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Chen J, Hu C, Yang H, Wang L, Chu X, Yu X, Zhang S, Li X, Zhao C, Cheng L, Hong W, Liu D, Wen L, Su C. PMS2 amplification contributes brain metastasis from lung cancer. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:12. [PMID: 38714954 PMCID: PMC11075212 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma metastasizing to the brain results in a notable increase in patient mortality. The high incidence and its impact on survival presents a critical unmet need to develop an improved understanding of its mechanisms. METHODS To identify genes that drive brain metastasis of tumor cells, we collected cerebrospinal fluid samples and paired plasma samples from 114 lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastasis and performed 168 panel-targeted gene sequencing. We examined the biological behavior of PMS2 (PMS1 Homolog 2)-amplified lung cancer cell lines through wound healing assays and migration assays. In vivo imaging techniques are used to detect fluorescent signals that colonize the mouse brain. RNA sequencing was used to compare differentially expressed genes between PMS2 amplification and wild-type lung cancer cell lines. RESULTS We discovered that PMS2 amplification was a plausible candidate driver of brain metastasis. Via in vivo and in vitro assays, we validated that PMS2 amplified PC-9 and LLC lung cancer cells had strong migration and invasion capabilities. The functional pathway of PMS2 amplification of lung cancer cells is mainly enriched in thiamine, butanoate, glutathione metabolism. CONCLUSION Tumor cells elevated expression of PMS2 possess the capacity to augment the metastatic potential of lung cancer and establish colonies within the brain through metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Congli Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hainan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangling Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiji Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Hong
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Dadao, Guangdong, 510280, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang H, Yang X, Xie J, Cheng X, Chen J, Shen M, Ding W, Wang S, Zhang Z, Wang C, Zhao M. Clinicopathological and molecular analysis of microsatellite instability in prostate cancer: a multi-institutional study in China. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1277233. [PMID: 37901334 PMCID: PMC10613026 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1277233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite instability (MSI), or mismatch repair-deficiency (dMMR), is rare in prostate cancers (PCas). The histological and molecular features of PCas with MSI/dMMR are incompletely described. Thus, we sought to identify the characteristics of PCas with MSI/dMMR. Methods and results We analyzed 1,141 primary treatment-naive PCas by MMR-related protein immunohistochemistry (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6). We identified eight cases exhibiting MSI/dMMR (0.7%, 8/1141). Of these, six tumors had both MSH2 and MSH6 protein loss, one had both MLH1 and PMS2 protein loss, and one had only MSH6 loss. Histologically, MSI/dMMR-PCas frequently demonstrated high histological grade (Grade Group 4 or 5), ductal/intraductal histology (6/8 cases), pleomorphic giant-cell features (4/8 cases), and conspicuous tumor lymphocytic infiltration (8/8 cases). Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of seven MSI/dMMR tumors revealed two MSI-H tumors with loss of both MSH2 and MSH6 proteins. Subsequently, the seven cases underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis with a highly validated targeted panel; four were MSI. All cases had a high tumor mutation burden (median: 45.3 mutations/Mb). Overall, the MSI/dMMR-PCas showed a high frequency of DNA damage-repair pathway gene changes, including five with pathogenic somatic or germline MMR gene mutations. Activating mutations in the MAPK pathway, PI3K pathway, and WNT/β-catenin pathway were common. TMPRSS2::ERG rearrangement was identified in one case (1/7, 14.3%). Conclusions Several pathological features are associated with MSI/dMMR in PCas. Identification of these features may help to select patients for genetic screening. As MSI/dMMR-PCas are enriched for actionable mutations, patients should be offered NGS to guide standard-of-care treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoqun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialing Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Miaomiao Shen
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Ding
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Suying Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
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3
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Folkmanis K, Junk E, Merdane E, Folkmane I, Folkmanis V, Ivanovs I, Eglitis J, Jakubovskis M, Laabs S, Isajevs S, Lietuvietis V. Clinicopathological Significance of Exosomal Proteins CD9 and CD63 and DNA Mismatch Repair Proteins in Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Benign Hyperplasia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020287. [PMID: 35204378 PMCID: PMC8871402 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Recently, it has been shown that exosomal biomarkers and DNA mismatch repair proteins (MMR) could play an important role in cancer risk stratification and prognosis assessment. The gold standard for prostate carcinoma (PCa) diagnosis is biopsy and histopathological examination. Thus, the complex evaluation of exosomal and MMR proteins could be beneficial for prostate cancer risk stratification and diagnostics. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the expression of exosomal proteins CD9 and CD63 and MMR proteins in the tissue of patients with prostate benign hyperplasia (BPH) and PCa. Methods. The study was retrospective. Altogether, 92 patients with PCa and 20 patients with BPH (control group) were enrolled in the study. Exosomal and MMR protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The follow-up for each PCa patient in our study lasted till disease progression and/or a maximum of 5 years. Results. Low-grade PCa was observed in 56 patients and high-grade PCa in 36 patients. CD63 expression was significantly higher in patients with high-grade PCa compared to those with low-grade PCa. CD9 expression was significantly downregulated in PCa patients compared to the control group. MMR protein expression deficiency was observed in 10 PCa patients. MMR proteins were maintained in all cases of BPH. The study found a negative correlation between MMR protein loss and PCa ISUP grade groups. Progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with MMR deficiency was significantly shorter than in patients with maintained MMR expression. Conclusions. CD9 protein expression was downregulated in PCa, compared to BPH, while CD63 protein expression was upregulated in high-grade PCa but downregulated in low-grade PCa. CD63 protein upregulation, CD9 downregulation, and loss of MMR protein characterized the shorter PFS of high-grade PCa patients. CD9, CD63, and MMR could be the routine immunohistochemical biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk stratification of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofs Folkmanis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
- Department of Urology, Elbe Hospital in Stade—Teaching Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf University Hospital, 20246 Stade, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-152-136-57241
| | - Elizabete Junk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
| | - Evelina Merdane
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
| | - Inese Folkmane
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
| | - Valdis Folkmanis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
| | - Igors Ivanovs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
- Department of Urology, East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.J.); (V.L.)
| | - Janis Eglitis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
- Department of Urology, East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.J.); (V.L.)
| | - Maris Jakubovskis
- Department of Urology, East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.J.); (V.L.)
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sven Laabs
- Department of Urology, Elbe Hospital in Stade—Teaching Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf University Hospital, 20246 Stade, Germany;
| | - Sergejs Isajevs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.J.); (E.M.); (I.F.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (J.E.); (S.I.)
- Department of Urology, East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.J.); (V.L.)
| | - Vilnis Lietuvietis
- Department of Urology, East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.J.); (V.L.)
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Ye S, Wang H, He K, Peng M, Wang Y, Li Y, Jiang S, Li J, Yi L, Cui R. Clinical Characterization of Mismatch Repair Gene-Deficient Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:533282. [PMID: 33117677 PMCID: PMC7576180 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.533282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) prostate cancer is rare and has not been well studied. We aimed to evaluate the clinical characterization of dMMR metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. The MMR genes include MLH1, MLH3, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2, and EPCAM, and were analyzed by targeted sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA samples. A total of 109 mCRPC patients were identified, including 50 patients with MMR alterations (pathogenic alterations, n = 7; alterations of unknown significance, n = 43) and 59 patients with wild-type MMR. For the seven patients with pathogenic MMR alterations, the median age at diagnosis was 63.5 years, and 42.9% had a Gleason score ≥8. The median time from androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) initiation to CRPC was 24 months. Compared with the wild-type MMR subgroup, patients with MMR alterations, pathogenic MMR alterations, or MMR alterations of unknown significance showed higher rates of hotspot missense mutations or copy number amplifications in the AR gene (24/50 vs. 10/59, P = 7.8 × 10–4; 7/7 vs. 10/59, P = 2.5 × 10–5; 17/43 vs. 10/59, P = 0.013). The presence of any MMR alterations was associated with an inferior response to abiraterone [median progression-free survival (PFS): 5.0 vs. 10.9 months, P = 0.022]. Shorter PFS times were observed in both the pathogenic MMR alteration subgroup (median PFS: 5 months) and the MMR alterations of unknown significance subgroup (median PFS: 5.3 months), compared with the PFS of those with wild-type MMR genes (median PFS: 10.9 months, P = 0.052). There was no statistically significant difference in response to docetaxel chemotherapy between the MMR alterations of unknown significance and the wild-type MMR subgroups (median PFS: 8.2 vs. 8.1 months, P = 0.23). Our results demonstrate that dMMR mCRPC patients have an equivalent response to standard ADT and taxane-based chemotherapy treatments compared with wild-type MMR patients. Patients with both pathogenic and unknown significance alterations of MMR genes had poorer responses to abiraterone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haohui Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kancheng He
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mou Peng
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinhuai Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanwei Li
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shusuan Jiang
- Department of Urology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology, Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Yi
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Couñago F, López-Campos F, Díaz-Gavela AA, Almagro E, Fenández-Pascual E, Henríquez I, Lozano R, Linares Espinós E, Gómez-Iturriaga A, de Velasco G, Quintana Franco LM, Rodríguez-Melcón I, López-Torrecilla J, Spratt DE, Guerrero LL, Martínez-Salamanca JI, del Cerro E. Clinical Applications of Molecular Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1550. [PMID: 32545454 PMCID: PMC7352850 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is clinically relevant molecular heterogeneity in prostate cancer (PCa), but this biological diversity has had only a minimal impact on clinical practice. Treatment outcomes in patients with localised PCa are often highly variable, even among patients stratified to the same risk group or disease state based on standard clinical and pathological parameters. In recent years, the development of gene panels has provided valuable data on the differential expression of genes in patients with PCa. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to identify and validate prognostic and predictive biomarkers that can be applied across clinical scenarios, ranging from localised disease to metastatic castration-resistant PCa. The availability of such tools would allow for precision medicine to finally reach PCa patients. In this review, we evaluate current data on molecular biomarkers for PCa, with an emphasis on the biomarkers and gene panels with the most robust evidence to support their application in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Couñago
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.D.-G.); (L.L.G.); (E.d.C.)
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Biomedicine. Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Aurora Díaz-Gavela
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.D.-G.); (L.L.G.); (E.d.C.)
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Biomedicine. Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Almagro
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Esaú Fenández-Pascual
- Lyx Institute of Urology, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-P.); (E.L.E.)
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Iván Henríquez
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Sant Joan, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Rebeca Lozano
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Genitourinary Cancer Traslational Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Estefanía Linares Espinós
- Lyx Institute of Urology, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-P.); (E.L.E.)
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Rodríguez-Melcón
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - José López-Torrecilla
- Radiation Oncology-ERESA, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Daniel E. Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Luis Leonardo Guerrero
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.D.-G.); (L.L.G.); (E.d.C.)
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Biomedicine. Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Martínez-Salamanca
- Lyx Institute of Urology, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-P.); (E.L.E.)
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elia del Cerro
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.D.-G.); (L.L.G.); (E.d.C.)
- Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Biomedicine. Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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Immunohistochemical expression of mismatch repair proteins (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2) in prostate cancer: correlation with grade groups (WHO 2016) and ERG and PTEN status. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:223-231. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hempelmann JA, Lockwood CM, Konnick EQ, Schweizer MT, Antonarakis ES, Lotan TL, Montgomery B, Nelson PS, Klemfuss N, Salipante SJ, Pritchard CC. Microsatellite instability in prostate cancer by PCR or next-generation sequencing. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:29. [PMID: 29665853 PMCID: PMC5904988 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) is now being used as a sole biomarker to guide immunotherapy treatment for men with advanced prostate cancer. Yet current molecular diagnostic tests for MSI have not been evaluated for use in prostate cancer. METHODS We evaluated two next-generation sequencing (NGS) MSI-detection methods, MSIplus (18 markers) and MSI by Large Panel NGS (> 60 markers), and compared the performance of each NGS method to the most widely used 5-marker MSI-PCR detection system. All methods were evaluated by comparison to targeted whole gene sequencing of DNA mismatch-repair genes, and immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair genes, where available. RESULTS In a set of 91 prostate tumors with known mismatch repair status (29-deficient and 62-intact mismatch-repair) MSIplus had a sensitivity of 96.6% (28/29) and a specificity of 100% (62/62), MSI by Large Panel NGS had a sensitivity of 93.1% (27/29) and a specificity of 98.4% (61/62), and MSI-PCR had a sensitivity of 72.4% (21/29) and a specificity of 100% (62/62). CONCLUSIONS We found that the widely used 5-marker MSI-PCR panel has inferior sensitivity when applied to prostate cancer and that NGS testing with an expanded panel of markers performs well. In addition, NGS methods offer advantages over MSI-PCR, including no requirement for matched non-tumor tissue and an automated analysis pipeline with quantitative interpretation of MSI-status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Q Konnick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael T Schweizer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nola Klemfuss
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Beltran H, Antonarakis ES, Morris MJ, Attard G. Emerging Molecular Biomarkers in Advanced Prostate Cancer: Translation to the Clinic. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 35:131-41. [PMID: 27249694 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_159248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical and preclinical studies focused on understanding the molecular landscape of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have provided insights into mechanisms of treatment resistance, disease heterogeneity, and potential therapeutic targets. This work has served as a framework for several ongoing clinical studies focused on bringing novel observations into the clinic in the form of tissue, liquid, and imaging biomarkers. Resistance in CRPC typically is driven through reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which can occur through AR-activating point mutations, amplification, splice variants (such as AR-V7), or other bypass mechanisms. Detection of AR aberrations in the circulation negatively impacts response to subsequent AR-directed therapies such as abiraterone and enzalutamide. Other potentially clinically relevant alterations in CRPC include defects in DNA damage repair (at either the somatic or germline level) in up to 20% of patients (with implications for PARP1 inhibitor therapy), PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway activation, WNT signaling pathway alterations, cell cycle gene alterations, and less common but potentially targetable alterations involving RAF and FGFR2. Imaging biomarkers that include those focused on incorporating overexpressed androgen-regulated genes/proteins, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in combination with CT, can noninvasively identify patterns of AR-driven distribution of CRPC tumor cells, monitor early metastatic lesions, and potentially capture heterogeneity of response to AR-directed therapies and other therapeutics. This article focuses on the current state of clinical biomarker development and future directions for how they might be implemented into the clinic in the near term to improve risk stratification and treatment selection for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himisha Beltran
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Morris
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhardt Attard
- From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Wilczak W, Rashed S, Hube-Magg C, Kluth M, Simon R, Büscheck F, Clauditz TS, Grupp K, Minner S, Tsourlakis MC, Möller-Koop C, Graefen M, Adam M, Haese A, Wittmer C, Sauter G, Izbicki JR, Huland H, Schlomm T, Steurer S, Krech T, Lebok P. Up-regulation of mismatch repair genes MSH6, PMS2 and MLH1 parallels development of genetic instability and is linked to tumor aggressiveness and early PSA recurrence in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2016; 38:19-27. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yap TA, Smith AD, Ferraldeschi R, Al-Lazikani B, Workman P, de Bono JS. Drug discovery in advanced prostate cancer: translating biology into therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:699-718. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ferraldeschi R, Welti J, Luo J, Attard G, de Bono JS. Targeting the androgen receptor pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer: progresses and prospects. Oncogene 2015; 34:1745-57. [PMID: 24837363 PMCID: PMC4333106 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a critical pathway for prostate cancer cells, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the principal treatment for patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease. However, over time, most tumors become resistant to ADT. The view of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has changed dramatically in the last several years. Progress in understanding the disease biology and mechanisms of castration resistance led to significant advancements and to paradigm shift in the treatment. Accumulating evidence showed that prostate cancers develop adaptive mechanisms for maintaining AR signaling to allow for survival and further evolution. The aim of this review is to summarize molecular mechanisms of castration resistance and provide an update in the development of novel agents and strategies to more effectively target the AR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ferraldeschi
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - J Welti
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - J Luo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Attard
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - JS de Bono
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
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