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Mortazavi SAR, Tahmasebi S, Lech JC, Welsh JS, Taleie A, Rezaianzadeh A, Zamani A, Mega K, Nematollahi S, Zamani A, Mortazavi SMJ, Sihver L. Digital Screen Time and the Risk of Female Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Matched Case-Control Study. J Biomed Phys Eng 2024; 14:169-182. [PMID: 38628888 PMCID: PMC11016821 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2310-1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background As the use of electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and computers continues to rise globally, concerns have been raised about their potential impact on human health. Exposure to high energy visible (HEV) blue light, emitted from digital screens, particularly the so-called artificial light at night (ALAN), has been associated with adverse health effects, ranging from disruption of circadian rhythms to cancer. Breast cancer incidence rates are also increasing worldwide. Objective This study aimed at finding a correlation between breast cancer and exposure to blue light from mobile phone. Material and Methods In this retrospective matched case-control study, we aimed to investigate whether exposure to blue light from mobile phone screens is associated with an increased risk of female breast cancer. We interviewed 301 breast cancer patients (cases) and 294 controls using a standard questionnaire and performed multivariate analysis, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests for data analysis. Results Although heavy users in the case group of our study had a statistically significant higher mean 10-year cumulative exposure to digital screens compared to the control group (7089±14985 vs 4052±12515 hours, respectively, P=0.038), our study did not find a strong relationship between exposure to HEV and development of breast cancer. Conclusion Our findings suggest that heavy exposure to HEV blue light emitted from mobile phone screens at night might constitute a risk factor for promoting the development of breast cancer, but further large-scale cohort studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sedigheh Tahmasebi
- Breast Cancer Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - James C Lech
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- International EMF Project & Optical Radiation, World Health Organization, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - James S Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Abdorasoul Taleie
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Zamani
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kanu Mega
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UA
| | - Samaneh Nematollahi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Atefeh Zamani
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Department of Radiation Physics, Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Mortazavi SMJ, Said-Salman I, Mortazavi AR, El Khatib S, Sihver L. How the adaptation of the human microbiome to harsh space environment can determine the chances of success for a space mission to Mars and beyond. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1237564. [PMID: 38390219 PMCID: PMC10881706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1237564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of human cells to adapt to space radiation is essential for the well-being of astronauts during long-distance space expeditions, such as voyages to Mars or other deep space destinations. However, the adaptation of the microbiomes should not be overlooked. Microorganisms inside an astronaut's body, or inside the space station or other spacecraft, will also be exposed to radiation, which may induce resistance to antibiotics, UV, heat, desiccation, and other life-threatening factors. Therefore, it is essential to consider the potential effects of radiation not only on humans but also on their microbiomes to develop effective risk reduction strategies for space missions. Studying the human microbiome in space missions can have several potential benefits, including but not limited to a better understanding of the major effects space travel has on human health, developing new technologies for monitoring health and developing new radiation therapies and treatments. While radioadaptive response in astronauts' cells can lead to resistance against high levels of space radiation, radioadaptive response in their microbiome can lead to resistance against UV, heat, desiccation, antibiotics, and radiation. As astronauts and their microbiomes compete to adapt to the space environment. The microorganisms may emerge as the winners, leading to life-threatening situations due to lethal infections. Therefore, understanding the magnitude of the adaptation of microorganisms before launching a space mission is crucial to be able to develop effective strategies to mitigate the risks associated with radiation exposure. Ensuring the safety and well-being of astronauts during long-duration space missions and minimizing the risks linked with radiation exposure can be achieved by adopting this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi
- Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation protection research center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ilham Said-Salman
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Lebanese International University, Saida, Lebanon
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, International University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB) at Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute (NPI) of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Prague, Czechia
- Department of Radiation Physics, Technische Universität Wien Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Mortazavi SMJ, Rafiepour P, Mortazavi SAR, Razavi Toosi SMT, Shomal PR, Sihver L. Radium deposition in human brain tissue: A Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo toolkit study. Z Med Phys 2024; 34:166-174. [PMID: 38420703 PMCID: PMC10919964 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
NASA has encouraged studies on 226Ra deposition in the human brain to investigate the effects of exposure to alpha particles with high linear energy transfer, which could mimic some of the exposure astronauts face during space travel. However, this approach was criticized, noting that radium is a bone-seeker and accumulates in the skull, which means that the radiation dose from alpha particles emitted by 226Ra would be heavily concentrated in areas close to cranial bones rather than uniformly distributed throughout the brain. In the high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran, extremely high levels of 226Ra in soil contribute to a large proportion of the inhabitants' radiation exposure. A prospective study on Ramsar residents with a calcium-rich diet was conducted to improve the dose uniformity due to 226Ra throughout the cerebral and cerebellar parenchyma. The study found that exposure of the human brain to alpha particles did not significantly affect working memory but was significantly associated with increased reaction times. This finding is crucial because astronauts on deep space missions may face similar cognitive impairments due to exposure to high charge and energy particles. The current study was aimed to evaluate the validity of the terrestrial model using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit to simulate the interactions of alpha particles and representative cosmic ray particles, acknowledging that these radiation types are only a subset of the complete space radiation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M J Mortazavi
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Payman Rafiepour
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S A R Mortazavi
- MVLS College, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow Scotland, UK
| | - S M T Razavi Toosi
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran
| | - Parya Roshan Shomal
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Prague, Czechia; Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria.
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Mehdizadeh A, Mortazavi SMJ, Sihver L. Evaluating the Strength of a Hypothesis on How Terrestrial Organisms Overcame the Loss of Water's Protective Shield. J Biomed Phys Eng 2024; 14:1-4. [PMID: 38357603 PMCID: PMC10862118 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2309-1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mehdizadeh
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Department of Radiation Physics, Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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5
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Mortazavi SMJ, Taleinejad F, Haghani M, Sihver L. How Worrying Is the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Population Radiation Risk from Increased Number of CT-Scans? J Biomed Phys Eng 2023; 13:1-2. [PMID: 36818012 PMCID: PMC9923242 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2212-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Taleinejad
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Haghani
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
- Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria
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Souli MP, Nikitaki Z, Puchalska M, Brabcová KP, Spyratou E, Kote P, Efstathopoulos EP, Hada M, Georgakilas AG, Sihver L. Clustered DNA Damage Patterns after Proton Therapy Beam Irradiation Using Plasmid DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415606. [PMID: 36555249 PMCID: PMC9779025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling ionizing radiation interaction with biological matter is a major scientific challenge, especially for protons that are nowadays widely used in cancer treatment. That presupposes a sound understanding of the mechanisms that take place from the early events of the induction of DNA damage. Herein, we present results of irradiation-induced complex DNA damage measurements using plasmid pBR322 along a typical Proton Treatment Plan at the MedAustron proton and carbon beam therapy facility (energy 137-198 MeV and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) range 1-9 keV/μm), by means of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and DNA fragmentation using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The induction rate Mbp-1 Gy-1 for each type of damage, single strand breaks (SSBs), double-strand breaks (DSBs), base lesions and non-DSB clusters was measured after irradiations in solutions with varying scavenging capacity containing 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (Tris) and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (C3CA) as scavengers. Our combined results reveal the determining role of LET and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, AFM used to measure apparent DNA lengths provided us with insights into the role of increasing LET in the induction of highly complex DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Souli
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Ellas Spyratou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kote
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios P Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece
| | - Megumi Hada
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 86 Prague, Czech Republic
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Kákona M, Ambrožová I, Inozemtsev KO, Ploc O, Tolochek RV, Sihver L, Velychko O, Chroust J, Kitamura H, Kodaira S, Shurshakov VA. SPACEDOS: AN OPEN-SOURCE PIN DIODE DOSEMETER FOR APPLICATIONS IN SPACE. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2022; 198:611-616. [PMID: 36005980 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new Open-Source dosemeter, SPACEDOS, has been developed for measurements of cosmic radiation on board spacecraft and small satellites. Its main advantages are that it is small and lightweight with low power consumption. It can be adjusted for specific applications, e.g. used in pressurized cabins of spacecraft or in vacuum environments in CubeSats or larger satellites. The open-source design enables better portability and reproduction of the results than other similar detectors. The detector has already successfully performed measurements on board the International Space Station. The obtained results are discussed and compared with those measured with thermoluminescent detectors located in the same position as SPACEDOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kákona
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Hlavní 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Ambrožová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Hlavní 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Konstantin O Inozemtsev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBMP RAS), Khoroshevskoye Shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Hlavní 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Raisa V Tolochek
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBMP RAS), Khoroshevskoye Shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Hlavní 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Velychko
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Hlavní 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chroust
- Universal Scientific Technologies s.r.o., U Jatek 19/III, 392 01 Soběslav, Czech Republic
| | - Hisashi Kitamura
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Vyacheslav A Shurshakov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBMP RAS), Khoroshevskoye Shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation
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Sommer M, Johnová K, Ploc O, Benton ER, Sihver L. Monte Carlo simulation of semiconductor-based detector in mixed radiation field in the atmosphere. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2022; 34:30-36. [PMID: 35940687 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calculation of radiation protection quantities in tissue equivalent material from measurements using semiconductor detectors requires correction factors for conversion of the measured values in the semiconductor material to the tissue equivalent material. This approach has been used many times in aircraft and for space dosimetry. In this paper, we present the results of Monte Carlo simulations which reveal the need to take into account both the radiation field and the detector material when performing the conversion of measured values to radiation protection quantities. It is shown that for low Z target material, most of the dose equivalent at aviation altitudes comes from neutrons originating from nuclear reactions, while in high Z targets most of the dose equivalent comes from photons, originating from electromagnetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sommer
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Řež, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Johnová
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Eric R Benton
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Physics, Stillwater, USA
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Řež, Czech Republic; Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria; Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
During deep space missions, astronauts are exposed to highly ionizing radiation, incl. neutrons, protons and heavy ions from galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar wind (SW) and solar energetic particles
(SEP). This increase the risks for cancerogenisis, damages in central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular diseases, etc. Large SEP events can even cause acute radiation syndrome (ARS).
Long term manned deep space missions will therefor require unique radiation protection strategies. Since it has been shown that physical shielding alone is not sufficient, this paper
propose pre-flight screening of the aspirants for evaluation of their level of adaptive responses. Methods for boosting their immune system, should also be further investigated,
and the possibility of using radiation effect modulators are discussed. In this paper, especially, the use of vitamin C as a promising non-toxic, cost-effective, easily available
radiation mitigator (which can be used hours after irradiation), is described. Although it has previously been shown that vitamin C can decrease radiation-induced chromosomal damage in rodents,
it must be further investigated before any conclusions about its radiation mitigating properties in humans can be concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lembit Sihver
- PhD, Department of Radiation Physics, Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- PhD, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Javad Mortazavi SM, Mortazavi SA, Sihver L. Risk of severe COVID-19 infection in International Space Station astronauts despite routine pre-mission measures. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2021; 9:3527. [PMID: 34507714 PMCID: PMC8421716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lembit Sihver
- Department of Radiation Physics, Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria; Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Tremi I, Spyratou E, Souli M, Efstathopoulos EP, Makropoulou M, Georgakilas AG, Sihver L. Requirements for Designing an Effective Metallic Nanoparticle (NP)-Boosted Radiation Therapy (RT). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133185. [PMID: 34202342 PMCID: PMC8269428 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent advances in nanotechnology gave rise to trials with various types of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the radiosensitization of cancer cells while reducing or maintaining the normal tissue complication probability during radiation therapy. This work reviews the physical and chemical mechanisms leading to the enhancement of ionizing radiation’s detrimental effects on cells and tissues, as well as the plethora of experimental procedures to study these effects of the so-called “NPs’ radiosensitization”. The paper presents the need to a better understanding of all the phases of actions before applying metallic-based NPs in clinical practice to improve the effect of IR therapy. More physical and biological experiments especially in vivo must be performed and simulation Monte Carlo or mathematical codes based on more accurate models for all phases must be developed. Abstract Many different tumor-targeted strategies are under development worldwide to limit the side effects and improve the effectiveness of cancer therapies. One promising method is to enhance the radiosensitization of the cancer cells while reducing or maintaining the normal tissue complication probability during radiation therapy using metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Radiotherapy with MV photons is more commonly available and applied in cancer clinics than high LET particle radiotherapy, so the addition of high-Z NPs has the potential to further increase the efficacy of photon radiotherapy in terms of NP radiosensitization. Generally, when using X-rays, mainly the inner electron shells are ionized, which creates cascades of both low and high energy Auger electrons. When using high LET particles, mainly the outer shells are ionized, which give electrons with lower energies than when using X-rays. The amount of the produced low energy electrons is higher when exposing NPs to heavy charged particles than when exposing them to X-rays. Since ions traverse the material along tracks, and therefore give rise to a much more inhomogeneous dose distributions than X-rays, there might be a need to introduce a higher number of NPs when using ions compared to when using X-rays to create enough primary and secondary electrons to get the desired dose escalations. This raises the questions of toxicity. This paper provides a review of the fundamental processes controlling the outcome of metallic NP-boosted photon beam and ion beam radiation therapy and presents some experimental procedures to study the biological effects of NPs’ radiosensitization. The overview shows the need for more systematic studies of the behavior of NPs when exposed to different kinds of ionizing radiation before applying metallic-based NPs in clinical practice to improve the effect of IR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tremi
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ellas Spyratou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.P.E.)
| | - Maria Souli
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Efstathios P. Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.P.E.)
| | - Mersini Makropoulou
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Alexandros G. Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (A.G.G.); (L.S.)
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Rashed Nizam QM, Yoshida K, Sakamoto T, Benton E, Sihver L, Yasuda N. High-precision angular measurement of 12C ion interaction using a new imaging method with a CR-39 detector in the energy range below 100 MeV/nucleon. RADIAT MEAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2019.106225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nagashima K, Sihver L, Yasuda N. Evaluation of the containment vessel failure time from operator’s notifications during a severe accident. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2019.1612793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Nagashima
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Takahama Nuclear Power Station, The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nakahiro Yasuda
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Pachnerová Brabcová K, Sihver L, Ukraintsev E, Štěpán V, Davídková M. HOW DETECTION OF PLASMID DNA FRAGMENTATION AFFECTS RADIATION STRAND BREAK YIELDS. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2019; 183:89-92. [PMID: 30534982 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A compromised detection of radiation-induced plasmid DNA fragments results in underestimation of calculated damage yields. Electrophoretic methods are easy and cheap, but they can only detect a part of the fragments, neglecting the shortest ones. These can be detected with atomic force microscopy, but at the expense of time and price. Both methods were used to investigate their capabilities to detect the DNA fragments induced by high-energetic heavy ions. The results were taken into account in calculations of radiation-induced yields of single and double strand breaks. It was estimated that the double strand break yield is twice as high when the fragments are at least partially detected with the agarose electrophoresis, compared to when they were completely omitted. Further increase by 13% was observed when the measured fragments were corrected for the fraction of the shortest fragments up to 300 base pairs, as detected with the atomic force microscopy. The effect of fragment detection on the single strand break yield was diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, Wien, Austria
- MedAustron, Marie-Curie-Straße 5, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Egor Ukraintsev
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Štěpán
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Davídková
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague, Czech Republic
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Walsh L, Schneider U, Fogtman A, Kausch C, McKenna-Lawlor S, Narici L, Ngo-Anh J, Reitz G, Sabatier L, Santin G, Sihver L, Straube U, Weber U, Durante M. Research plans in Europe for radiation health hazard assessment in exploratory space missions. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2019; 21:73-82. [PMID: 31101157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently expanding its efforts in identifying requirements and promoting research towards optimizing radiation protection of astronauts. Space agencies use common limits for tissue (deterministic) effects on the International Space Station. However, the agencies have in place different career radiation exposure limits (for stochastic effects) for astronauts in low-Earth orbit missions. Moreover, no specific limits for interplanetary missions are issued. Harmonization of risk models and dose limits for exploratory-class missions are now operational priorities, in view of the short-term plans for international exploratory-class human missions. The purpose of this paper is to report on the activity of the ESA Topical Team on space radiation research, whose task was to identify the most pertinent research requirements for improved space radiation protection and to develop a European space radiation risk model, to contribute to the efforts to reach international consensus on dose limits for deep space. The Topical Team recommended ESA to promote the development of a space radiation risk model based on European-specific expertise in: transport codes, radiobiological modelling, risk assessment, and uncertainty analysis. The model should provide cancer and non-cancer radiation risks for crews implementing exploratory missions. ESA should then support the International Commission on Radiological Protection to harmonize international models and dose limits in deep space, and guarantee continuous support in Europe for accelerator-based research configured to improve the models and develop risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U Schneider
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - C Kausch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - L Narici
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, and INFN, Roma-2 Section, Rome, Italy
| | - J Ngo-Anh
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - G Reitz
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Radiation Biology, Institue for Aerospace Medicine, DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Sabatier
- Fundamental Research Division, D3P, CEA, Paris-Saclay, France
| | - G Santin
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - L Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; MedAustron, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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16
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Puchalska M, Tessonnier T, Parodi K, Sihver L. Benchmarking of PHITS for Carbon Ion Therapy. Int J Part Ther 2018; 4:48-55. [PMID: 31773011 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-17-00029.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Up to now, carbon ions have shown the most favorable physical and radiobiological properties for radiation therapy of, for example, deep-seated radioresistant tumors. However, when carbon ions penetrate matter, they undergo inelastic nuclear reactions that give rise to secondary fragments contributing to the dose in the healthy tissue. This can cause damage to radiosensitive organs at risk when they are located in the vicinity of the tumor. Therefore, predictions of the yields and angular distributions of the secondary fragments are needed to be able to estimate the resulting biological effects in both the tumor region and the healthy tissues. This study presents the accuracy of simulations of therapeutic carbon ion beams with water, with the 3D MC (Monte Carlo) general purpose particle and ion transport code PHITS. Materials and Methods Simulations with PHITS of depth-dose distributions, beam attenuation, fragment yields, and fragment angular distributions from interactions of therapeutic carbon ion beams with water are compared to published measurements performed at Gesellschaft für Schwerionen Forschung (GSI). Results The results presented in this study demonstrate that PHITS simulations of therapeutic carbon ion beams in water show overall a good agreement with measurements performed at GSI; for example, for light ions like H and He, simulations agree within about 10%. However, there is still a need to further improve the calculations of fragment yields, especially for underproduction of Li of up to 50%, by improving the nucleus-nucleus cross-section models. Conclusion The simulated data are clinically acceptable but there is still a need to further improve the models in the transport code PHITS. More reliable experimental data are therefore needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Tessonnier
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katia Parodi
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria.,EBG, MedAustron, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Sihver L, Yasuda N. Causes and Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl and Fukushima Nuclear Accidents. Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4037116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the causes and the radiological consequences of the explosion of the Chernobyl reactor occurred at 1:23 a.m. (local time) on Apr. 26, 1986, and of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster following the huge Tsunami caused by the Great East Japan earthquake at 2.46 p.m. (local time) on Mar. 11, 2011 are discussed. The need for better severe accident management (SAM), and severe accident management guidelines (SAMGs), are essential in order to increase the safety of the existing and future operating nuclear power plants (NPPs). In addition to that, stress tests should, on a regular basis, be performed to assess whether the NPPs can withstand the effects of natural disasters and man-made failures and actions. The differences in safety preparations at the Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi will therefore be presented, as well as recommendations concerning improvements of safety culture, decontamination, and disaster planning. The need for a high-level national emergency response system in case of nuclear accidents will be discussed. The emergency response system should include fast alarms, communication between nuclear power plants, nuclear power authorities and the public people, as well as well-prepared and well-established evacuation plans and evacuation zones. The experiences of disaster planning and the development of a new improved emergency response system in Japan will also be presented together with the training and education program, which have been established to ensure that professional rescue workers, including medical staff, fire fighters, and police, as well as the normal populations including patients, have sufficient knowledge about ionizing radiation and are informed about the meaning of radiation risks and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sihver
- Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria e-mail:
| | - N. Yasuda
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Tsuruga-shi, Fukui 914-0055, Japan
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18
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Sato T, Iwamoto Y, Hashimoto S, Ogawa T, Furuta T, Abe SI, Kai T, Tsai PE, Matsuda N, Iwase H, Shigyo N, Sihver L, Niita K. Features of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) version 3.02. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2017.1419890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Yosuke Iwamoto
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hashimoto
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ogawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Abe
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Pi-En Tsai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Norihiro Matsuda
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwase
- Radiation Science Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shigyo
- Kyushu University, Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koji Niita
- Research Organization for Information Science and Technology, Tokai, Japan
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19
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Spyratou E, Makropoulou M, Efstathopoulos EP, Georgakilas AG, Sihver L. Recent Advances in Cancer Therapy Based on Dual Mode Gold Nanoparticles. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9120173. [PMID: 29257070 PMCID: PMC5742821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumor-targeted strategies have been used worldwide to limit the side effects and improve the effectiveness of therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), etc. Biophotonic therapy modalities comprise very promising alternative techniques for cancer treatment with minimal invasiveness and side-effects. These modalities use light e.g., laser irradiation in an extracorporeal or intravenous mode to activate photosensitizer agents with selectivity in the target tissue. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a minimally invasive technique for cancer treatment which uses laser-activated photoabsorbers to convert photon energy into heat sufficient to induce cells destruction via apoptosis, necroptosis and/or necrosis. During the last decade, PTT has attracted an increased interest since the therapy can be combined with customized functionalized nanoparticles (NPs). Recent advances in nanotechnology have given rise to generation of various types of NPs, like gold NPs (AuNPs), designed to act both as radiosensitizers and photothermal sensitizing agents due to their unique optical and electrical properties i.e., functioning in dual mode. Functionalized AuNPS can be employed in combination with non-ionizing and ionizing radiation to significantly improve the efficacy of cancer treatment while at the same time sparing normal tissues. Here, we first provide an overview of the use of NPs for cancer therapy. Then we review many recent advances on the use of gold NPs in PTT, RT and PTT/RT based on different types of AuNPs, irradiation conditions and protocols. We refer to the interaction mechanisms of AuNPs with cancer cells via the effects of non-ionizing and ionizing radiations and we provide recent existing experimental data as a baseline for the design of optimized protocols in PTT, RT and PTT/RT combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellas Spyratou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Mersini Makropoulou
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Efstathios P Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Sato T, Niita K, Iwamoto Y, Hashimoto S, Ogawa T, Furuta T, Abe SI, Kai T, Matsuda N, Okumura K, Kai T, Iwase H, Sihver L. Recent Improvements of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System: PHITS. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201715306008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Baiocco G, Barbieri S, Babini G, Morini J, Alloni D, Friedland W, Kundrát P, Schmitt E, Puchalska M, Sihver L, Ottolenghi A. The origin of neutron biological effectiveness as a function of energy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34033. [PMID: 27654349 PMCID: PMC5032018 DOI: 10.1038/srep34033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the impact of radiation quality in early and late responses of biological targets to ionizing radiation exposure necessarily grounds on the results of mechanistic studies starting from physical interactions. This is particularly true when, already at the physical stage, the radiation field is mixed, as it is the case for neutron exposure. Neutron Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) is energy dependent, maximal for energies ~1 MeV, varying significantly among different experiments. The aim of this work is to shed light on neutron biological effectiveness as a function of field characteristics, with a comprehensive modeling approach: this brings together transport calculations of neutrons through matter (with the code PHITS) and the predictive power of the biophysical track structure code PARTRAC in terms of DNA damage evaluation. Two different energy dependent neutron RBE models are proposed: the first is phenomenological and based only on the characterization of linear energy transfer on a microscopic scale; the second is purely ab-initio and based on the induction of complex DNA damage. Results for the two models are compared and found in good qualitative agreement with current standards for radiation protection factors, which are agreed upon on the basis of RBE data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Baiocco
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - S. Barbieri
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G. Babini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - J. Morini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - D. Alloni
- INFN, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- LENA, Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - W. Friedland
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - P. Kundrát
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E. Schmitt
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - L. Sihver
- Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - A. Ottolenghi
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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22
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Norbury JW, Schimmerling W, Slaba TC, Azzam EI, Badavi FF, Baiocco G, Benton E, Bindi V, Blakely EA, Blattnig SR, Boothman DA, Borak TB, Britten RA, Curtis S, Dingfelder M, Durante M, Dynan WS, Eisch AJ, Robin Elgart S, Goodhead DT, Guida PM, Heilbronn LH, Hellweg CE, Huff JL, Kronenberg A, La Tessa C, Lowenstein DI, Miller J, Morita T, Narici L, Nelson GA, Norman RB, Ottolenghi A, Patel ZS, Reitz G, Rusek A, Schreurs AS, Scott-Carnell LA, Semones E, Shay JW, Shurshakov VA, Sihver L, Simonsen LC, Story MD, Turker MS, Uchihori Y, Williams J, Zeitlin CJ. Galactic cosmic ray simulation at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2016; 8:38-51. [PMID: 26948012 PMCID: PMC5771487 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most accelerator-based space radiation experiments have been performed with single ion beams at fixed energies. However, the space radiation environment consists of a wide variety of ion species with a continuous range of energies. Due to recent developments in beam switching technology implemented at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), it is now possible to rapidly switch ion species and energies, allowing for the possibility to more realistically simulate the actual radiation environment found in space. The present paper discusses a variety of issues related to implementation of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) simulation at NSRL, especially for experiments in radiobiology. Advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to developing a GCR simulator are presented. In addition, issues common to both GCR simulation and single beam experiments are compared to issues unique to GCR simulation studies. A set of conclusions is presented as well as a discussion of the technical implementation of GCR simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Schimmerling
- East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Tony C Slaba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA
| | | | | | - Giorgio Baiocco
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eric Benton
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | | | | | | | - David A Boothman
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | - Stan Curtis
- 11771 Sunset Ave. NE, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | | | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Amelia J Eisch
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | - Peter M Guida
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | | | | | - Janice L Huff
- Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Jack Miller
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Livio Narici
- University of Rome Tor Vergata & INFN, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ryan B Norman
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam Rusek
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jerry W Shay
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Lembit Sihver
- Technische Universität Wien - Atominstitut, 1020 Vienna, Austria; EBG MedAustron GmbH, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - Michael D Story
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Yukio Uchihori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | | | - Cary J Zeitlin
- Lockheed Martin Information Systems & Global Solutions, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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23
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Pachnerová Brabcová K, Štěpán V, Karamitros M, Karabín M, Dostálek P, Incerti S, Davídková M, Sihver L. Contribution of indirect effects to clustered damage in DNA irradiated with protons. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 166:44-48. [PMID: 25897140 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protons are the dominant particles both in galactic cosmic rays and in solar particle events and, furthermore, proton irradiation becomes increasingly used in tumour treatment. It is believed that complex DNA damage is the determining factor for the consequent cellular response to radiation. DNA plasmid pBR322 was irradiated at U120-M cyclotron with 30 MeV protons and treated with two Escherichia coli base excision repair enzymes. The yields of SSBs and DSBs were analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA has been irradiated in the presence of hydroxyl radical scavenger (coumarin-3-carboxylic acid) in order to distinguish between direct and indirect damage of the biological target. Pure scavenger solution was used as a probe for measurement of induced OH· radical yields. Experimental OH· radical yield kinetics was compared with predictions computed by two theoretical models-RADAMOL and Geant4-DNA. Both approaches use Geant4-DNA for description of physical stages of radiation action, and then each of them applies a distinct model for description of the pre-chemical and chemical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pachnerová Brabcová
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - V Štěpán
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du Solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - M Karamitros
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du Solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M Karabín
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - P Dostálek
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - S Incerti
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du Solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M Davídková
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - L Sihver
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Sato T, Niita K, Matsuda N, Hashimoto S, Iwamoto Y, Furuta T, Noda S, Ogawa T, Iwase H, Nakashima H, Fukahori T, Okumura K, Kai T, Chiba S, Sihver L. Overview of particle and heavy ion transport code system PHITS. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Puchalska M, Sihver L. PHITS simulations of absorbed dose out-of-field and neutron energy spectra for ELEKTA SL25 medical linear accelerator. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:N261-70. [PMID: 26057186 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/12/n261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monte Carlo (MC) based calculation methods for modeling photon and particle transport, have several potential applications in radiotherapy. An essential requirement for successful radiation therapy is that the discrepancies between dose distributions calculated at the treatment planning stage and those delivered to the patient are minimized. It is also essential to minimize the dose to radiosensitive and critical organs. With MC technique, the dose distributions from both the primary and scattered photons can be calculated. The out-of-field radiation doses are of particular concern when high energy photons are used, since then neutrons are produced both in the accelerator head and inside the patients. Using MC technique, the created photons and particles can be followed and the transport and energy deposition in all the tissues of the patient can be estimated. This is of great importance during pediatric treatments when minimizing the risk for normal healthy tissue, e.g. secondary cancer. The purpose of this work was to evaluate 3D general purpose PHITS MC code efficiency as an alternative approach for photon beam specification. In this study, we developed a model of an ELEKTA SL25 accelerator and used the transport code PHITS for calculating the total absorbed dose and the neutron energy spectra infield and outside the treatment field. This model was validated against measurements performed with bubble detector spectrometers and Boner sphere for 18 MV linacs, including both photons and neutrons. The average absolute difference between the calculated and measured absorbed dose for the out-of-field region was around 11%. Taking into account a simplification for simulated geometry, which does not include any potential scattering materials around, the obtained result is very satisfactorily. A good agreement between the simulated and measured neutron energy spectra was observed while comparing to data found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Puchalska
- Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sihver L, Ploc O, Puchalska M, Ambrožová I, Kubančák J, Kyselová D, Shurshakov V. Radiation environment at aviation altitudes and in space. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 164:477-483. [PMID: 25979747 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On the Earth, protection from cosmic radiation is provided by the magnetosphere and the atmosphere, but the radiation exposure increases with increasing altitude. Aircrew and especially space crew members are therefore exposed to an increased level of ionising radiation. Dosimetry onboard aircraft and spacecraft is however complicated by the presence of neutrons and high linear energy transfer particles. Film and thermoluminescent dosimeters, routinely used for ground-based personnel, do not reliably cover the range of particle types and energies found in cosmic radiation. Further, the radiation field onboard aircraft and spacecraft is not constant; its intensity and composition change mainly with altitude, geomagnetic position and solar activity (marginally also with the aircraft/spacecraft type, number of people aboard, amount of fuel etc.). The European Union Council directive 96/29/Euroatom of 1996 specifies that aircrews that could receive dose of >1 mSv y(-1) must be evaluated. The dose evaluation is routinely performed by computer programs, e.g. CARI-6, EPCARD, SIEVERT, PCAire, JISCARD and AVIDOS. Such calculations should however be carefully verified and validated. Measurements of the radiation field in aircraft are thus of a great importance. A promising option is the long-term deployment of active detectors, e.g. silicon spectrometer Liulin, TEPC Hawk and pixel detector Timepix. Outside the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetosphere, the environment is much harsher than at aviation altitudes. In addition to the exposure to high energetic ionising cosmic radiation, there are microgravity, lack of atmosphere, psychological and psychosocial components etc. The milieu is therefore very unfriendly for any living organism. In case of solar flares, exposures of spacecraft crews may even be lethal. In this paper, long-term measurements of the radiation environment onboard Czech aircraft performed with the Liulin since 2001, as well as measurements and simulations of dose rates on and outside the International Space Station were presented. The measured and simulated results are discussed in the context of health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sihver
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria Chalmers University of Technology, Applied Physics, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - O Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Puchalska
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria
| | - I Ambrožová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Horská 3a/22, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - D Kyselová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Horská 3a/22, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - V Shurshakov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russia
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Pachnerová Brabcová K, Sihver L, Yasuda N, Matuo Y, Stěpán V, Davídková M. Clustered DNA damage on subcellular level: effect of scavengers. Radiat Environ Biophys 2014; 53:705-712. [PMID: 25034012 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Clustered DNA damages are induced by ionizing radiation, particularly of high linear energy transfer (LET). Compared to isolated DNA damage sites, their biological effects can be more severe. We investigated a clustered DNA damage induced by high LET radiation (C 290 MeV u(-1) and Fe 500 MeV u(-1)) in pBR322 plasmid DNA. The plasmid is dissolved in pure water or in aqueous solution of one of the three scavengers (coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, and glycylglycine). The yield of double strand breaks (DSB) induced in the DNA plasmid-scavenger system by heavy ion radiation was found to decrease with increasing scavenging capacity due to reaction with hydroxyl radical, linearly with high correlation coefficients. The yield of non-DSB clusters was found to occur twice as much as the DSB. Their decrease with increasing scavenging capacity had lower linear correlation coefficients. This indicates that the yield of non-DSB clusters depends on more factors, which are likely connected to the chemical properties of individual scavengers.
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Pachnerová Brabcová K, Ambrožová I, Kubančák J, Puchalska M, Vondráček V, Molokanov AG, Sihver L, Davídková M. Dose distribution outside the target volume for 170-MeV proton beam. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 161:410-416. [PMID: 24759915 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dose delivered outside the proton field during radiotherapy can potentially lead to secondary cancer development. Measurements with a 170-MeV proton beam were performed with passive detectors (track etched detectors and thermoluminescence dosemeters) in three different depths along the Bragg curve. The measurement showed an uneven decrease of the dose outside of the beam field with local enhancements. The major contribution to the delivered dose is due to high-energy protons with linear energy transfer (LET) up to 10 keV µm(-1). However, both measurement and preliminary Monte Carlo calculation also confirmed the presence of particles with higher LET.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pachnerová Brabcová
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - I Ambrožová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Puchalska
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - V Vondráček
- Proton Therapy Center Czech, Budínova 2437/1a, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A G Molokanov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - L Sihver
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - M Davídková
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sihver L, Ni J, Sun L, Kong D, Ren Y, Gu S. Voxel model of individual cells and its implementation in microdosimetric calculations using GEANT4. Radiat Environ Biophys 2014; 53:571-579. [PMID: 24878548 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate dosimetric calculations at cellular and sub-cellular levels are crucial to obtain an increased understanding of the interactions of ionizing radiation with a cell and its nucleus and cytoplasm. Ion microbeams provide a superior opportunity to irradiate small biological samples, e.g., DNA, cells, and to compare their response to computer simulations. However, the phantoms used to simulate small biological samples at cellular levels are often simplified as simple volumes filled with water. As a first step to improve the situation in comparing measurements of cell response to ionizing radiation with model calculations, a realistic voxel model of a KB cell was constructed and used together with an already constructed geometry and tracking 4 (GEANT4) model of the horizontal microbeam line of the Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan (CENBG) 3.5 MV Van de Graaf accelerator at the CENBG, France. The microbeam model was then implemented into GEANT4 for simulations of the average number of particles hitting an irradiated cell when a specified number of particles are produced in the beam line. The result shows that when irradiating the developed voxel model of a KB cell with 200 α particles, with a nominal energy of 3 MeV in the beam line and 2.34 MeV at the cell entrance, 100 particles hit the cell on average. The mean specific energy is 0.209 ± 0.019 Gy in the nucleus and 0.044 ± 0.001 Gy in the cytoplasm. These results are in agreement with previously published data, which indicates that this model could act as a reference model for dosimetric calculations of radiobiological experiments, and that the proposed method could be applied to build a cell model database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lembit Sihver
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ploc O, Kubancak J, Sihver L, Uchihori Y, Jakubek J, Ambrozova I, Molokanov A, Pinsky L. Dosimetry measurements using Timepix in mixed radiation fields induced by heavy ions; comparison with standard dosimetry methods. J Radiat Res 2014; 55:i141-i142. [PMCID: PMC3941499 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective of our research was to explore capabilities of Timepix for its use as a single dosemeter and LET spectrometer in mixed radiation fields created by heavy ions. We exposed it to radiation field (i) at heavy ion beams at HIMAC, Chiba, Japan, (ii) in the CERN's high-energy reference field (CERF) facility at Geneva, France/Switzerland, (iii) in the exposure room of the proton therapy laboratory at JINR, Dubna, Russia, and (iv) onboard aircraft. We compared the absolute values of dosimetric quantities obtained with Timepix and with other dosemeters and spectrometers like tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) Hawk, silicon detector Liulin, and track-etched detectors (TEDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, v. v. i., Na Truhlarce 39, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
- Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jan Kubancak
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, v. v. i., Na Truhlarce 39, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Czech Republic
| | | | - Yukio Uchihori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jan Jakubek
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Ambrozova
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, v. v. i., Na Truhlarce 39, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
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Rohling H, Sihver L, Priegnitz M, Enghardt W, Fiedler F. Comparison of PHITS, GEANT4, and HIBRAC simulations of depth-dependent yields of β+-emitting nuclei during therapeutic particle irradiation to measured data. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:6355-68. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/18/6355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sato T, Niita K, Matsuda N, Hashimoto S, Iwamoto Y, Noda S, Ogawa T, Iwase H, Nakashima H, Fukahori T, Okumura K, Kai T, Chiba S, Furuta T, Sihver L. Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, version 2.52. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2013.814553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sihver L, Giacomelli M, Ota S, Skvarc J, Yasuda N, Ilic R, Kodaira S. Projectile fragment emission angles in fragmentation reactions of light heavy ions in the energy region <200 MeV/nucleon: Experimental study. RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maeyama T, Yamashita S, Taguchi M, Baldacchino G, Sihver L, Murakami T, Katsumura Y. Production of a fluorescence probe in ion-beam radiolysis of aqueous coumarin-3-carboxylic acid solution—2: Effects of nuclear fragmentation and its simulation with PHITS. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sato T, Watanabe R, Sihver L, Niita K. Applications of the microdosimetric function implemented in the macroscopic particle transport simulation code PHITS. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 88:143-50. [PMID: 21823823 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.611216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microdosimetric quantities such as lineal energy are generally considered to be better indices than linear energy transfer (LET) for expressing the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of high charge and energy particles. To calculate their probability densities (PD) in macroscopic matter, it is necessary to integrate microdosimetric tools such as track-structure simulation codes with macroscopic particle transport simulation codes. METHODS As an integration approach, the mathematical model for calculating the PD of microdosimetric quantities developed based on track-structure simulations was incorporated into the macroscopic particle transport simulation code PHITS (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System). The improved PHITS enables the PD in macroscopic matter to be calculated within a reasonable computation time, while taking their stochastic nature into account. APPLICATIONS The microdosimetric function of PHITS was applied to biological dose estimation for charged-particle therapy and risk estimation for astronauts. The former application was performed in combination with the microdosimetric kinetic model, while the latter employed the radiation quality factor expressed as a function of lineal energy. CONCLUSION Owing to the unique features of the microdosimetric function, the improved PHITS has the potential to establish more sophisticated systems for radiological protection in space as well as for the treatment planning of charged-particle therapy.
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Durante M, Sihver L, Aird E, Jereczek-Fossa B, van den Heuvel F. 123 speaker DOSIMETRY FOR NORMAL TISSUE RISK ASSESSMENT: MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF THE DOSES RECEIVED BY NORMAL TISSUES FROM RADIATION THERAPY FROM CURRENT AND EMERGING MODALITIES. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sihver L, Sato T, Niita K. 1419 poster CALCULATIONS OF RBES USING PHITS COUPLED TO A MICRO-DOSIMETRIC KINETIC MODEL. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)71541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sihver L. 340 speaker PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN PROTON AND ION THERAPY. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sato T, Endo A, Sihver L, Niita K. Dose estimation for astronauts using dose conversion coefficients calculated with the PHITS code and the ICRP/ICRU adult reference computational phantoms. Radiat Environ Biophys 2011; 50:115-123. [PMID: 20835833 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Absorbed-dose and dose-equivalent rates for astronauts were estimated by multiplying fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients in the units of Gy.cm(2) and Sv.cm(2), respectively, and cosmic-ray fluxes around spacecrafts in the unit of cm(-2) s(-1). The dose conversion coefficients employed in the calculation were evaluated using the general-purpose particle and heavy ion transport code system PHITS coupled to the male and female adult reference computational phantoms, which were released as a common ICRP/ICRU publication. The cosmic-ray fluxes inside and near to spacecrafts were also calculated by PHITS, using simplified geometries. The accuracy of the obtained absorbed-dose and dose-equivalent rates was verified by various experimental data measured both inside and outside spacecrafts. The calculations quantitatively show that the effective doses for astronauts are significantly greater than their corresponding effective dose equivalents, because of the numerical incompatibility between the radiation quality factors and the radiation weighting factors. These results demonstrate the usefulness of dose conversion coefficients in space dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4, Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.
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Sihver L, Sato T, Puchalska M, Reitz G. Simulations of the MATROSHKA experiment at the international space station using PHITS. Radiat Environ Biophys 2010; 49:351-357. [PMID: 20496176 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the biological effects of space radiation are increasing rapidly due to the perspective of long-duration manned missions, both in relation to the International Space Station (ISS) and to manned interplanetary missions to Moon and Mars in the future. As a preparation for these long-duration space missions, it is important to ensure an excellent capability to evaluate the impact of space radiation on human health, in order to secure the safety of the astronauts/cosmonauts and minimize their risks. It is therefore necessary to measure the radiation load on the personnel both inside and outside the space vehicles and certify that organ- and tissue-equivalent doses can be simulated as accurate as possible. In this paper, simulations are presented using the three-dimensional Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS) (Iwase et al. in J Nucl Sci Tech 39(11):1142-1151, 2002) of long-term dose measurements performed with the European Space Agency-supported MATROSHKA (MTR) experiment (Reitz and Berger in Radiat Prot Dosim 120:442-445, 2006). MATROSHKA is an anthropomorphic phantom containing over 6,000 radiation detectors, mimicking a human head and torso. The MTR experiment, led by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), was launched in January 2004 and has measured the absorbed doses from space radiation both inside and outside the ISS. Comparisons of simulations with measurements outside the ISS are presented. The results indicate that PHITS is a suitable tool for estimation of doses received from cosmic radiation and for study of the shielding of spacecraft against cosmic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sihver
- Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Golovchenko A, Sihver L, Ota S, Skvarč J, Yasuda N, Kodaira S, Timoshenko G, Giacomelli M. Fragmentation of 370MeV/n 20Ne and 470MeV/n 24Mg in light targets. RADIAT MEAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Matthiä D, Heber B, Reitz G, Sihver L, Berger T, Meier M. The ground level event 70 on December 13th, 2006 and related effective doses at aviation altitudes. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2009; 136:304-310. [PMID: 19675011 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The 70th ground level event in the records of the Neutron Monitor network occurred on 13 December 2006 reaching a maximum count rate increase at the Oulu station of more than 90 % during the 5 min interval 3.05-3.10 UTC. Thereafter, count rates gradually decreased registering increases of a few per cent above the galactic cosmic ray background after a few hours. The primary proton spectrum during the first 6 h after the onset of the event is characterised in this work by fitting the energy and angular distribution by a power law in rigidity and a linear dependence in the pitch angle using a minimisation technique. The results were obtained by analysing the data from 28 Neutron Monitor stations. At very high northern and southern latitudes, the effective dose rates were estimated to reach values of 25-30 microSv h(-1) at atmospheric depth of 200 g cm(-2) during the maximum of the event. The increase in effective dose during north atlantic and polar flights was estimated to be in the order of 20 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Matthiä
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.
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Mancusi D, Sihver L, Niita K, Li Q, Sato T, Iwase H, Iwamoto Y, Matsuda N, Sakamoto Y, Nakashima H. Calculation of energy-deposition distributions and microdosimetric estimation of the biological effect of a 9C beam. Radiat Environ Biophys 2009; 48:135-43. [PMID: 19082837 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-008-0206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Among the alternative beams being recently considered for external cancer radiotherapy, (9)C has received some attention because it is expected that its biological effectiveness could be boosted by the beta-delayed emission of two alpha particles and a proton that takes place at the ion-stopping site. Experiments have been performed to characterise this exotic beam physically and models have been developed to estimate quantitatively its biological effect. Here, the particle and heavy-ion transport code system ( PHITS ) is used to calculate energy-deposition and linear energy transfer distributions for a (9)C beam in water and the results are compared with published data. Although PHITS fails to reproduce some of the features of the distributions, it suggests that the decay of (9)C contributes negligibly to the energy-deposition distributions, thus contradicting the previous interpretation of the measured data. We have also performed a microdosimetric calculation to estimate the biological effect of the decay, which was found to be negligible; previous microdosimetric Monte-Carlo calculations were found to be incorrect. An analytical argument, of geometrical nature, confirms this conclusion and gives a theoretical upper bound on the additional biological effectiveness of the decay. However, no explanation can be offered at present for the observed difference in the biological effectiveness between (9)C and (12)C; the reproducibility of this surprising result will be verified in coming experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mancusi
- Nuclear Engineering, Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Sato T, Kase Y, Watanabe R, Niita K, Sihver L. Biological dose estimation for charged-particle therapy using an improved PHITS code coupled with a microdosimetric kinetic model. Radiat Res 2009; 171:107-17. [PMID: 19138056 DOI: 10.1667/rr1510.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Microdosimetric quantities such as lineal energy, y, are better indexes for expressing the RBE of HZE particles in comparison to LET. However, the use of microdosimetric quantities in computational dosimetry is severely limited because of the difficulty in calculating their probability densities in macroscopic matter. We therefore improved the particle transport simulation code PHITS, providing it with the capability of estimating the microdosimetric probability densities in a macroscopic framework by incorporating a mathematical function that can instantaneously calculate the probability densities around the trajectory of HZE particles with a precision equivalent to that of a microscopic track-structure simulation. A new method for estimating biological dose, the product of physical dose and RBE, from charged-particle therapy was established using the improved PHITS coupled with a microdosimetric kinetic model. The accuracy of the biological dose estimated by this method was tested by comparing the calculated physical doses and RBE values with the corresponding data measured in a slab phantom irradiated with several kinds of HZE particles. The simulation technique established in this study will help to optimize the treatment planning of charged-particle therapy, thereby maximizing the therapeutic effect on tumors while minimizing unintended harmful effects on surrounding normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Research Group for Radiation Protection, Division of Environment and Radiation Sciences, Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Sato T, Yasuda H, Niita K, Endo A, Sihver L. Development of PARMA: PHITS-based Analytical Radiation Model in the Atmosphere. Radiat Res 2008; 170:244-59. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1094.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Matthiä D, Sihver L, Meier M. Monte-Carlo calculations of particle fluences and neutron effective dose rates in the atmosphere. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2008; 131:222-228. [PMID: 18448435 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncn130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of radiation exposure of aircrew is a legal requirement for many airlines in the EU and a challenging task in dosimetry. Monte-Carlo simulations of cosmic particles in the atmosphere can contribute to the understanding of the corresponding radiation field. Calculations of secondary neutron fluences in the atmosphere produced by galactic cosmic rays together with the resulting neutron-effective dose rates are shown in this paper and compared with results from the AIR project. The PLANETOCOSMICS package based on GEANT4 and two models for the local interstellar spectra of galactic cosmic rays have been used for the calculations. Furthermore, secondary muon fluences have been computed and are compared with CAPRICE measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Matthiä
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Porz-Wahnheide, Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany.
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Bertucci A, Durante M, Gialanella G, Grossi G, Manti L, Pugliese M, Scampoli P, Mancusi D, Sihver L, Rusek A. Shielding of relativistic protons. Radiat Environ Biophys 2007; 46:107-11. [PMID: 17256178 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protons are the most abundant element in the galactic cosmic radiation, and the energy spectrum peaks around 1 GeV. Shielding of relativistic protons is therefore a key problem in the radiation protection strategy of crewmembers involved in long-term missions in deep space. Hydrogen ions were accelerated up to 1 GeV at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York. The proton beam was also shielded with thick (about 20 g/cm2) blocks of lucite (PMMA) or aluminium (Al). We found that the dose rate was increased 40-60% by the shielding and decreased as a function of the distance along the axis. Simulations using the General-Purpose Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS) show that the dose increase is mostly caused by secondary protons emitted by the target. The modified radiation field after the shield has been characterized for its biological effectiveness by measuring chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed just behind the shield block, or to the direct beam, in the dose range 0.5-3 Gy. Notwithstanding the increased dose per incident proton, the fraction of aberrant cells at the same dose in the sample position was not significantly modified by the shield. The PHITS code simulations show that, albeit secondary protons are slower than incident nuclei, the LET spectrum is still contained in the low-LET range (<10 keV/microm), which explains the approximately unitary value measured for the relative biological effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertucci
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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