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Johary YH, Albarakati S, AlSohaim A, Aamry A, Aamri H, Tamam N, Salah H, Tahir D, Alkhorayef M, Sulieman A, Bradley D. Evaluation occupationally radiation exposure during diagnostic imaging examinations. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 193:110648. [PMID: 36669265 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Occupational radiation exposure can occur due to various human activities, including the use of radiation in medicine. Occupationally exposed personnel surpassing 7.4 millions, and respresent the biggest single group of employees who are exposed to artificial radiation sources at work. This study compares the occupational radiation dose levels for 145 workers in four different hospitals located in the Aseer region in Saudi Arabia. The occupational exposure was quantified using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100). The levels of annual occupational exposures in targeted hospitals were calculated and compared with the levels of the international atomic energy agency (IAEA) Safety Standards. An average yearly cumulative dose for the two consecutive years. The average, highest and lowest resulted occupational doses under examination in this work is 1.42, 3.9 mSv and 0.72 for workers in various diagnostic radiology procedures. The resulted annual effective dose were within the IAEA approved yearly dose limit for occupational exposure of workers over 18, which is 20 mSv. Staff should be monitored on a regular basis, according to current practice, because their annual exposure may surpass 15% of the annual effective doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia H Johary
- Radiation Protection Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs in Aseer Region, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Albarakati
- Radiation Protection Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs in Aseer Region, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah AlSohaim
- Radiation Protection Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs in Aseer Region, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Aamry
- Medical Imaging Administration, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hussin Aamri
- Medical Physics Department, King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - N Tamam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Salah
- INAYA Medical Collage, Nuclear Medicine Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Mohammed Alkhorayef
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O.Box 422, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Bradley
- Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK; Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Dressler D, Altavista MC, Altenmueller E, Bhidayasiri R, Bohlega S, Chana P, Chung TM, Colosimo C, Fheodoroff K, Garcia-Ruiz PJ, Jeon B, Jin L, Kanovsky P, Milanov I, Micheli F, Orlova O, Pandey S, Pirtosek Z, Relja M, Rosales R, Sagástegui-Rodríguez JA, Shahidi GA, Timerbaeva S, Wan X, Walter U, Saberi FA. Consensus guidelines for botulinum toxin therapy: general algorithms and dosing tables for dystonia and spasticity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:321-335. [PMID: 33635442 PMCID: PMC7969540 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is a complex and highly individualised therapy defined by treatment algorithms and injection schemes describing its target muscles and their dosing. Various consensus guidelines have tried to standardise and to improve BT therapy. We wanted to update and improve consensus guidelines by: (1) Acknowledging recent advances of treatment algorithms. (2) Basing dosing tables on statistical analyses of real-life treatment data of 1831 BT injections in 36 different target muscles in 420 dystonia patients and 1593 BT injections in 31 different target muscles in 240 spasticity patients. (3) Providing more detailed dosing data including typical doses, dose variabilities, and dosing limits. (4) Including total doses and target muscle selections for typical clinical entities thus adapting dosing to different aetiologies and pathophysiologies. (5) In addition, providing a brief and concise review of the clinical entity treated together with general principles of its BT therapy. For this, we collaborated with IAB—Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders which invited an international panel of experts for the support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dressler
- Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Eckart Altenmueller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chulalongkorn Centre for Excellence on Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saeed Bohlega
- Department of Neurology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyyad, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro Chana
- Department of Neurology, University de Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | | | | | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Petr Kanovsky
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Milanov
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Federico Micheli
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Zvezdan Pirtosek
- Department of Neurology, Ljubljana University, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Relja
- Department of Neurology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Raymond Rosales
- Department of Neurology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Gholam Ali Shahidi
- Department of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Xinhua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Uwe Walter
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany
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Rühm W, Breckow J, Dietze G, Friedl A, Greinert R, Jacob P, Kistinger S, Michel R, Müller WU, Otten H, Streffer C, Weiss W. Dose limits for occupational exposure to ionising radiation and genotoxic carcinogens: a German perspective. Radiat Environ Biophys 2020; 59:9-27. [PMID: 31677018 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarises the view of the German Commission on Radiological Protection ("Strahlenschutzkommission", SSK) on the rationale behind the currently valid dose limits and dose constraints for workers recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The paper includes a discussion of the reasoning behind current dose limits followed by a discussion of the detriment used by ICRP as a measure for stochastic health effects. Studies on radiation-induced cancer are reviewed because this endpoint represents the most important contribution to detriment. Recent findings on radiation-induced circulatory disease that are currently not included in detriment calculation are also reviewed. It appeared that for detriment calculations the contribution of circulatory diseases plays only a secondary role, although the uncertainties involved in their risk estimates are considerable. These discussions are complemented by a review of the procedures currently in use in Germany, or in discussion elsewhere, to define limits for genotoxic carcinogens. To put these concepts in perspective, actual occupational radiation exposures are exemplified with data from Germany, for the year 2012, and regulations in Germany are compared to the recommendations issued by ICRP. Conclusions include, among others, considerations on radiation protection concepts currently in use and recommendations of the SSK on the limitation of annual effective dose and effective dose cumulated over a whole working life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Rühm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Radiation Therapy, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | | | - Günter Dietze
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Peter Jacob
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Heinz Otten
- Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung, Berlin, Germany
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Walsh L, Schneider U, Fogtman A, Kausch C, McKenna-Lawlor S, Narici L, Ngo-Anh J, Reitz G, Sabatier L, Santin G, Sihver L, Straube U, Weber U, Durante M. Research plans in Europe for radiation health hazard assessment in exploratory space missions. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2019; 21:73-82. [PMID: 31101157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently expanding its efforts in identifying requirements and promoting research towards optimizing radiation protection of astronauts. Space agencies use common limits for tissue (deterministic) effects on the International Space Station. However, the agencies have in place different career radiation exposure limits (for stochastic effects) for astronauts in low-Earth orbit missions. Moreover, no specific limits for interplanetary missions are issued. Harmonization of risk models and dose limits for exploratory-class missions are now operational priorities, in view of the short-term plans for international exploratory-class human missions. The purpose of this paper is to report on the activity of the ESA Topical Team on space radiation research, whose task was to identify the most pertinent research requirements for improved space radiation protection and to develop a European space radiation risk model, to contribute to the efforts to reach international consensus on dose limits for deep space. The Topical Team recommended ESA to promote the development of a space radiation risk model based on European-specific expertise in: transport codes, radiobiological modelling, risk assessment, and uncertainty analysis. The model should provide cancer and non-cancer radiation risks for crews implementing exploratory missions. ESA should then support the International Commission on Radiological Protection to harmonize international models and dose limits in deep space, and guarantee continuous support in Europe for accelerator-based research configured to improve the models and develop risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U Schneider
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - C Kausch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - L Narici
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, and INFN, Roma-2 Section, Rome, Italy
| | - J Ngo-Anh
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - G Reitz
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Radiation Biology, Institue for Aerospace Medicine, DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Sabatier
- Fundamental Research Division, D3P, CEA, Paris-Saclay, France
| | - G Santin
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - L Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; MedAustron, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Tuca C, Stochioiu A, Sahagia M, Gurau D, Dragusin M. Assessment of derived emission limits for radioactive effluents resulted from the decommissioning activities of the VVR-S nuclear research reactor. J Environ Radioact 2015; 148:130-136. [PMID: 26162768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents complex studies on establishment of derived emission limits for potential radionuclides emitted as gaseous and liquid effluents, during the decommissioning activities (2nd and 3rd phases) of a nuclear research reactor, cooled and moderated with distilled water, type VVR-S, owned by the IFIN-HH. In the present paper there are described: the analysis methods and equipment used, the methodologies for calculating doses and the Derived Emission Limits (DEL), the experimentally measured activities of the representative radionuclides found in gaseous and liquid effluents resulted from decommissioning activities, as well as the effective derived limits of liquid and gaseous effluents, applying the calculation methodologies, specific to critical categories of exposed subjects. A constraint effective dose limit for a person from the critical group of 50 μSv/year was considered in calculations. From the comparison of the two series of values, measured released activities and DELs, there has been concluded that for the gaseous effluents they comply with the DELs, while in the case of liquid effluents they are higher and consequently they must be treated as liquid radioactive wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tuca
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, P.O.B. MG-6, RO-077125, Magurele, Romania.
| | - A Stochioiu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, P.O.B. MG-6, RO-077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - M Sahagia
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, P.O.B. MG-6, RO-077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - D Gurau
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, P.O.B. MG-6, RO-077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - M Dragusin
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, P.O.B. MG-6, RO-077125, Magurele, Romania
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