest IAP gene repertoire observed in any metazoan. Comparative genome analysis reveals that this massive expansion is characteristic of bivalves more generally. Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of molluscan IAP genes indicates that most originated in early metazoans and greatly expanded in Bivalvia through both lineage-specific tandem duplication and retroposition, with 37.1% of hard clam IAPs located on a single chromosome. The expanded IAPs have been subjected to frequent domain shuffling, which has in turn shaped their architectural diversity. Further, we observed that extant IAPs exhibit dynamic and orchestrated expression patterns among tissues and in response to different environmental stressors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that sophisticated regulation of apoptosis enabled by the massive expansion and diversification of IAPs has been crucial for the evolutionary success of hard clam and other molluscan lineages, allowing them to cope with local environmental stresses. This study broadens our understanding of IAP proteins and expression diversity and provides novel resources for studying molluscan biology and IAP function and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ, USA
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianghui Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fengming Han
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | | | - Qing Wang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenglin Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Meijie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Pu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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7
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Li B, Li Y, Tomkiewicz-Raulet C, Dao P, Lietha D, Yen-Pon E, Du Z, Coumoul X, Garbay C, Etheve-Quelquejeu M, Chen H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Covalent Inhibitors of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) against Human Malignant Glioblastoma. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12707-12724. [PMID: 33119295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human malignant glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly invasive and lethal brain tumor. Targeting of integrin downstream signaling mediators in GBM such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) seems reasonable and recently demonstrated promising results in early clinical studies. Herein, we report the structure-guided development of a series of covalent inhibitors of FAK. These new compounds displayed highly potent inhibitory potency against FAK enzymatic activity with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Several inhibitors retarded tumor cell growth as assessed by a cell viability assay in multiple human glioblastoma cell lines. They also significantly reduced the rate of U-87 cell migration and delayed the cell cycle progression by stopping cells in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, these inhibitors showed a potent decrease of autophosphorylation of FAK in glioblastoma cells and its downstream effectors Akt and Erk as well as nuclear factor-κB. These data demonstrated that these inhibitors may have the potential to offer a promising new targeted therapy for human glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yongliang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Céline Tomkiewicz-Raulet
- Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM, UMR S 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Dao
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Daniel Lietha
- Cell Signalling and Adhesion Group, Structural and Chemical Biology, Biological Research Center (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Expédite Yen-Pon
- Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Zhiyun Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, INSERM, UMR S 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Christiane Garbay
- Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Etheve-Quelquejeu
- Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Huixiong Chen
- Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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8
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High-Dose Dexamethasone Manipulates the Tumor Microenvironment and Internal Metabolic Pathways in Anti-Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051846. [PMID: 32156004 PMCID: PMC7084511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose dexamethasone (DEX) is used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting or to control immunotherapy-related autoimmune diseases in clinical practice. However, the underlying mechanisms of high-dose DEX in tumor progression remain unaddressed. Therefore, we explored the effects of high-dose DEX on tumor progression and the potential mechanisms of its anti-tumor function using immunohistochemistry, histological examination, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Western blotting. Tumor volume, blood vessel invasion, and levels of the cell proliferation markers Ki67 and c-Myc and the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl2 decreased in response to high-dose DEX. However, the cell apoptosis marker cleaved caspase 3 increased significantly in mice treated with 50 mg/kg DEX compared with controls. Some genes associated with immune responses were significantly downregulated following treatment with 50 mg/kg DEX e.g., Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Cd3e, Gzmb, Ifng, Foxp3, S100a9, Arg1, and Mrc1. In contrast, the M1-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) activation marker Nos2 was shown to be increased. Moreover, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ (Pparα and Pparg, respectively) was shown to be significantly upregulated in livers or tumors treated with DEX. However, high-dose DEX treatment decreased the expression of glucose and lipid metabolic pathway-related genes such as glycolysis-associated genes (Glut1, Hk2, Pgk1, Idh3a), triglyceride (TG) synthesis genes (Gpam, Agpat2, Dgat1), exogenous free fatty acid (FFA) uptake-related genes (Fabp1, Slc27a4, and CD36), and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) genes (Acadm, Acaa1, Cpt1a, Pnpla2). In addition, increased serum glucose and decreased serum TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were observed in DEX treated-xenografted tumor mice. These findings indicate that high-dose DEX-inhibited tumor progression is a complicated process, not only activated by M1-like TAMs, but also decreased by the uptake and consumption of glucose and lipids that block the raw material and energy supply of cancer cells. Activated M1-like TAMs and inefficient glucose and lipid metabolism delayed tumor cell growth and promoted apoptosis. These findings have important implications for the application of DEX combined with drugs that target key metabolism pathways for tumor therapy in clinical practice.
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9
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Feng Z, Zhou W, Wang J, Qi Q, Han M, Kong Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Chen A, Huang B, Chen A, Zhang D, Li W, Zhang Q, Bjerkvig R, Wang J, Thorsen F, Li X. Reduced expression of proteolipid protein 2 increases ER stress-induced apoptosis and autophagy in glioblastoma. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:2847-2856. [PMID: 31778016 PMCID: PMC7077595 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolipid protein 2 (PLP2) is an integral ion channel membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein has been shown to be highly expressed in many cancer types, but its importance in glioma progression is poorly understood. Using publicly available datasets (Rembrandt, TCGA and CGGA), we found that the expression of PLP2 was significantly higher in high‐grade gliomas than in low‐grade gliomas. We confirmed these results at the protein level through IHC staining of high‐grade (n = 56) and low‐grade glioma biopsies (n = 16). Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated that increased PLP2 expression was associated with poorer patient survival. In functional experiments, siRNA and shRNA PLP2 knockdown induced ER stress and increased apoptosis and autophagy in U87 and U251 glioma cell lines. Inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine augmented apoptotic cell death in U87‐ and U251‐siPLP2 cells. Finally, intracranial xenografts derived from U87‐ and U251‐shPLP2 cells revealed that loss of PLP2 reduced glioma growth in vivo. Our results therefore indicate that increased PLP2 expression promotes GBM growth and that PLP2 represents a potential future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Qichao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Mingzhi Han
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yang Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yaotian Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Anbin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Anjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frits Thorsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,The Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
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10
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Chiu SP, Batsaikhan B, Huang HM, Wang JY. Application of Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing to Investigate the Cytotoxic Effects of Andrographolide on U-87 MG Glioblastoma Cell Migration and Apoptosis. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19102275. [PMID: 31100944 PMCID: PMC6567347 DOI: 10.3390/s19102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. In recent studies, the efficacy of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) has been investigated for GBM. We explored the effects of two exploratory compounds, the histone deacetylase SAHA and the natural product andrographolide, on Uppsala 87 Malignant Glioma (U-87 MG) cell migration and viability in comparison with the clinically used therapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). We used the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system to monitor the migration of U-87 MG cells after treatment with various concentrations of these compounds. Moreover, we used the Alamar blue assay and western blotting to observe the concentration-dependent changes in the viability and apoptosis of U-87 MG cells. Our results demonstrated that both SAHA and andrographolide (10-300 μM) significantly inhibited GBM cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, and 10 μM SAHA and 56 μM andrographolide demonstrated remarkable inhibitory effects on U-87 MG migration. Western blotting indicated that compared with TMZ, both SAHA and andrographolide induced higher expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, such as caspase-3, BAX, and PARP in U-87 MG cells. Furthermore, all three drugs downregulated the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. In conclusion, SAHA and andrographolide showed exceptional results in inhibiting cell migration and motility. The ECIS wound healing assay is a powerful technique to identify and screen potential therapeutic agents that can inhibit cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Po Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 10581, Taiwan.
| | - Buyandelger Batsaikhan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Huei-Mei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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11
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Forte I, Indovina P, Iannuzzi C, Cirillo D, Di Marzo D, Barone D, Capone F, Pentimalli F, Giordano A. Targeted therapy based on p53 reactivation reduces both glioblastoma cell growth and resistance to temozolomide. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2189-2199. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Indovina
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Carmelina Iannuzzi
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Donatella Cirillo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Marzo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Barone
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Capone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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12
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Schlein LJ, Fadl-Alla B, Pondenis HC, Lezmi S, Eberhart CG, LeBlanc AK, Dickinson PJ, Hergenrother PJ, Fan TM. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Procaspase-3 Overexpression as a Druggable Target With PAC-1, a Procaspase-3 Activator, in Canine and Human Brain Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:96. [PMID: 30859090 PMCID: PMC6397847 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas and meningiomas are the most common brain neoplasms affecting both humans and canines, and identifying druggable targets conserved across multiple brain cancer histologies and comparative species could broadly improve treatment outcomes. While satisfactory cure rates for low grade, non-invasive brain cancers are achievable with conventional therapies including surgery and radiation, the management of non-resectable or recurrent brain tumors remains problematic and necessitates the discovery of novel therapies that could be accelerated through a comparative approach, such as the inclusion of pet dogs with naturally-occurring brain cancers. Evidence supports procaspase-3 as a druggable brain cancer target with PAC-1, a pro-apoptotic, small molecule activator of procaspase-3 that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Procaspase-3 is frequently overexpressed in malignantly transformed tissues and provides a preferential target for inducing cancer cell apoptosis. While preliminary evidence supports procaspase-3 as a viable target in preclinical models, with PAC-1 demonstrating activity in rodent models and dogs with spontaneous brain tumors, the broader applicability of procaspase-3 as a target in human brain cancers, as well as the comparability of procaspase-3 expressions between differing species, requires further investigation. As such, a large-scale validation of procaspase-3 as a druggable target was undertaken across 651 human and canine brain tumors. Relative to normal brain tissues, procaspase-3 was overexpressed in histologically diverse cancerous brain tissues, supporting procaspase-3 as a broad and conserved therapeutic target. Additionally, procaspase-3 expressing glioma and meningioma cell lines were sensitive to the apoptotic effects of PAC-1 at biologically relevant exposures achievable in cancer patients. Importantly, the clinical relevance of procaspase-3 as a potential prognostic variable was demonstrated in human astrocytomas of variable histologic grades and associated clinical outcomes, whereby tumoral procaspase-3 expression was negatively correlated with survival; findings which suggest that PAC-1 might provide the greatest benefit for patients with the most guarded prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Schlein
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bahaa Fadl-Alla
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Holly C. Pondenis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Stéphane Lezmi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Department of Neuropathology and Ophthalmic Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy K. LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter J. Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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13
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Yun D, Wang H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Ma J, Ji Y, Huang Q, Chen J, Chen H, Lu D. Shuttling SLC2A4RG is regulated by 14-3-3θ to modulate cell survival via caspase-3 and caspase-6 in human glioma. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:163-175. [PMID: 30686753 PMCID: PMC6413354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with polygenic susceptibility. The cytoplasmic/nuclear shuttling protein, SLC2A4RG (SLC2A4 regulator), has been identified in the 20q13.33 region influencing glioma susceptibility by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine mapping analyses. Methods To discover the expression of SLC2A4RG and its relationship with patient prognosis, tissue microarray containing glioma samples and normal brains was constructed followed by immunohistochemical staining. The role of SLC2A4RG on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis was evaluated by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vivo, and subcutaneous and intracranial xenografts were performed to assess its functional effects. The mechanism underlying SLC2A4RG was further investigated via luciferase reporter analyses, ChIP, mass spectrometry, Co-IP, immunofluorescence, etc. Findings The potential tumor suppressor role of SLC2A4RG was further validated by in vitro and in vivo experiments that SLC2A4RG could attenuate cell proliferation via G2/M phase arrest and induce glioma cell apoptosis by direct transactivation of caspase-3 and caspase-6. Moreover, its function displaying showed to depend on the nuclear transportation of SLC2A4RG, however, bound with 14-3-3θ, it would be sequestered in the cytoplasm followed by reversal effect. Interpretation We identify a new pro-oncogenic mechanism whereby 14-3-3θ negatively regulates the nuclear function of the tumor suppressor SLC2A4RG, with significant therapeutic implications for the intervention of human glioma. Fund This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81372706, 81572501, and 81372235).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi No'2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiawei Ma
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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14
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Inhibition of PIM1 blocks the autophagic flux to sensitize glioblastoma cells to ABT-737-induced apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:175-189. [PMID: 30389373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming apoptosis resistance is one major issue in glioblastoma (GB) therapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that resistance to apoptosis in GB is mediated via upregulation of pro-survival BCL2-family members. The synthetic BH3-mimetic ABT-737 effectively targets BCL2, BCL2 like 1 and BCL2 like 2 but still barely affects cell survival which is presumably due to its inability to inhibit myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1). The constitutively active serine/threonine kinase proviral integration site for moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (PIM1) was recently found to be overexpressed in GB patient samples and to maintain cell survival in these tumors. For different GB cell lines, Western Blot, mitochondrial fractionation, fluorescence microscopy, effector caspase assays, flow cytometry, and an adult organotypic brain slice transplantation model were used to investigate the putative PIM1/MCL1 signaling axis regarding potential synergistic effects with ABT-737. We demonstrate that combination of the PIM1 inhibitor SGI-1776 or the pan-PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208 with ABT-737 strongly sensitizes GB cells to apoptosis. Unexpectedly, this effect was found to be MCL1-independent, but could be partially blocked by caspase 8 (CASP8) inhibition. Remarkably, the analysis of autophagy markers in combination with the observation of massive accumulation and hampered degradation of autophagosomes suggests a completely novel function of PIM1 as a late stage autophagy regulator, maintaining the autophagic flux at the level of autophagosome/lysosome fusion. Our data indicate that PIM1 inhibition and ABT-737 synergistically induce apoptosis in an MCL1-independent but CASP8-dependent manner in GB. They also identify PIM1 as a suitable target for overcoming apoptosis resistance in GB.
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15
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Loperamide, pimozide, and STF-62247 trigger autophagy-dependent cell death in glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:994. [PMID: 30250198 PMCID: PMC6155211 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a well-described degradation mechanism that promotes cell survival upon nutrient starvation and other forms of cellular stresses. In addition, there is growing evidence showing that autophagy can exert a lethal function via autophagic cell death (ACD). As ACD has been implicated in apoptosis-resistant glioblastoma (GBM), there is a high medical need for identifying novel ACD-inducing drugs. Therefore, we screened a library containing 70 autophagy-inducing compounds to induce ATG5-dependent cell death in human MZ-54 GBM cells. Here, we identified three compounds, i.e. loperamide, pimozide, and STF-62247 that significantly induce cell death in several GBM cell lines compared to CRISPR/Cas9-generated ATG5- or ATG7-deficient cells, pointing to a death-promoting role of autophagy. Further cell death analyses conducted using pharmacological inhibitors revealed that apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis only play minor roles in loperamide-, pimozide- or STF-62247-induced cell death. Intriguingly, these three compounds induce massive lipidation of the autophagy marker protein LC3B as well as the formation of LC3B puncta, which are characteristic of autophagy. Furthermore, loperamide, pimozide, and STF-62247 enhance the autophagic flux in parental MZ-54 cells, but not in ATG5 or ATG7 knockout (KO) MZ-54 cells. In addition, loperamide- and pimozide-treated cells display a massive formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes at the ultrastructural level. Finally, stimulation of autophagy by all three compounds is accompanied by dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a well-known negative regulator of autophagy. In summary, our results indicate that loperamide, pimozide, and STF-62247 induce ATG5- and ATG7-dependent cell death in GBM cells, which is preceded by a massive induction of autophagy. These findings emphasize the lethal function and potential clinical relevance of hyperactivated autophagy in GBM.
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16
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Yap TE, Donna P, Almonte MT, Cordeiro MF. Real-Time Imaging of Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis. Cells 2018; 7:E60. [PMID: 29914056 PMCID: PMC6025611 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring real-time apoptosis in-vivo is an unmet need of neurodegeneration science, both in clinical and research settings. For patients, earlier diagnosis before the onset of symptoms provides a window of time in which to instigate treatment. For researchers, being able to objectively monitor the rates of underlying degenerative processes at a cellular level provides a biomarker with which to test novel therapeutics. The DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) project has developed a minimally invasive method using fluorescent annexin A5 to detect rates of apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells, the key pathological process in glaucoma. Numerous animal studies have used DARC to show efficacy of novel, pressure-independent treatment strategies in models of glaucoma and other conditions where retinal apoptosis is reported, including Alzheimer’s disease. This may forge exciting new links in the clinical science of treating both cognitive and visual decline. Human trials are now underway, successfully demonstrating the safety and efficacy of the technique to differentiate patients with progressive neurodegeneration from healthy individuals. We review the current perspectives on retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, the way in which this can be imaged, and the exciting advantages that these future methods hold in store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Yap
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London NW1 5QH, UK.
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK.
| | - Piero Donna
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK.
| | - Melanie T Almonte
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK.
| | - Maria Francesca Cordeiro
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London NW1 5QH, UK.
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK.
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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17
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Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible visual loss, which has been estimated to affect 3.5% of those over 40 years old and projected to affect a total of 112 million people by 2040. Such a dramatic increase in affected patients demonstrates the need for continual improvement in the way we diagnose and treat this condition. Annexin A5 is a 36 kDa protein that is ubiquitously expressed in humans and is studied as an indicator of apoptosis in several fields. This molecule has a high calcium-dependent affinity for phosphatidylserine, a cell membrane phospholipid externalized to the outer cell membrane in early apoptosis. The DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) project uses fluorescently-labelled annexin A5 to assess glaucomatous degeneration, the inherent process of which is the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Furthermore, this project has conducted investigation of the retinal apoptosis in the neurodegenerative conditions of the eye and brain. In this present study, we summarized the use of annexin A5 as a marker of apoptosis in the eye. We also relayed the progress of the DARC project, developing real-time imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in vivo from the experimental models of disease and identifying mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and its treatments, which has been applied to the first human clinical trials. DARC has potential as a biomarker in neurodegeneration, especially in the research of novel treatments, and could be a useful tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma.
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18
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Fan YP, Liu P, Xue WK, Zhao WJ, Pan HC. Trimebutine Promotes Glioma Cell Apoptosis as a Potential Anti-tumor Agent. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:664. [PMID: 29977208 PMCID: PMC6021541 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors with a usually fatal malignancy. They are associated with a poor prognosis although multiple therapeutic options have been available. Trimebutine is one of the prokinetic agents and it has been mainly used for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as irritable bowel syndrome. However, its effects on glioma cells remain unknown. Here, we used various concentrations of trimebutine to treat SHG44, U251, and U-87 MG human glioma/glioblastoma cells. And combined experiments of MTT, colony formation assay, and wound healing assay, as well as western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the effects of trimebutine on glioma cells. The results demonstrated that trimebutine significantly inhibited cell viability and colony formation. A significant inhibition of glioma cell migration was also indicated by wound healing assay. In addition, trimebutine promoted cell apoptosis and induced Bcl-2 downregulation, accompanied with Bax upregulation. Both immunofluorescence staining and western blot results showed that trimebutine increased the level of active Caspase-3. Moreover, trimebutine reduced the activation of both AKT and ERK signaling pathways. In subcutaneous U-87 MG cell xenograft tumors in nude mice, trimebutine significantly inhibited tumor growth. More TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in tumor sections were observed in trimebutine-treated mice when compared to the vehicle control. Reduced Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax, as well as perturbed p-AKT and p-ERK signaling pathways were also observed in trimebutine-treated xenograft tissues. Our combined data indicated that trimebutine may be potentially applied for the clinical management of glioma/glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-pu Fan
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wei-kang Xue
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wei-jiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-jiang Zhao, Hong-chao Pan,
| | - Hong-chao Pan
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-jiang Zhao, Hong-chao Pan,
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19
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mTOR-Dependent Cell Proliferation in the Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7082696. [PMID: 29259984 PMCID: PMC5702949 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7082696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a molecular complex equipped with kinase activity which controls cell viability being key in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway. mTOR acts by integrating a number of environmental stimuli to regulate cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and protein synthesis. These effects are based on the modulation of different metabolic pathways. Upregulation of mTOR associates with various pathological conditions, such as obesity, neurodegeneration, and brain tumors. This is the case of high-grade gliomas with a high propensity to proliferation and tissue invasion. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV malignant, aggressive, and lethal glioma. To date, a few treatments are available although the outcome of GBM patients remains poor. Experimental and pathological findings suggest that mTOR upregulation plays a major role in determining an aggressive phenotype, thus determining relapse and chemoresistance. Among several activities, mTOR-induced autophagy suppression is key in GBM malignancy. In this article, we discuss recent evidence about mTOR signaling and its role in normal brain development and pathological conditions, with a special emphasis on its role in GBM.
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20
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Bernstock JD, Ye D, Gessler FA, Lee YJ, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Baumgarten P, Johnson KR, Maric D, Yang W, Kögel D, Pluchino S, Hallenbeck JM. Topotecan is a potent inhibitor of SUMOylation in glioblastoma multiforme and alters both cellular replication and metabolic programming. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7425. [PMID: 28785061 PMCID: PMC5547153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a dynamic post-translational modification shown to be involved in a diverse set of physiologic processes throughout the cell. SUMOylation has also been shown to play a role in the pathobiology of myriad cancers, one of which is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). As such, the clinical significance and therapeutic utility offered via the selective control of global SUMOylation is readily apparent. There are, however, relatively few known/effective inhibitors of global SUMO-conjugation. Herein we describe the identification of topotecan as a novel inhibitor of global SUMOylation. We also provide evidence that inhibition of SUMOylation by topotecan is associated with reduced levels of CDK6 and HIF-1α, as well as pronounced changes in cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism, thereby highlighting its putative role as an adjuvant therapy in defined GBM patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Bernstock
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel Ye
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florian A Gessler
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yang-Ja Lee
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Edinger Institute, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, Information Technology & Bioinformatics Program, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donat Kögel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John M Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Vaios EJ, Nahed BV, Muzikansky A, Fathi AT, Dietrich J. Bone marrow response as a potential biomarker of outcomes in glioblastoma patients. J Neurosurg 2017; 127:132-138. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.7.jns16609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEGlioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive malignancy that requires a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, but therapy is frequently limited by side effects. The most common adverse effect of chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) is myelosuppression. It remains unclear whether the degree of bone-marrow suppression might serve as a biomarker for treatment outcome. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the degree of bone-marrow toxicity in patients treated with TMZ correlates with overall survival (OS) and MRI-based time to progression (progression-free survival [PFS]).METHODSComplete blood counts and clinical and imaging information were collected retrospectively from 86 cases involving GBM patients who had completed both radiation therapy and at least 6 monthly cycles of chemotherapy with TMZ.RESULTSUsing a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, it was observed that MGMT promoter methylation, wild-type EGFR, younger patient age at diagnosis, and treatment-induced decreases in white blood cell counts were associated with improved OS. The 2-year survival rate was 25% and 58% for patients with increases and decreases, respectively, in white blood cell counts from baseline over 6 months of TMZ treatment. Consistent with the literature, IDH mutation and MGMT promoter methylation were associated with better PFS and OS. IDH mutation and MGMT promoter methylation were not correlated with changes in peripheral red blood cell or white blood cell counts.CONCLUSIONSDecreases in white blood cell counts might serve as a potential biomarker for OS and PFS in malignant glioma patients treated with radiation therapy and TMZ. It remains unclear whether treatment-induced changes in white blood cell counts correlate with drug-induced antitumor activity or represent an independent factor of the altered local and systemic tumor environment. Additional studies will be needed to determine dose dependence for chemotherapy based upon peripheral blood counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene J. Vaios
- 1Harvard Medical School; and
- 5Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian V. Nahed
- 1Harvard Medical School; and
- 5Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Osuka S, Van Meir EG. Overcoming therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma: the way forward. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:415-426. [PMID: 28145904 DOI: 10.1172/jci89587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Patients die from recurrent tumors that have become resistant to therapy. New strategies are needed to design future therapies that target resistant cells. Recent genomic studies have unveiled the complexity of tumor heterogeneity in glioblastoma and provide new insights into the genomic landscape of tumor cells that survive and initiate tumor recurrence. Resistant cells also co-opt developmental pathways and display stem-like properties; hence we propose to name them recurrence-initiating stem-like cancer (RISC) cells. Genetic alterations and genomic reprogramming underlie the innate and adaptive resistance of RISC cells, and both need to be targeted to prevent glioblastoma recurrence.
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23
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Gong WY, Zhao ZX, Liu BJ, Lu LW, Dong JC. Exploring the chemopreventive properties and perspectives of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein in solid tumors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 126:844-852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Hsu CC, Chang WC, Hsu TI, Liu JJ, Yeh SH, Wang JY, Liou JP, Ko CY, Chang KY, Chuang JY. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid represses glioma stem-like cells. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:81. [PMID: 27863490 PMCID: PMC5116136 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) are proposed to be responsible for high resistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. In order to find new strategies aimed at reducing GSC stemness and improving GBM patient survival, we investigated the effects and mechanism of a histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), since HDAC activity has been linked to cancer stem-like cell (CSC) abundance and properties. Methods Human GBM cell lines were plated in serum-free suspension cultures allowed for sphere forming and CSC enrichment. Subsequently, upon SAHA treatment, the stemness markers, cell proliferation, and viability of GSCs as well as cellular apoptosis and senescence were examined in order to clarify whether inhibition of GSCs occurs. Results We demonstrated that SAHA attenuated cell proliferation and diminished the expression stemness-related markers (CD133 and Bmi1) in GSCs. Furthermore, at high concentrations (more than 5 μM), SAHA triggered apoptosis of GSCs accompanied by increases in both activation of caspase 8- and caspase 9-mediated pathways. Interestingly, we found that a lower dose of SAHA (1 μM and 2.5 μM) inhibited GSCs via cell cycle arrest and induced premature senescence through p53 up-regulation and p38 activation. Conclusion SAHA induces apoptosis and functions as a potent modulator of senescence via the p38-p53 pathway in GSCs. Our results provide a perspective on targeting GSCs via SAHA treatment, and suggest that SAHA could be used as a potent agent to overcome drug resistance in GBM patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0296-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chia Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Jiun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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25
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Antonietti P, Linder B, Hehlgans S, Mildenberger IC, Burger MC, Fulda S, Steinbach JP, Gessler F, Rödel F, Mittelbronn M, Kögel D. Interference with the HSF1/HSP70/BAG3 Pathway Primes Glioma Cells to Matrix Detachment and BH3 Mimetic-Induced Apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:156-168. [PMID: 27777286 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas exhibit a high intrinsic resistance against stimuli triggering apoptotic cell death. HSF1 acts as transcription factor upstream of HSP70 and the HSP70 co-chaperone BAG3 that is overexpressed in glioblastoma. To specifically target this resistance mechanism, we applied the selective HSF1 inhibitor KRIBB11 and the HSP70/BAG3 interaction inhibitor YM-1 in combination with the pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor AT-101. Here, we demonstrate that lentiviral BAG3 silencing significantly enhances AT-101-induced cell death and reactivates effector caspase-mediated apoptosis in U251 glioma cells with high BAG3 expression, whereas these sensitizing effects were less pronounced in U343 cells expressing lower BAG3 levels. KRIBB11 decreased protein levels of HSP70, BAG3, and the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Mcl-1, and both KRIBB11 and YM-1 elicited significantly increased mitochondrial dysfunction, effector caspase activity, and apoptotic cell death after combined treatment with AT-101 and ABT-737. Depletion of BAG3 also led to a pronounced loss of cell-matrix adhesion, FAK phosphorylation, and in vivo tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse glioma model. Furthermore, it reduced the plating efficiency of U251 cells in three-dimensional clonogenic assays and limited clonogenic survival after short-term treatment with AT-101. Collectively, our data suggest that the HSF1/HSP70/BAG3 pathway plays a pivotal role for overexpression of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins and cell death resistance of glioma. They also support the hypothesis that interference with BAG3 function is an effective novel approach to prime glioma cells to anoikis. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 156-68. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Antonietti
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benedikt Linder
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Gessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Edinger Institute, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Zhao GX, Xu LH, Pan H, Lin QR, Huang MY, Cai JY, Ouyang DY, He XH. The BH3-mimetic gossypol and noncytotoxic doses of valproic acid induce apoptosis by suppressing cyclin-A2/Akt/FOXO3a signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38952-66. [PMID: 26517515 PMCID: PMC4770749 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that valproic acid (VPA) acts in synergy with GOS to enhance cell death in human DU145 cells. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we observed that such synergistic cytotoxicity of GOS and VPA could be extended to human A375, HeLa, and PC-3 cancer cells. GOS and VPA co-treatment induced robust apoptosis as evidenced by caspase-8/-9/-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and nuclear fragmentation. GOS and VPA also markedly decreased cyclin A2 protein expression. Owing to the reduction of cyclin A2, Akt signaling was suppressed, leading to dephosphorylation of FOXO3a. Consequently, FOXO3a was activated and the expression of its target genes, including pro-apoptotic FasL and Bim, was upregulated. Supporting this, FOXO3a knockdown attenuated FasL and Bim upregulation and apoptosis induction in GOS+VPA-treated cells. Furthermore, blocking proteasome activity by MG132 prevented the downregulation of cyclin A2, dephosphorylation of Akt and FOXO3a, and induction of apoptosis in cells co-treated with GOS and VPA. In mouse model, GOS and VPA combination significantly inhibited the growth of A375 melanoma xenografts. Our findings indicate that GOS and VPA co-treatment induces apoptosis in human cancer cells by suppressing the cyclin-A2/Akt/FOXO3a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Ru Lin
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Yun Huang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ye Cai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Kiprianova I, Remy J, Milosch N, Mohrenz IV, Seifert V, Aigner A, Kögel D. Sorafenib Sensitizes Glioma Cells to the BH3 Mimetic ABT-737 by Targeting MCL1 in a STAT3-Dependent Manner. Neoplasia 2016; 17:564-73. [PMID: 26297434 PMCID: PMC4547411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is overactivated in malignant glioma and plays a key role in promoting cell survival, thereby increasing the acquired apoptosis resistance of these tumors. Here we investigated the STAT3/myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) signaling pathway as a target to overcome the resistance of glioma cells to the Bcl-2-inhibiting synthetic BH3 mimetic ABT-737. Stable lentiviral knockdown of MCL1 sensitized LN229 and U87 glioma cells to apoptotic cell death induced by single-agent treatment with ABT-737 which was associated with an early activation of DEVDase activity, cytochrome c release, and nuclear apoptosis. Similar sensitizing effects were observed when ABT-737 treatment was combined with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib which effectively suppressed levels of phosphorylated STAT3 and MCL1 in MCL1-proficient LN229 and U87 glioma cells. In analogous fashion, these synergistic effects were observed when we combined ABT-737 with the STAT3 inhibitor WP-1066. Lentiviral knockdown of the activating transcription factor 5 combined with subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that sorafenib-dependent suppression of MCL1 occurred at the transcriptional level but did not depend on activating transcription factor 5 which previously had been proposed to be essential for MCL1-dependent glioma cell survival. In contrast, the constitutively active STAT3 mutant STAT3-C was able to significantly enhance MCL1 levels under sorafenib treatment to retain cell survival. Collectively, these data demonstrate that sorafenib targets MCL1 in a STAT3-dependent manner, thereby sensitizing glioma cells to treatment with ABT-737. They also suggest that targeting STAT3 in combination with inducers of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis may be a promising novel strategy for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kiprianova
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janina Remy
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nelli Milosch
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabelle V Mohrenz
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Seifert
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Cardioprotective Effect of Electroacupuncture Pretreatment on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Antiapoptotic Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4609784. [PMID: 27313648 PMCID: PMC4897718 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4609784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Our previous study has used RNA-seq technology to show that apoptotic molecules were involved in the myocardial protection of electroacupuncture pretreatment (EAP) on the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) animal model. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate how EAP protects myocardium against myocardial I/R injury through antiapoptotic mechanism. Methods. By using rats with myocardial I/R, we ligated the left anterior descending artery (LAD) for 30 minutes followed by 4 hr of reperfusion after EAP at the Neiguan (PC6) acupoint for 12 days; we employed arrhythmia scores, serum myocardial enzymes, and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) to evaluate the cardioprotective effect. Heart tissues were harvested for western blot analyses for the expressions of pro- and antiapoptotic signaling molecules. Results. Our preliminary findings showed that EAP increased the survival of the animals along with declined arrhythmia scores and decreased CK, LDH, CK-Mb, and cTnT levels. Further analyses with the heart tissues detected reduced myocardial fiber damage, decreased number of apoptotic cells and the protein expressions of Cyt c and cleaved caspase 3, and the elevated level of Endo G and AIF after EAP intervention. At the same time, the protein expressions of antiapoptotic molecules, including Xiap, BclxL, and Bcl2, were obviously increased. Conclusions. The present study suggested that EAP protected the myocardium from I/R injury at least partially through the activation of endogenous antiapoptotic signaling.
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29
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Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Dallavalle S, Musso L, Martinet N, Wojnicki K, Kaminska B. Identification of new scaffolds with anti-tumor action toward human glioblastoma cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00477f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compounds containing an isothiazolonaphthoquinone core and HDAC inhibitors with an indolyl-substituted biphenyl-4-yl-acrylohydroxamic acid are promising drug candidates against malignant brain tumors, glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Neurobiology Center
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food
- Environmental and Nutritional Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
| | - Loana Musso
- Department of Food
- Environmental and Nutritional Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
| | - Nadine Martinet
- CNRS UMR 7272
- Institut de Chimie
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis
- Nice
- France
| | - Kamil Wojnicki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Neurobiology Center
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Neurobiology Center
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
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30
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Han BI, Lee M. Paclitaxel-Induced G2/M Arrest via Different Mechanism of Actions in Glioma Cell Lines with Differing p53 Mutational Status. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.19.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Ceccherini E, Indovina P, Zamperini C, Dreassi E, Casini N, Cutaia O, Forte IM, Pentimalli F, Esposito L, Polito MS, Schenone S, Botta M, Giordano A. SRC family kinase inhibition through a new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative as a feasible approach for glioblastoma treatment. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:856-63. [PMID: 25521525 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system. The current standard of care for GB consists of surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy combined with temozolomide chemotherapy. However, despite this intensive treatment, the prognosis remains extremely poor. Therefore, more effective therapies are urgently required. Recent studies indicate that SRC family kinases (SFKs) could represent promising molecular targets for GB therapy. Here, we challenged four GB cell lines with a new selective pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative SFK inhibitor, called SI221. This compound exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on GB cells, without significantly affecting non-tumor cells (primary human skin fibroblasts), as evaluated by MTS assay. We also observed that SI221 was more effective than the well-known SFK inhibitor PP2 in GB cells. Notably, despite the high intrinsic resistance to apoptosis of GB cells, SI221 was able to induce this cell death process in all the GB cell lines, as observed through cytofluorimetric analysis and caspase-3 assay. SI221 also exerted a long-term inhibition of GB cell growth and was able to reduce GB cell migration, as shown by clonogenic assay and scratch test, respectively. Moreover, through in vitro pharmacokinetic assays, SI221 proved to have a high metabolic stability and a good potential to cross the blood brain barrier, which is an essential requirement for a drug intended to treat brain tumors. Therefore, despite the need of developing strategies to improve SI221 solubility, our results suggest a potential application of this selective SFK inhibitor in GB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ceccherini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena and Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Siena, Italy
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32
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Premkumar DR, Jane EP, Pollack IF. Cucurbitacin-I inhibits Aurora kinase A, Aurora kinase B and survivin, induces defects in cell cycle progression and promotes ABT-737-induced cell death in a caspase-independent manner in malignant human glioma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:233-43. [PMID: 25482928 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.987548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because STAT signaling is commonly activated in malignant gliomas as a result of constitutive EGFR activation, strategies for inhibiting the EGFR/JAK/STAT cascade are of significant interest. We, therefore, treated a panel of established glioma cell lines, including EGFR overexpressors, and primary cultures derived from patients diagnosed with glioblastoma with the JAK/STAT inhibitor cucurbitacin-I. Treatment with cucurbitacin-I depleted p-STAT3, p-STAT5, p-JAK1 and p-JAK2 levels, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced G2/M accumulation, DNA endoreduplication, and multipolar mitotic spindles. Longer exposure to cucurbitacin-I significantly reduced the number of viable cells and this decrease in viability was associated with cell death, as confirmed by an increase in the subG1 fraction. Our data also demonstrated that cucurbitacin-I strikingly downregulated Aurora kinase A, Aurora kinase B and survivin. We then searched for agents that exhibited a synergistic effect on cell death in combination with cucurbitacin-I. We found that cotreatment with cucurbitacin-I significantly increased Bcl(-)2/Bcl(-)xL family member antagonist ABT-737-induced cell death regardless of EGFR/PTEN/p53 status of malignant human glioma cell lines. Although >50% of the cucurbitacin-I plus ABT-737 treated cells were annexin V and propidium iodide positive, PARP cleavage or caspase activation was not observed. Pretreatment of z-VAD-fmk, a pan caspase inhibitor did not inhibit cell death, suggesting a caspase-independent mechanism of cell death. Genetic inhibition of Aurora kinase A or Aurora kinase B or survivin by RNA interference also sensitized glioma cells to ABT-737, suggesting a link between STAT activation and Aurora kinases in malignant gliomas.
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Key Words
- Aurora kinases
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Glioma
- MTS, 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2yl]-5-[3-carboxymethoxyphenyl]-2-[4-sulfophenyl]-2H, tetrazolium
- NF-кB, nuclear factor кB
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDGFR, platelet derived growth factor receptor
- PI, propidium iodide
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis inducing ligand
- caspase-independent cell death
- cell cycle arrest
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Premkumar
- a Department of Neurosurgery ; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh , PA USA
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ATP5A1 and ATP5B are highly expressed in glioblastoma tumor cells and endothelial cells of microvascular proliferation. J Neurooncol 2015; 126:405-13. [PMID: 26526033 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Microvascular proliferation is one of the characteristic pathologic features of GBM. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of GBM. In this study, microvascular proliferation from GBM and normal brain blood vessels were laser microdissected and total RNA was isolated from these microvasculatures. The difference of mRNA expression profiles among GBM microvasculature, normal brain blood vessels and GBM tumor cells was evaluated by mitochondria and metabolism PCR gene arrays. It was found that the mRNA levels of ATP5A1 and ATP5B in GBM tumor cells as well as microvascular proliferation were significantly higher compared with normal brain blood vessels. Immunohistochemical stains with anti-ATP5A1 antibody or anti-ATP5B antibody were performed on tissue microarray, which demonstrated strongly positive expression of ATP5A1 and ATP5B in GBM tumor cells and GBM microvascular proliferation while normal blood vessels were negative. By analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas data sets for GBM and other cancers, genomic DNA alterations (mutation, amplification or deletion) were less likely the reason for the high expression of ATP5A1 and ATP5B in GBM. Our miRNA microarray data showed that miRNAs that target ATP5A1 or ATP5B were down-regulated, which might be the most likely reason for the high expression of ATP5A1 and ATP5B in GBM tumor cells and microvascular proliferation. These findings help us better understand the pathogenesis of GBM, and agents against ATP5A1 and/or ATP5B might effectively kill both tumor cells and microvascular proliferation in GBM. MiRNAs, such as Let-7f, miR-16, miR-23, miR-100 and miR-101, that target ATP5A1 or ATP5B, might be potential therapeutic agents for GBM.
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Paul-Samojedny M, Pudełko A, Kowalczyk M, Fila-Daniłow A, Suchanek-Raif R, Borkowska P, Kowalski J. Knockdown of AKT3 and PI3KCA by RNA interference changes the expression of the genes that are related to apoptosis and autophagy in T98G glioblastoma multiforme cells. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1115-23. [PMID: 26481529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and invasive human brain tumor and it is characterized by a poor prognosis and short survival time. The PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling pathway plays a crucial role in GBM development and it is connected with the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy. Akt is involved in various aspects of cancer cell biology such as cell survival, in addition to both apoptosis and autophagy. The current study was undertaken to examine the effect of the siRNAs that target AKT3 and PI3KCA genes on the apoptosis and autophagy of T98G cells. METHODS T98G cells were transfected with AKT3 and/or PI3KCA siRNAs. Alterations in the mRNA expression of apoptosis- and autophagy-related genes were analyzed using QRT-PCR. LC3IIA protein-positive cells were identified using flow cytometry with specific antibodies. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the siRNAs that target AKT3 and PI3KCA change the expression of the genes that are related to apoptosis and autophagy and change the expression of the LC3IIA protein in T98G cells. CONCLUSIONS Thus, there is a high probability that the knockdown of these genes induces apoptosis and autophagy in T98G cells, but further studies are necessary in order to clarify and check whether autophagy induction is a positive phenomenon for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Adam Pudełko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics in Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Fila-Daniłow
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Renata Suchanek-Raif
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Borkowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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RC-3095, a selective gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist, does not protect the lungs in an experimental model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:496378. [PMID: 25893195 PMCID: PMC4393930 DOI: 10.1155/2015/496378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RC-3095, a selective GRPR antagonist, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in different models of inflammation. However, its protective effect on lungs submitted to lung ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been addressed before. Then, we administrated RC-3095 intravenously before and after lung reperfusion using an animal model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) by clamping the pulmonary hilum. Twenty Wistar rats were subjected to an experimental model in four groups: SHAM, ischemia-reperfusion (IR), RC-Pre, and RC-Post. The final mean arterial pressure significantly decreased in IR and RC-Pre compared to their values before reperfusion (P < 0.001). The RC-Post group showed significant decrease of partial pressure of arterial oxygen at the end of the observation when compared to baseline (P = 0.005). Caspase-9 activity was significantly higher in the RC-Post as compared to the other groups (P < 0.013). No significant differences were observed in eNOS activity among the groups. The groups RC-Pre and RC-Post did not show any significant decrease in IL-1β (P = 0.159) and TNF-α (P = 0.260), as compared to IR. The histological score showed no significant differences among the groups. In conclusion, RC-3095 does not demonstrate a protective effect in our LIRI model. Additionally, its use after reperfusion seems to potentiate cell damage, stimulating apoptosis.
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Siddiqui WA, Ahad A, Ahsan H. The mystery of BCL2 family: Bcl-2 proteins and apoptosis: an update. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:289-317. [PMID: 25618543 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a critically important biological process that plays an essential role in cell fate and homeostasis. An important component of the apoptotic pathway is the family of proteins commonly known as the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). The primary role of Bcl-2 family members is the regulation of apoptosis. Although the structure of Bcl-2 family of proteins was reported nearly 10 years ago, however, it still surprises us with its structural and functional complexity and diversity. A number of studies have demonstrated that Bcl-2 family influences many other cellular processes beyond apoptosis which are generally independent of the regulation of apoptosis, suggesting additional roles for Bcl-2. The disruption of the regulation of apoptosis is a causative event in many diseases. Since the Bcl-2 family of proteins is the key regulator of apoptosis, the abnormalities in its function have been implicated in many diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia and autoimmune diseases. In the past few years, our understanding of the mechanism of action of Bcl-2 family of proteins and its implications in various pathological conditions has enhanced significantly. The focus of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the structure and function of Bcl-2 family of proteins in apoptotic cellular processes. A number of drugs have been developed in the past few years that target different Bcl-2 members. The role of Bcl-2 proteins in the pathogenesis of various diseases and their pharmacological significance as effective molecular therapeutic targets is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ahmad Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
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Swiatek-Machado K, Mieczkowski J, Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Swierk P, Fokt I, Szymanski S, Skora S, Szeja W, Grynkiewicz G, Lesyng B, Priebe W, Kaminska B. Novel small molecular inhibitors disrupt the JAK/STAT3 and FAK signaling pathways and exhibit a potent antitumor activity in glioma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 13:657-70. [DOI: 10.4161/cbt.20083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Autophagy-mediated growth inhibition of malignant glioma cells by the BH3-mimetic gossypol. Mol Cell Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-014-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Simeone P, Trerotola M, Urbanella A, Lattanzio R, Ciavardelli D, Di Giuseppe F, Eleuterio E, Sulpizio M, Eusebi V, Pession A, Piantelli M, Alberti S. A unique four-hub protein cluster associates to glioblastoma progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103030. [PMID: 25050814 PMCID: PMC4106866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent brain tumors. Among them, glioblastomas are malignant and largely resistant to available treatments. Histopathology is the gold standard for classification and grading of brain tumors. However, brain tumor heterogeneity is remarkable and histopathology procedures for glioma classification remain unsatisfactory for predicting disease course as well as response to treatment. Proteins that tightly associate with cancer differentiation and progression, can bear important prognostic information. Here, we describe the identification of protein clusters differentially expressed in high-grade versus low-grade gliomas. Tissue samples from 25 high-grade tumors, 10 low-grade tumors and 5 normal brain cortices were analyzed by 2D-PAGE and proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry. This led to identify 48 differentially expressed protein markers between tumors and normal samples. Protein clustering by multivariate analyses (PCA and PLS-DA) provided discrimination between pathological samples to an unprecedented extent, and revealed a unique network of deranged proteins. We discovered a novel glioblastoma control module centered on four major network hubs: Huntingtin, HNF4α, c-Myc and 14-3-3ζ. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting and unbiased proteome-wide meta-analysis revealed altered expression of this glioblastoma control module in human glioma samples as compared with normal controls. Moreover, the four-hub network was found to cross-talk with both p53 and EGFR pathways. In summary, the findings of this study indicate the existence of a unifying signaling module controlling glioblastoma pathogenesis and malignant progression, and suggest novel targets for development of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Simeone
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Ce.S.I., Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Ce.S.I., Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbanella
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Ce.S.I., Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Ce.S.I., Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- School of Human and Social Science, University “Kore” of Enna, Enna, Italy
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Ce.S.I., University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Giuseppe
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., University “G. d'Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
- StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Enrica Eleuterio
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., University “G. d'Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
- StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilisa Sulpizio
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., University “G. d'Annunzio” Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
- StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Eusebi
- Department of “Tutela Salute Donna, Vita nascente, Bambino e Adolescente,” Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli,” Roma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Section of Surgical Pathology, “M. Malpighi,” Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Ce.S.I., Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Science, University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Ce.S.I., Foundation University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutant R132H sensitizes glioma cells to BCNU-induced oxidative stress and cell death. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1416-1425. [PMID: 23801081 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) decarboxylates isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) leading to generation of NADPH, which is required to regenerate reduced glutathione (GSH), the major cellular ROS scavenger. Mutation of R132 of IDH1 abrogates generation of α-KG and leads to conversion of α-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate. We hypothesized that glioma cells expressing mutant IDH1 have a diminished antioxidative capacity and therefore may encounter an ensuing loss of cytoprotection under conditions of oxidative stress. Our study was performed with LN229 cells stably overexpressing IDH1 R132H and wild type IDH1 or with a lentiviral IDH1 knockdown. Quantification of GSH under basal conditions and following treatment with the glutathione reductase inhibitor BCNU revealed significantly lower GSH levels in IDH1 R132H expressing cells and IDH1 KD cells compared to their respective controls. FACS analysis of cell death and ROS production also demonstrated an increased sensitivity of IDH1-R132H-expressing cells and IDH1 KD cells to BCNU, but not to temozolomide. The sensitivity of IDH1-R132H-expressing cells and IDH1 KD cells to ROS induction and cell death was further enhanced with the transaminase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid and under glutamine free conditions, indicating that these cells were more addicted to glutaminolysis. Increased sensitivity to BCNU-induced ROS production and cell death was confirmed in HEK293 cells inducibly expressing the IDH1 mutants R132H, R132C and R132L. Based on these findings we propose that in addition to its established pro-tumorigenic effects, mutant IDH1 may also limit the resistance of gliomas to specific death stimuli, therefore opening new perspectives for therapy.
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Interactions among mitochondrial proteins altered in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:247-256. [PMID: 24728830 PMCID: PMC4048470 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is putatively central to glioblastoma (GBM) pathophysiology but there has been no systematic analysis in GBM of the proteins which are integral to mitochondrial function. Alterations in proteins in mitochondrial enriched fractions from patients with GBM were defined with label-free liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. 256 mitochondrially-associated proteins were identified in mitochondrial enriched fractions and 117 of these mitochondrial proteins were markedly (fold-change ≥2) and significantly altered in GBM (p ≤ 0.05). Proteins associated with oxidative damage (including catalase, superoxide dismutase 2, peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 4) were increased in GBM. Protein–protein interaction analysis highlighted a reduction in multiple proteins coupled to energy metabolism (in particular respiratory chain proteins, including 23 complex-I proteins). Qualitative ultrastructural analysis in GBM with electron microscopy showed a notably higher prevalence of mitochondria with cristolysis in GBM. This study highlights the complex mitochondrial proteomic adjustments which occur in GBM pathophysiology.
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Occipital anaplastic oligodendroglioma with multiple organ metastases after a short clinical course: a case report and literature review. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:17. [PMID: 24447608 PMCID: PMC3943380 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is generally believed that malignant gliomas never metastasize outside the central nervous system (CNS). However, the notion that oligodendrogliomas (OGDs) cells cannot spread outside CNS is being challenged. Methods We described in detail the clinical story of one patient with anaplastic OGD, which metastasized to lymph nodes, bone marrowand bones Genetic analyses included detection of 1p and 19q chromosomal arms, methylation status of MGMT promoter, and PTEN exon mutations. A search of worldwide literature was conducted for reports of metastatic OGDs using NCBI-PubMed, with the keywords “extracranial”, “extraneural”, “oligodendroglioma”, “oligodendrogliomas”, “metastatic”, “metastasis”, and “metastases”, in different combinations. Results An open biopsy of the infiltrated bones in our patient revealed that malignant cells had replaced the patient’s marrow. Moreover, the diagnosis of multiple-organ metastases of anaplastic OGD was confirmed based on immunohistochemical staining. Genetic analyses showed that the tumors originated from previously resected brain lesions. None of the lesions had 1p and 19q deletions, but hypermethylation of MGMT promoter, and the G → A transversion at codon 234 of PTEN exon 2 were detected. Literatures review yielded 60 reports of metastatic OGDs from 1951 to the present, which with our patient makes 61 cases. Concerning these 61 patients, there were 110 infiltrated sites correlated closely with primary OGDs. The most frequent metastatic sites were bone and bone marrow (n = 47; 42.7%), lymph nodes (n = 22; 20.0%), liver (n = 7; 6.4%), scalp (n = 6; 5.5%), lung (n = 6; 5.5%), pleura (n = 4; 3.6%), chest wall (n = 3; 2.7%), iliopsoas muscle (n = 2; 1.8%), soft tissue (n = 2; 1.8%), and parotid gland (n = 2; 1.8%). Conclusions Extracranial metastases in anaplastic OGD are very rare but they do occur; bone and bone marrow may be the most common sites. Detection of certain molecular markers such as deletion of 1p and 19q chromosomal arms, hypermethylation of MGMT promoter, and characteristic PTEN exon mutations may help differentiate subtypes which are more prone to extracranial metastases. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/8749838611478560.
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Alexander BM, Ligon KL, Wen PY. Enhancing radiation therapy for patients with glioblastoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:569-81. [PMID: 23617348 DOI: 10.1586/era.13.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been the foundation of therapy following maximal surgical resection in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma for decades and the primary therapy for unresected tumors. Using the standard approach with radiation and temozolomide, however, outcomes are poor, and glioblastoma remains an incurable disease with the majority of recurrences and progression within the radiation treatment field. As such, there is much interest in elucidating the mechanisms of resistance to radiation therapy and in developing novel approaches to overcoming this treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Alexander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, 75 Francis Street, ASB1-L2, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Racoma IO, Meisen WH, Wang QE, Kaur B, Wani AA. Thymoquinone inhibits autophagy and induces cathepsin-mediated, caspase-independent cell death in glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72882. [PMID: 24039814 PMCID: PMC3767730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and common type of malignant brain tumor in humans, with a median survival of 15 months. There is a great need for more therapies for the treatment of glioblastoma. Naturally occurring phytochemicals have received much scientific attention because many exhibit potent tumor killing action. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the bioactive compound of the Nigella sativa seed oil. TQ has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic actions with selective cytotoxicity for human cancer cells compared to normal cells. Here, we show that TQ selectively inhibits the clonogenicity of glioblastoma cells as compared to normal human astrocytes. Also, glioblastoma cell proliferation could be impaired by chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, suggesting that glioblastoma cells may be dependent on the autophagic pathway for survival. Exposure to TQ caused an increase in the recruitment and accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II). TQ also caused an accumulation of the LC3-associated protein p62, confirming the inhibition of autophagy. Furthermore, the levels of Beclin-1 protein expression were unchanged, indicating that TQ interferes with a later stage of autophagy. Finally, treatment with TQ induces lysosome membrane permeabilization, as determined by a specific loss of red acridine orange staining. Lysosome membrane permeabilization resulted in a leakage of cathepsin B into the cytosol, which mediates caspase-independent cell death that can be prevented by pre-treatment with a cathepsin B inhibitor. TQ induced apoptosis, as determined by an increase in PI and Annexin V positive cells. However, apoptosis appears to be caspase-independent due to failure of the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK to prevent cell death and absence of the typical apoptosis related signature DNA fragmentation. Inhibition of autophagy is an exciting and emerging strategy in cancer therapy. In this vein, our results describe a novel mechanism of action for TQ as an autophagy inhibitor selectively targeting glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira O. Racoma
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Walter Hans Meisen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Altaf A. Wani
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chiao MT, Cheng WY, Yang YC, Shen CC, Ko JL. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) causes tumor growth slowdown and triggers autophagy in glioblastoma stem cells. Autophagy 2013; 9:1509-26. [PMID: 23962875 DOI: 10.4161/auto.25664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has been used in clinical trials for cancer therapies, its pharmacological effects occur through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we report that SAHA specifically triggers autophagy and reduces cell viability via promotion of apoptosis in the late phase of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Using a cell line cultured from a glioblastoma biopsy, we investigated the properties and effects of GSCs under SAHA treatment in vitro. In vivo xenograft assays revealed that SAHA effectively caused tumor growth slowdown and the induction of autophagy. SAHA was sufficient to increase formation of intracellular acidic vesicle organelles, recruitment of LC3-II to the autophagosomes, potentiation of BECN1 protein levels and reduced SQSTM1 levels. We determined that SAHA triggered autophagy through the downregulation of AKT-MTOR signaling, a major suppressive cascade of autophagy. Interestingly, upon depletion or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy, SAHA facilitates apoptosis and results in cell death at the early phase, suggesting that SAHA-induced autophagy functions probably act as a prosurvival mechanism. Furthermore, our results also indicated that the inhibition of SAHA-induced autophagy using chloroquine has synergistic effects that further increase apoptosis. Moreover, we found that a reduced dose of SAHA functioned as a potent modulator of differentiation and senescence. Taken together, our results provide a new perspective on the treatment of GSCs, indicating that SAHA is a promising agent for targeting GSCs through the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsang Chiao
- Institute of Medicine; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chyi Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei, Taiwan; Tri-Service General Hospital; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Therapy; Hungkuang University; Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Oncology; Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan; Lung Cancer Research Center; Institute of Medicine; Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan
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Activation of executioner caspases is a predictor of progression-free survival in glioblastoma patients: a systems medicine approach. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e629. [PMID: 23681224 PMCID: PMC3674364 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. GBM cells are highly resistant to apoptosis induced by antitumor drugs and radiotherapy resulting in cancer progression. We assessed whether a systems medicine approach, analysing the ability of tumor cells to execute apoptosis could be utilized to predict the response of GBM patients to treatment. Concentrations of the key proapoptotic proteins procaspase-3, procaspase-9, Smac and Apaf-1 and the antiapopotic protein XIAP were determined in a panel of GBM cell lines and GBM patient tumor resections. These values were used as input for APOPTO-CELL, a systems biological based mathematical model built to predict cellular susceptibility to undergo caspase activation. The modeling was capable of accurately distinguishing between GBM cells that die or survive in response to treatment with temozolomide in 10 of the 11 lines analysed. Importantly the results obtained using GBM patient samples show that APOPTO-CELL was capable of stratifying patients according to their progression-free survival times and predicted the ability of tumor cells to support caspase activation in 16 of the 21 GBM patients analysed. Calculating the susceptibility to apoptosis execution may be a potent tool in predicting GBM patient therapy responsiveness and may allow for the use of APOPTO-CELL in a clinical setting.
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Syed N, Langer J, Janczar K, Singh P, Lo Nigro C, Lattanzio L, Coley HM, Hatzimichael E, Bomalaski J, Szlosarek P, Awad M, O'Neil K, Roncaroli F, Crook T. Epigenetic status of argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase modulates autophagy and cell death in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e458. [PMID: 23328665 PMCID: PMC3563985 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arginine deprivation, either by nutritional starvation or exposure to ADI-PEG20, induces adaptive transcriptional upregulation of ASS1 and ASL in glioblastoma multiforme ex vivo cultures and cell lines. This adaptive transcriptional upregulation is blocked by neoplasia-specific CpG island methylation in either gene, causing arginine auxotrophy and cell death. In cells with methylated ASS1 or ASL CpG islands, ADI-PEG20 initially induces a protective autophagic response, but abrogation of this by chloroquine accelerates and potentiates cytotoxicity. Concomitant methylation in the CpG islands of both ASS1 and ASL, observed in a subset of cases, confers hypersensitivity to ADI-PEG20. Cancer stem cells positive for CD133 and methylation in the ASL CpG island retain sensitivity to ADI-PEG20. Our results show for the first time that epigenetic changes occur in both of the two key genes of arginine biosynthesis in human cancer and confer sensitivity to therapeutic arginine deprivation. We demonstrate that methylation status of the CpG islands, rather than expression levels per se of the genes, predicts sensitivity to arginine deprivation. Our results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for this invariably fatal central nervous system neoplasm for which we have identified robust biomarkers and which overcomes the limitations to conventional chemotherapy imposed by the blood/brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Rachlin K, Moore DH, Yount G. Infrasound Sensitizes Human Glioblastoma Cells to Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis. Integr Cancer Ther 2012; 12:517-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735412465641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nontoxic agents that can selectively enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy is an important aim in oncology. This study evaluates the ability of infrasound exposure to sensitize glioblastoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. The infrasound was delivered using a device designed to replicate the unique infrasound emissions measured during external Qigong treatments. Human glioblastoma cell lines harboring wild-type p53 (U87) or mutant p53 (U251, SF210, and SF188) were treated in culture with cisplatin, infrasound emissions, or the combination of the 2 agents. Induction of apoptosis was quantified after 24 hours by flow cytometry following annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Infrasound emissions alone, delivered at moderate levels (~10 mPa) with dynamic frequency content (7-13 Hz), did not induce apoptosis, yet combining infrasound with cisplatin augmented the induction of apoptosis by cisplatin in all the 4 cell lines ( P < .05). Increased cellular uptake of the fluorophore calcein associated with infrasound exposure was quantified by fluorescence microscopy as well as flow cytometry, demonstrating increased cell membrane permeability. The 4 cell lines differed in the degree to which infrasound exposure increased calcein uptake, and these differences were predictive of the extent to which infrasound enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis. When exposed to specific frequencies, membrane permeabilization also appeared to be differentially responsive for each cell line, suggesting the potential for selective targeting of tissue types using isolated infrasonic frequencies. Additionally, the pressure amplitudes used in this study were several orders of magnitude less than those used in similar studies involving ultrasound and shock waves. The results of this study provide support for using infrasound to enhance the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Rachlin
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dan H. Moore
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Garret Yount
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Lu Y, Wang L, He M, Huang W, Li H, Wang Y, Kong J, Qi S, Ouyang J, Qiu X. Nix protein positively regulates NF-κB activation in gliomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44559. [PMID: 22984526 PMCID: PMC3440440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports indicate that the NIX/BNIP3L gene acts as a pro-apoptotic factor by interacting with BCL2 and BCL-XL, playing an important role in hypoxia-dependent cell death and acting as a tumor suppressor. However, many studies also showed that NIX is linked to a protective role and cell survival in cancer cells. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) can attenuate apoptosis in human cancers in response to chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. We observed an absence of i-κBα (NF-κB activation inhibitor) expression, but a greater expression of Nix and p-NF-κB proteins in the Nix-wt U251 cells, which was not observed in the Nix-kn cells under hypoxic conditions. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase detection, the activation of NF-κB was detected only in the Nix-wt U251 cells with hypoxia. These data imply that Nix protein might play a role in the positive regulation of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, 46 cases of glioma also showed high levels of Nix protein expression, which was always accompanied by high p-NF-κB expression. Patients with Nix (+) showed less tissue apoptosis behavior in glioblastoma (GBM), unlike that observed in the Nix-negative patients (-). The same apoptotic tendency was also identified in anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) groups, but not in astrocytoma (AS). On analyzing the Kaplan-Meier curve, better tumor-free survival was observed only in cases of astrocytoma, and not in AA and GBM. Thus, our study indicates that Nix protein might have multiple functions in regulating glioma behaviors. In the low-grade gliomas (astrocytoma) with low expression of NF-κB, the cell death-inducing function that occurs through a Bax mechanism might predominate and act as a tumor suppressor. While in the malignant gliomas (AA and GBM), with higher expression of the NIX gene and with activity of the NF-κB pathway, the oncogene function of Nix was predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nangfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minyi He
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nangfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nangfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Involvement of Src in the Adaptation of Cancer Cells under Microenvironmental Stresses. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:483796. [PMID: 22988500 PMCID: PMC3439988 DOI: 10.1155/2012/483796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation, which is catalyzed by protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK), plays a pivotal role in a variety of cellular functions related to health and disease. The discovery of the viral oncogene Src (v-Src) and its cellular nontransforming counterpart (c-Src), as the first example of PTK, has opened a window to study the relationship between protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and the biology and medicine of cancer. In this paper, we focus on the roles played by Src and other PTKs in cancer cell-specific behavior, that is, evasion of apoptosis or cell death under stressful extracellular and/or intracellular microenvironments (i.e., hypoxia, anoikis, hypoglycemia, and serum deprivation).
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