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Song Y, Yang H, Zhang Y, Liao J, Jia Y, Ma P, Hou Y, Sun X, Wang H, Song H, Zhao C. Development of a Time Projection Chamber Readout with Hybrid Pixel Sensors for Beam Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2387. [PMID: 38676004 PMCID: PMC11054571 DOI: 10.3390/s24082387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To monitor the position and profile of therapeutic carbon beams in real-time, in this paper, we proposed a system called HiBeam-T. The HiBeam-T is a time projection chamber (TPC) with forty Topmetal-II- CMOS pixel sensors as its readout. Each Topmetal-II- has 72 × 72 pixels with the size of 83 μm × 83 μm. The detector consists of the charge drift region and the charge collection area. The readout electronics comprise three Readout Control Modules and one Clock Synchronization Module. This Hibeam-T has a sensitive area of 20 × 20 cm and can acquire the center of the incident beams. The test with a continuous 80.55 MeV/u 12C6+ beam shows that the measurement resolution to the beam center could reach 6.45 μm for unsaturated beam projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Song
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516003, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516003, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuezhao Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
| | - Jianwei Liao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516003, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanhao Jia
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516003, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
| | - Yufeng Hou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
| | - Xiangming Sun
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Hulin Wang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Haisheng Song
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Chengxin Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (H.Y.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516003, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Donath T, Šišak Jung D, Burian M, Radicci V, Zambon P, Fitch AN, Dejoie C, Zhang B, Ruat M, Hanfland M, Kewish CM, van Riessen GA, Naumenko D, Amenitsch H, Bourenkov G, Bricogne G, Chari A, Schulze-Briese C. EIGER2 hybrid-photon-counting X-ray detectors for advanced synchrotron diffraction experiments. J Synchrotron Radiat 2023; 30:S160057752300454X. [PMID: 37343017 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752300454x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to utilize a hybrid-photon-counting detector to its full potential can significantly influence data quality, data collection speed, as well as development of elaborate data acquisition schemes. This paper facilitates the optimal use of EIGER2 detectors by providing theory and practical advice on (i) the relation between detector design, technical specifications and operating modes, (ii) the use of corrections and calibrations, and (iii) new acquisition features: a double-gating mode, 8-bit readout mode for increasing temporal resolution, and lines region-of-interest readout mode for frame rates up to 98 kHz. Examples of the implementation and application of EIGER2 at several synchrotron sources (ESRF, PETRA III/DESY, ELETTRA, AS/ANSTO) are presented: high accuracy of high-throughput data in serial crystallography using hard X-rays; suppressing higher harmonics of undulator radiation, improving peak shapes, increasing data collection speed in powder X-ray diffraction; faster ptychography scans; and cleaner and faster pump-and-probe experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Max Burian
- DECTRIS Ltd, Täfernweg 1, 5405 Baden, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Andrew N Fitch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Dejoie
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Marie Ruat
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Cameron M Kewish
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Grant A van Riessen
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Denys Naumenko
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gleb Bourenkov
- Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerard Bricogne
- Global Phasing Ltd, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, United Kingdom
| | - Ashwin Chari
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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López-Morillo E, Luján-Martínez C, Hinojo-Montero J, Márquez-Lasso F, Palomo FR, Muñoz-Chavero F. Optimizing Time Resolution Electronics for DMAPs. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5844. [PMID: 37447694 DOI: 10.3390/s23135844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPSs) are foreseen as an interesting choice for future high-energy physics experiments, mainly because of the reduced fabrication costs. However, they generally offer limited time resolution due to the stringent requirements of area and power consumption imposed by the targeted spatial resolution. This work describes a methodology to optimize the design of time-to-digital converter (TDC)-based timing electronics that takes advantage of the asymmetrical shape of the pulse at the output of the analog front-end (AFE). Following that methodology, a power and area efficient implementation fully compatible with the RD50-MPW3 solution is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed solution offers a time resolution of 2.08 ns for a range of energies from 1000 e- to 20,000 e-, with minimum area and zero quiescent in-pixel power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Luján-Martínez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Hinojo-Montero
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Koch-Mehrin KAL, Bugby SL, Lees JE, Veale MC, Wilson MD. Charge Sharing and Charge Loss in High-Flux Capable Pixelated CdZnTe Detectors. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3260. [PMID: 34066764 DOI: 10.3390/s21093260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) detectors are known to suffer from polarization effects under high photon flux due to poor hole transport in the crystal material. This has led to the development of a high-flux capable CdZnTe material (HF-CdZnTe). Detectors with the HF-CdZnTe material have shown promising results at mitigating the onset of the polarization phenomenon, likely linked to improved crystal quality and hole carrier transport. Better hole transport will have an impact on charge collection, particularly in pixelated detector designs and thick sensors (>1 mm). In this paper, the presence of charge sharing and the magnitude of charge loss were calculated for a 2 mm thick pixelated HF-CdZnTe detector with 250 μm pixel pitch and 25 μm pixel gaps, bonded to the STFC HEXITEC ASIC. Results are compared with a CdTe detector as a reference point and supported with simulations from a Monte-Carlo detector model. Charge sharing events showed minimal charge loss in the HF-CdZnTe, resulting in a spectral resolution of 1.63 ± 0.08 keV Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) for bipixel charge sharing events at 59.5 keV. Depth of interaction effects were shown to influence charge loss in shared events. The performance is discussed in relation to the improved hole transport of HF-CdZnTe and comparison with simulated results provided evidence of a uniform electric field.
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Veale MC, Booker P, Cross S, Hart MD, Jowitt L, Lipp J, Schneider A, Seller P, Wheater RM, Wilson MD, Hansson CCT, Iniewski K, Marthandam P, Prekas G. Characterization of the Uniformity of High-Flux CdZnTe Material. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E2747. [PMID: 32408497 DOI: 10.3390/s20102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 2000s, the availability of high-quality cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) has greatly increased. The excellent spectroscopic performance of this material has enabled the development of detectors with volumes exceeding 1 cm3 for use in the detection of nuclear materials. CdZnTe is also of great interest to the photon science community for applications in X-ray imaging cameras at synchrotron light sources and free electron lasers. Historically, spatial variations in the crystal properties and temporal instabilities under high-intensity irradiation has limited the use of CdZnTe detectors in these applications. Recently, Redlen Technologies have developed high-flux-capable CdZnTe material (HF-CdZnTe), which promises improved spatial and temporal stability. In this paper, the results of the characterization of 10 HF-CdZnTe detectors with dimensions of 20.35 mm × 20.45 mm × 2.00 mm are presented. Each sensor has 80 × 80 pixels on a 250-μm pitch and were flip-chip-bonded to the STFC HEXITEC ASIC. These devices show excellent spectroscopic performance at room temperature, with an average Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of 0.83 keV measured at 59.54 keV. The effect of tellurium inclusions in these devices was found to be negligible; however, some detectors did show significant concentrations of scratches and dislocation walls. An investigation of the detector stability over 12 h of continuous operation showed negligible changes in performance.
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Lutz G, Porro M, Aschauer S, Wölfel S, Strüder L. The DEPFET Sensor-Amplifier Structure: A Method to Beat 1/f Noise and Reach Sub-Electron Noise in Pixel Detectors. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:s16050608. [PMID: 27136549 PMCID: PMC4883299 DOI: 10.3390/s16050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depleted field effect transistors (DEPFET) are used to achieve very low noise signal charge readout with sub-electron measurement precision. This is accomplished by repeatedly reading an identical charge, thereby suppressing not only the white serial noise but also the usually constant 1/f noise. The repetitive non-destructive readout (RNDR) DEPFET is an ideal central element for an active pixel sensor (APS) pixel. The theory has been derived thoroughly and results have been verified on RNDR-DEPFET prototypes. A charge measurement precision of 0.18 electrons has been achieved. The device is well-suited for spectroscopic X-ray imaging and for optical photon counting in pixel sensors, even at high photon numbers in the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Porro
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Hamburg D-22761, Germany.
| | | | | | - Lothar Strüder
- PNSENSOR GmbH, München D-81739, Germany.
- Experimental Physics, University of Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, Siegen D-87068, Germany.
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Ploc O, Kubancak J, Sihver L, Uchihori Y, Jakubek J, Ambrozova I, Molokanov A, Pinsky L. Dosimetry measurements using Timepix in mixed radiation fields induced by heavy ions; comparison with standard dosimetry methods. J Radiat Res 2014; 55:i141-i142. [PMCID: PMC3941499 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective of our research was to explore capabilities of Timepix for its use as a single dosemeter and LET spectrometer in mixed radiation fields created by heavy ions. We exposed it to radiation field (i) at heavy ion beams at HIMAC, Chiba, Japan, (ii) in the CERN's high-energy reference field (CERF) facility at Geneva, France/Switzerland, (iii) in the exposure room of the proton therapy laboratory at JINR, Dubna, Russia, and (iv) onboard aircraft. We compared the absolute values of dosimetric quantities obtained with Timepix and with other dosemeters and spectrometers like tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) Hawk, silicon detector Liulin, and track-etched detectors (TEDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, v. v. i., Na Truhlarce 39, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
- Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jan Kubancak
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, v. v. i., Na Truhlarce 39, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Czech Republic
| | | | - Yukio Uchihori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jan Jakubek
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Ambrozova
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, v. v. i., Na Truhlarce 39, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
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