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Fernandes DA. Review on Metal-Based Theranostic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy and Imaging. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231191493. [PMID: 37642945 PMCID: PMC10467409 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231191493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic agents are promising due to their ability to diagnose, treat and monitor different types of cancer using a variety of imaging modalities. The advantage specifically of nanoparticles is that they can accumulate easily at the tumor site due to the large gaps in blood vessels near tumors. Such high concentration of theranostic agents at the target site can lead to enhancement in both imaging and therapy. This article provides an overview of nanoparticles that have been used for cancer theranostics, and the different imaging, treatment options and signaling pathways that are important when using nanoparticles for cancer theranostics. In particular, nanoparticles made of metal elements are emphasized due to their wide applications in cancer theranostics. One important aspect discussed is the ability to combine different types of metals in one nanoplatform for use as multimodal imaging and therapeutic agents for cancer.
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Tremi I, Spyratou E, Souli M, Efstathopoulos EP, Makropoulou M, Georgakilas AG, Sihver L. Requirements for Designing an Effective Metallic Nanoparticle (NP)-Boosted Radiation Therapy (RT). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133185. [PMID: 34202342 PMCID: PMC8269428 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent advances in nanotechnology gave rise to trials with various types of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the radiosensitization of cancer cells while reducing or maintaining the normal tissue complication probability during radiation therapy. This work reviews the physical and chemical mechanisms leading to the enhancement of ionizing radiation’s detrimental effects on cells and tissues, as well as the plethora of experimental procedures to study these effects of the so-called “NPs’ radiosensitization”. The paper presents the need to a better understanding of all the phases of actions before applying metallic-based NPs in clinical practice to improve the effect of IR therapy. More physical and biological experiments especially in vivo must be performed and simulation Monte Carlo or mathematical codes based on more accurate models for all phases must be developed. Abstract Many different tumor-targeted strategies are under development worldwide to limit the side effects and improve the effectiveness of cancer therapies. One promising method is to enhance the radiosensitization of the cancer cells while reducing or maintaining the normal tissue complication probability during radiation therapy using metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Radiotherapy with MV photons is more commonly available and applied in cancer clinics than high LET particle radiotherapy, so the addition of high-Z NPs has the potential to further increase the efficacy of photon radiotherapy in terms of NP radiosensitization. Generally, when using X-rays, mainly the inner electron shells are ionized, which creates cascades of both low and high energy Auger electrons. When using high LET particles, mainly the outer shells are ionized, which give electrons with lower energies than when using X-rays. The amount of the produced low energy electrons is higher when exposing NPs to heavy charged particles than when exposing them to X-rays. Since ions traverse the material along tracks, and therefore give rise to a much more inhomogeneous dose distributions than X-rays, there might be a need to introduce a higher number of NPs when using ions compared to when using X-rays to create enough primary and secondary electrons to get the desired dose escalations. This raises the questions of toxicity. This paper provides a review of the fundamental processes controlling the outcome of metallic NP-boosted photon beam and ion beam radiation therapy and presents some experimental procedures to study the biological effects of NPs’ radiosensitization. The overview shows the need for more systematic studies of the behavior of NPs when exposed to different kinds of ionizing radiation before applying metallic-based NPs in clinical practice to improve the effect of IR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tremi
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ellas Spyratou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.P.E.)
| | - Maria Souli
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Efstathios P. Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.P.E.)
| | - Mersini Makropoulou
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Alexandros G. Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (A.G.G.); (L.S.)
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Bayoumi NA, El-Kolaly MT. Utilization of nanotechnology in targeted radionuclide cancer therapy: monotherapy, combined therapy and radiosensitization. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The rapid progress of nanomedicine field has a great influence on the different tumor therapeutic trends. It achieves a potential targeting of the therapeutic agent to the tumor site with neglectable exposure of the normal tissue. In nuclear medicine, nanocarriers have been employed for targeted delivery of therapeutic radioisotopes to the malignant tissues. This systemic radiotherapy is employed to overcome the external radiation therapy drawbacks. This review overviews studies concerned with investigation of different nanoparticles as promising carriers for targeted radiotherapy. It discusses the employment of different nanovehicles for achievement of the synergistic effect of targeted radiotherapy with other tumor therapeutic modalities such as hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy. Radiosensitization utilizing different nanosensitizer loaded nanoparticles has also been discussed briefly as one of the nanomedicine approach in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Anwer Bayoumi
- Department of Radiolabeled Compounds , Hot Laboratories Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Taha El-Kolaly
- Department of Radiolabeled Compounds , Hot Laboratories Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
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Pérez-López A, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI, Aparicio-Blanco J. Timeline of Translational Formulation Technologies for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Learned Therefrom. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1028. [PMID: 33126622 PMCID: PMC7692572 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the field of cancer therapy has seen a significant change in the way in which formulations are designed and developed, resulting in more efficient products that allow us to ultimately achieve improved drug bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. However, although many formulations have entered the market, many others have fallen by the wayside leaving the scientific community with several lessons to learn. The successes (and failures) achieved with formulations that have been approved in Europe and/or by the FDA for the three major types of cancer therapy (peptide-based therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) are reviewed herein, covering the period from the approval of the first prolonged-release system for hormonal therapy to the appearance of the first biodegradable microspheres intended for chemoembolization in 2020. In addition, those products that have entered phase III clinical trials that have been active over the last five years are summarized in order to outline future research trends and possibilities that lie ahead to develop clinically translatable formulations for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pérez-López
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (C.M.-S.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (C.M.-S.); (J.A.-B.)
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (C.M.-S.); (J.A.-B.)
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (C.M.-S.); (J.A.-B.)
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Scher N, Bonvalot S, Le Tourneau C, Chajon E, Verry C, Thariat J, Calugaru V. Review of clinical applications of radiation-enhancing nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:e00548. [PMID: 33204660 PMCID: PMC7649452 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles activated by radiotherapy (RT) increase dose deposition within cancer cells compared to RT alone. Recently, clinical evidence of the radiation-enhancing effects of NP has emerged. Two radio-enhancement NP are currently under investigation in clinical trials: hafnium oxide NP and gadolinium-based NP. So far, 229 patients have been treated with NP and RT for soft tissue sarcoma, head and neck cancers or liver cancer. Intratumoral hafnium oxide nanoparticles were safe and improved efficacy in locally advanced sarcoma.
Purpose Clinical evidence of the radiation-enhancing effects of nanoparticles has emerged. Materials and methods We searched the literature in English and French on PubMed up to October 2019. The search term was “nanoparticle” AND “radiotherapy”, yielding 1270 results. Results The two main NP used in clinical trials were hafnium oxide and gadolinium involving a total of 229 patients. Hafnium oxide NP were used in three phase 1/2 trials on sarcoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma or liver cancer and one phase 2/3 trial. There are six ongoing phase 1/2 clinical trials to evaluate the combination of gadolinium-based NP and RT for the treatment of brain metastases and cervical cancer. Conclusion So far, intratumoral hafnium oxide nanoparticles were safe and improved efficacy in locally advanced sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Scher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - S Bonvalot
- Department of Surgery, PSL University, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - C Le Tourneau
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France.,INSERM U900 Research Unit, Saint-Cloud, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - E Chajon
- Department of Radiotherapy. Eugène Marquis Cancer Center, Rennes, France
| | - C Verry
- Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy 38043 Grenoble, France.,Rayonnement Synchrotron Pour la Recherche Médicale (STROBE), Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm UA7, 71 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Thariat
- Department of Radiotherapy, François Baclesse Centre, 3 Rue Du Général Harris, 14000, Caen, France
| | - V Calugaru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Barium tungstate nanoparticles to enhance radiation therapy against cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Nanotechnology has made remarkable contributions to clinical oncology. Nanotherapeutics and diagnostic tools have distinctive characteristics which allow them superior abilities to deliver therapeutics and imaging agents for radiation oncology. Compared to solid biopsies and imaging, the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers a more rapid, real-time, and less invasive method to monitor the dynamic molecular profiles of tumors. The potential of CTCs to be translated as a novel cancer biomarker has been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies. This review will discuss clinical applications of nanomaterials in radiation oncology and the implication of CTCs in cancer detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Radiation Oncology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico 2236, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - C Tilden Hagan
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, 125 Mason Farm Road, Marsico 2120, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph Caster
- Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Radiation Oncology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Cui L, Her S, Borst GR, Bristow RG, Jaffray DA, Allen C. Radiosensitization by gold nanoparticles: Will they ever make it to the clinic? Radiother Oncol 2017; 124:344-356. [PMID: 28784439 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as radiosensitizers has shown great promise in pre-clinical research. In the current review, the physical, chemical, and biological pathways via which AuNPs enhance the effects of radiation are presented and discussed. In particular, the impact of AuNPs on the 5 Rs in radiobiology, namely repair, reoxygenation, redistribution, repopulation, and intrinsic radiosensitivity, which determine the extent of radiation enhancement effects are elucidated. Key findings from previous studies are outlined. In addition, crucial parameters including the physicochemical properties of AuNPs, route of administration, dosing schedule of AuNPs and irradiation, as well as type of radiation therapy, are highlighted; the optimal selection and combination of these parameters enable the achievement of a greater therapeutic window for AuNP sensitized radiotherapy. Future directions are put forward as a means to provide guidelines for successful translation of AuNPs to clinical applications as radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sohyoung Her
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerben R Borst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada; Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; STTARR Innovation Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - David A Jaffray
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada; STTARR Innovation Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; TECHNA Institute and Department of Radiation Physics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Radiation Physics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada; STTARR Innovation Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Wardelmann E, Haas R, Bovée J, Terrier P, Lazar A, Messiou C, LePechoux C, Hartmann W, Collin F, Fisher C, Mechtersheimer G, DeiTos A, Stacchiotti S, Jones R, Gronchi A, Bonvalot S. Evaluation of response after neoadjuvant treatment in soft tissue sarcomas; the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group (EORTC–STBSG) recommendations for pathological examination and reporting. Eur J Cancer 2016; 53:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Haas RLM, Miah AB, LePechoux C, DeLaney TF, Baldini EH, Alektiar K, O'Sullivan B. Preoperative radiotherapy for extremity soft tissue sarcoma; past, present and future perspectives on dose fractionation regimens and combined modality strategies. Radiother Oncol 2015; 119:14-21. [PMID: 26718153 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This critical review aims to summarize published data on limb sparing surgery for extremity soft tissue sarcoma in combination with pre-operative radiotherapy (RT). METHODS This review is based on peer-reviewed publications using a PubMed search on the MeSH headings "soft tissue sarcoma" AND "preoperative radiotherapy". Titles and abstracts screened for data including "fraction size AND/OR total dose AND/OR overall treatment time", "chemotherapy", "targeted agents AND/OR tyrosine kinase inhibitors", are collated. Reference lists from some articles have been studied to obtain other pertinent articles. Additional abstracts presented at international sarcoma meetings have been included as well as information on relevant clinical trials available at the ClinicalTrials.gov website. RESULTS Data are presented for the conventional regimen of 50-50.4Gy in 25-28 fractions in 5-6 of weeks preoperative external beam RT with respect to the regimen's local control probability compared to surgery alone, as well as acute and late toxicities. The rationale and outcome data for hypofractionated and/or reduced dose regimens are discussed. Finally, combination schedules with conventional chemotherapy and/or targeted agents are summarized. CONCLUSION Outside the setting of well-designed prospective clinical trials, the conventional 50Gy in 5-6week schedule should be considered as standard. However, current and future studies addressing alternative fraction size, total dose, overall treatment time and/or combination with chemotherapy or targeted agents may reveal regimens of equal or increased efficacy with reduced late morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L M Haas
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aisha B Miah
- Department of Radiotherapy and Physics, Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas F DeLaney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Baldini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Kaled Alektiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
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Pottier A, Borghi E, Levy L. Metals as radio-enhancers in oncology: The industry perspective. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:471-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bergs JWJ, Wacker MG, Hehlgans S, Piiper A, Multhoff G, Rödel C, Rödel F. The role of recent nanotechnology in enhancing the efficacy of radiation therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:130-43. [PMID: 26142869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most commonly used non-surgical interventions in tumor treatment and is often combined with other modalities to enhance its efficacy. Despite recent advances in radiation oncology, treatment responses, however, vary considerably between individual patients. A variety of approaches have been developed to enhance radiation response or to counteract resistance to ionizing radiation. Among them, a relatively novel class of radiation sensitizers comprises nanoparticles (NPs) which are highly efficient and selective systems in the nanometer range. NPs can either encapsulate radiation sensitizing agents, thereby protecting them from degradation, or sensitize cancer cells to ionizing radiation via their physicochemical properties, e.g. high Z number. Moreover, they can be chemically modified for active molecular targeting and the imaging of tumors. In this review we will focus on recent developments in nanotechnology, different classes and modifications of NPs and their radiation sensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith W J Bergs
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Department of Medicine I, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) "Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology", Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claus Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Actualités 2014 : le point de vue du comité de rédaction du Bulletin du Cancer. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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