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Richard V, Kumar TRS, Pillai RM. Transitional dynamics of cancer stem cells in invasion and metastasis. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100909. [PMID: 33049522 PMCID: PMC7557893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the onset, few cancer cells amidst the tumor bulk, identified as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or early disseminated cancer cells (eDCCs) are capable of survival post conventional therapy and persist as minimal residual disease (MRD). Metastatic subclones emerge both early and late in the life of primary tumor ensuing an ongoing regional clonal evolution of progenitor cells in metastatic and primary tumors. In the last decade, multiple studies proposed various identities of stem-like cells that undergo transitions to adapt to the changing microenvironment as the disease progresses. This review advocates with substantial evidence the dynamic model of tumor propagation by exploring the specific cell types, reversible phenotypic plasticity between the tumorigenic leader seeds and the supporting follower cancer cells both in circulation and in solid tissue to accurately decipher tumor promoting clones and its role in metastatic dissemination and tumor re-growth. (142 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Richard
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala State, India
| | - T R Santhosh Kumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala State, India
| | - Radhakrishna M Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala State, India.
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2
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Relevance of CTC Clusters in Breast Cancer Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:93-115. [PMID: 32304082 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in patients with breast cancer; however, the mechanisms of tumor cell dissemination and metastasis formation are not well established yet. The study of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), the metastatic precursors of distant disease, may help in this search. CTCs can be found in the blood of cancer patients as single cells or as tumor cell aggregates, known as CTC clusters. CTC clusters have differential biological features such as an enhanced survival and metastatic potential, and they hold great promises for the evaluation of prognosis, diagnosis and therapy of the metastatic cancer. The analysis of CTC clusters offers new insights into the mechanism of metastasis and can guide towards the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to suppress cancer metastasis. This has become possible thanks to the development of improved technologies for detection of CTCs and CTC clusters. However, more efficient methods are needed in order to address important questions regarding the metastatic potential of CTC and future clinical applications. In this chapter, we explore the current knowledge on the role of CTC clusters in breast cancer metastasis, their origin, metastatic advantages and clinical importance.
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Aceto N. Bring along your friends: Homotypic and heterotypic circulating tumor cell clustering to accelerate metastasis. Biomed J 2020; 43:18-23. [PMID: 32200952 PMCID: PMC7090281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis formation is a hallmark of invasive cancers and it is achieved through the shedding of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the primary site into the blood circulation. There, CTCs are found as single cells or as multicellular clusters, with clusters carrying an elevated ability to survive within the bloodstream and initiate new metastatic lesions at distant sites. Clusters of CTCs include homotypic clusters made of cancer cells only, as well as heterotypic clusters that incorporate stromal or immune cells along with cancer cells. Both homotypic and heterotypic CTC clusters are characterized by a high metastasis-forming capability, high proliferation rate and by distinct molecular features compared to single CTCs, and their presence in the peripheral circulation of cancer patients is generally associated with a poor prognosis. In this short review, we summarize the current literature that describes homotypic and heterotypic CTC clusters, both in the context of their molecular characteristics as well as their value in the clinical setting. While CTC clusters have only recently emerged as key players in the metastatic process and many aspects of their biology remain to be investigated, a detailed understanding of their vulnerabilities may pave the way towards the generation of new metastasis-suppressing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Bois MC, Eckhardt MD, Cracolici VM, Loe MJ, Ocel JJ, Edwards WD, McBane RD, Bower TC, Maleszewski JJ. Neoplastic embolization to systemic and pulmonary arteries. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:204-212.e7. [PMID: 29502997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arterial neoplastic emboli are uncommon, accounting for <1% of thromboemboli in the current literature. Nonetheless, this event may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Herein, we report a series of 11 cases of arterial neoplastic emboli from a single tertiary care center along with a comprehensive review of the literature to date. The aim of this study was to document the incidence, clinical presentations, and complications of arterial neoplastic emboli as well as to highlight the importance of routine histologic examination of thrombectomy specimens. METHODS Pathology archives from a single tertiary care institution were queried to identify cases of surgically resected arterial emboli containing neoplasm (1998-2014). Histopathology was reviewed for confirmation of diagnosis. Patient demographics and oncologic history were abstracted from the medical record. Comprehensive literature review documented 332 patients in 275 reports (1930-2016). RESULTS Eleven patients (six men) with a median age of 63 years (interquartile range, 42-71 years) were identified through institutional archives. Embolism was the primary form of diagnosis in seven (64%) cases. Cardiac involvement (primary or metastasis) was present in more than half of the cohort. Comprehensive literature review revealed that pulmonary primaries were the most common anatomic origin of arterial neoplastic emboli, followed by gastrointestinal neoplasia. Cardiac involvement was present in 18% of patients, and sentinel identification of neoplasia occurred in 30% of cases. Postmortem evaluation was the primary means of diagnosis in 27%. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of routine histopathologic evaluation of embolectomy specimens in patients with and without documented neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Bois
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Michael D Eckhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Chicago, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Ill
| | | | - Matthew J Loe
- Interventional Radiology, St. Paul Radiology, St. Paul, Minn
| | - Joseph J Ocel
- Diagnostic Radiology, Mercy Health Services-Iowa Corporation, Mason City, Iowa
| | - William D Edwards
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Robert D McBane
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Thomas C Bower
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Joseph J Maleszewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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5
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Tang MH, Lim J, Bushmani I, Ng CY. An Unusual Case of Ovarian Carcinomatosis with Microscopic Tumor Embolism Leading to Rectal Ischemia and Perforation. Clin Endosc 2018; 51:294-298. [PMID: 29466844 PMCID: PMC5997078 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2017.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an unusual case of advanced ovarian carcinoma with postoperative complications of ischemia and perforation of the rectum as a result of tumor embolism. The interval progression from ischemia to infarction of the rectum was captured in repeated sigmoidoscopies. A brief discussion on tumor embolism and management of this case is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hon Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jason Lim
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Inny Bushmani
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chee Yung Ng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Custódio-Santos T, Videira M, Brito MA. Brain metastasization of breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:132-147. [PMID: 28341420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system metastases have been reported in 15-25% of breast cancer patients, and the incidence is increasing. Moreover, the survival of these patients is generally poor, with reports of a 1-year survival rate of 20%. Therefore, a better knowledge about the determinants of brain metastasization is essential for the improvement of the clinical outcomes. Here, we summarize the current data about the metastatic cascade, ranging from the output of cancer cells from the primary tumour to their colonization in the brain, which involves the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion of mammary tissue, intravasation into circulation, and homing into and extravasation towards the brain. The phenotypic change in malignant cells, and the importance of the microenvironment in the formation of brain metastases are also inspected. Finally, the importance of genetic and epigenetic changes, and the recently disclosed effects of microRNAs in brain metastasization of breast cancer are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Custódio-Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Videira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Airoldi I, Cocco C, Sorrentino C, Angelucci D, Di Meo S, Manzoli L, Esposito S, Ribatti D, Bertolotto M, Iezzi L, Natoli C, Di Carlo E. Interleukin-30 Promotes Breast Cancer Growth and Progression. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6218-6229. [PMID: 27550449 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory tissue microenvironment that promotes the development of breast cancer is not fully understood. Here we report a role for elevated IL30 in supporting the breast cancer cell viability and invasive migration. IL30 was absent in normal mammary ducts, ductules, and acini of histologically normal breast and scanty in the few stromal infiltrating leukocytes. In contrast, IL30 was expressed frequently in breast cancer specimens where it was associated with triple-negative and HER2+ molecular subtypes. In stromal leukocytes found in primary tumors or tumor-draining lymph nodes, which included mainly CD14+ monocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and CD33+/CD11b+ myeloid cells, IL30 levels increased with disease stage and correlated with recurrence. A negative correlation was determined between IL30 expression by nodal stromal leukocytes and overall survival. In vitro studies showed that human recombinant IL30 upregulated expression of a pro-oncogenic program, including especially IL6 in both triple-negative and HER2+ breast cancer cells. In triple-negative breast cancer cells, IL30 boosted a broader program of proliferation, invasive migration, and an inflammatory milieu associated with KISS1-dependent metastasis. Silencing of STAT1/STAT3 signaling hindered the regulation of the primary growth and progression factors in breast cancer cells. IL30 administration in vivo fostered the growth of triple-negative breast cancer by promoting proliferation and vascular dissemination of cancer cells and the accumulation of intratumoral CD11b+/Gr1+ myeloid cell infiltrates. Overall, our results show how IL30 regulates breast cancer cell viability, migration, and gene expression to promote breast cancer growth and progression and its impact on patient outcome. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6218-29. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Airoldi
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Cocco
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Sorrentino
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Division of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I.-MeT, Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Serena Di Meo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Division of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I.-MeT, Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lamberto Manzoli
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Division of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I.-MeT, Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, and National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Bertolotto
- Laboratory of Phagocyte Physiopathology and Inflammation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Iezzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clara Natoli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emma Di Carlo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Division of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy. .,Ce.S.I.-MeT, Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
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Aceto N, Toner M, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. En Route to Metastasis: Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Trends Cancer 2015; 1:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mohamed MM, El-Ghonaimy EA, Nouh MA, Schneider RJ, Sloane BF, El-Shinawi M. Cytokines secreted by macrophages isolated from tumor microenvironment of inflammatory breast cancer patients possess chemotactic properties. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.015 s1357-2725(13)00353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
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10
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Mohamed MM, El-Ghonaimy EA, Nouh MA, Schneider RJ, Sloane BF, El-Shinawi M. Cytokines secreted by macrophages isolated from tumor microenvironment of inflammatory breast cancer patients possess chemotactic properties. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 46:138-47. [PMID: 24291763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a growing literature describing the role of macrophages in breast cancer, the role of macrophages in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is unclear. The aim of present study was to isolate and characterize tumor associated macrophages of IBC and non-IBC patients and define their role in IBC. Tumor infiltrating monocytes/macrophages (CD14+ and CD68+) were measured by immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies. Blood drained from axillary vein tributaries was collected during breast cancer surgery and the percentage of CD14+ in the total isolated leukocytes was assessed by flow cytometric analysis. CD14+ cells were separated from total leukocytes by immuno-magnetic beads technique and were cultured overnight. Media conditioned by CD14+ were collected and subjected to cytokine profiling using cytokine antibody array. Wound healing and invasion assays were used to test whether cytokines highly secreted by tumor drained macrophages induce motility and invasion of breast cancer cells. We found that macrophages highly infiltrate into carcinoma tissues of IBC patients. In addition blood collected from axillary tributaries of IBC patients is highly enriched with CD14+ cells as compared to blood collected from non-IBC patients. Cytokine profiling of CD14+ cells isolated from IBC patients revealed a significant increase in secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CC-chemokine ligand 2; interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 as compared to CD14+ cells isolated from non-IBC patients. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 significantly increased motility and invasion of IBC cells in vitro. In conclusion, macrophages isolated from the tumor microenvironment of IBC patients secrete chemotactic cytokines that may augment dissemination and metastasis of IBC carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Eslam A El-Ghonaimy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Nouh
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer institute, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, School of Medicine, 10016 New York, USA.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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Mohamed MM, Al-Raawi D, Sabet SF, El-Shinawi M. Inflammatory breast cancer: New factors contribute to disease etiology: A review. J Adv Res 2013; 5:525-36. [PMID: 25685520 PMCID: PMC4294279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly metastatic and fatal form of breast cancer. In fact, IBC is characterized by specific morphological, phenotypic, and biological properties that distinguish it from non-IBC. The aggressive behavior of IBC being more common among young women and the low survival rate alarmed researchers to explore the disease biology. Despite the basic and translational studies needed to understand IBC disease biology and identify specific biomarkers, studies are limited by few available IBC cell lines, experimental models, and paucity of patient samples. Above all, in the last decade, researchers were able to identify new factors that may play a crucial role in IBC progression. Among identified factors are cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases. In addition, viral infection was also suggested to participate in the etiology of IBC disease. In this review, we present novel factors suggested by different studies to contribute to the etiology of IBC and the proposed new therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Diaa Al-Raawi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Salwa F Sabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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12
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Pampín-Huerta FR, Mourelo-Fariña M, Chinchilla-Tábora LM. [Spontaneous arterial systemic tumor embolism]. Rev Clin Esp 2012; 212:e43-5. [PMID: 22520871 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F R Pampín-Huerta
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, España.
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13
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Mohamed MM. Monocytes conditioned media stimulate fibronectin expression and spreading of inflammatory breast cancer cells in three-dimensional culture: A mechanism mediated by IL-8 signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:3. [PMID: 22321604 PMCID: PMC3293033 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer characterized by invasion of carcinoma cells into dermal lymphatic vessels where they form tumor emboli over expressing adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Although invasion and metastasis are dynamic processes controlled by complex interaction between tumor cells and microenvironment the mechanisms by which soluble mediators may regulate motility and invasion of IBC cells are poorly understood. The present study investigated the effect of media conditioned by human monocytes U937 secreted cytokines, chemokines and growth factors on the expression of adhesion molecules E-cadherin and fibronectin of human IBC cell line SUM149. Furthermore, cytokines signaling pathway involved were also identified. Results U937 secreted cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were characterized by cytokine antibody array. The major U937 secreted cytokines/chemokines were interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). When SUM149 cells were seeded in three dimensional (3D) models with media conditioned by U937 secreted cytokines, chemokines and growth factors; results showed: 1) changes in the morphology of IBC cells from epithelial to migratory spindle shape branched like structures; 2) Over-expression of adhesion molecule fibronectin and not E-cadherin. Further analysis revealed that over-expression of fibronectin may be mediated by IL-8 via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conclusion The present results suggested that cytokines secreted by human monocytes may promote chemotactic migration and spreading of IBC cell lines. Results also indicated that IL-8 the major secreted cytokine by U937 cells may play essential role in fibronectin expression by SUM149 cells via interaction with IL-8 specific receptors and stimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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