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Kákona M, Ploc O, Kyselová D, Kubančák J, Langer R, Kudela K. Investigation on contribution of neutron monitor data to estimation of aviation doses. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2016; 11:24-28. [PMID: 27993190 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many efforts have appeared to routinely measure radiation exposure (RE) of aircraft crew due to cosmic rays (CR). On the other hand real-time CR data measured with the ground based neutron monitors (NMs) are collected worldwide and available online. This is an opportunity for comparison of long-term observations of RE at altitudes of about 10km, where composition and energy spectra of secondary particles differ from those on the ground, with the data from NMs. Our contribution presents examples of such type of comparison. Analysis of the silicon spectrometer Liulin measurements aboard aircraft is presented over the period May-September 2005 and compared with data from a single NM at middle latitude. While extreme solar driven events observed by NMs have clearly shown an impact on dosimetric characteristics as measured on the airplanes, the transient short time effects in CR of smaller amplitude have been not studied extensively in relation to RE. For the period May-September 2005, when aircraft data become available and several Forbush decreases (FDs) are observed on the ground, a small improvement in the correlation between the dose measured and multiple linear regression fit based on two key parameters (altitude and geomagnetic cut-off rigidity), is obtained, if the CR intensity at a single NM is added into the scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kákona
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Prague, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Kyselová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Prague, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Langer
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Košice, Slovakia
| | - K Kudela
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Košice, Slovakia.
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Bemš J, Knápek J, Králík T, Hejhal M, Kubančák J, Vašíček J. Modelling of nuclear power plant decommissioning financing. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 164:519-522. [PMID: 25979740 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Costs related to the decommissioning of nuclear power plants create a significant financial burden for nuclear power plant operators. This article discusses the various methodologies employed by selected European countries for financing of the liabilities related to the nuclear power plant decommissioning. The article also presents methodology of allocation of future decommissioning costs to the running costs of nuclear power plant in the form of fee imposed on each megawatt hour generated. The application of the methodology is presented in the form of a case study on a new nuclear power plant with installed capacity 1000 MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bemš
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 166 27, Czech Republic
| | - J Knápek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 166 27, Czech Republic
| | - T Králík
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 166 27, Czech Republic
| | - M Hejhal
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 166 27, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - J Vašíček
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 166 27, Czech Republic
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Sihver L, Ploc O, Puchalska M, Ambrožová I, Kubančák J, Kyselová D, Shurshakov V. Radiation environment at aviation altitudes and in space. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 164:477-483. [PMID: 25979747 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On the Earth, protection from cosmic radiation is provided by the magnetosphere and the atmosphere, but the radiation exposure increases with increasing altitude. Aircrew and especially space crew members are therefore exposed to an increased level of ionising radiation. Dosimetry onboard aircraft and spacecraft is however complicated by the presence of neutrons and high linear energy transfer particles. Film and thermoluminescent dosimeters, routinely used for ground-based personnel, do not reliably cover the range of particle types and energies found in cosmic radiation. Further, the radiation field onboard aircraft and spacecraft is not constant; its intensity and composition change mainly with altitude, geomagnetic position and solar activity (marginally also with the aircraft/spacecraft type, number of people aboard, amount of fuel etc.). The European Union Council directive 96/29/Euroatom of 1996 specifies that aircrews that could receive dose of >1 mSv y(-1) must be evaluated. The dose evaluation is routinely performed by computer programs, e.g. CARI-6, EPCARD, SIEVERT, PCAire, JISCARD and AVIDOS. Such calculations should however be carefully verified and validated. Measurements of the radiation field in aircraft are thus of a great importance. A promising option is the long-term deployment of active detectors, e.g. silicon spectrometer Liulin, TEPC Hawk and pixel detector Timepix. Outside the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetosphere, the environment is much harsher than at aviation altitudes. In addition to the exposure to high energetic ionising cosmic radiation, there are microgravity, lack of atmosphere, psychological and psychosocial components etc. The milieu is therefore very unfriendly for any living organism. In case of solar flares, exposures of spacecraft crews may even be lethal. In this paper, long-term measurements of the radiation environment onboard Czech aircraft performed with the Liulin since 2001, as well as measurements and simulations of dose rates on and outside the International Space Station were presented. The measured and simulated results are discussed in the context of health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sihver
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria Chalmers University of Technology, Applied Physics, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - O Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Puchalska
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria
| | - I Ambrožová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Horská 3a/22, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - D Kyselová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic Czech Technical University in Prague, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Horská 3a/22, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - V Shurshakov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russia
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Kyselová D, Ambrožová I, Krist P, Kubančák J, Uchihori Y, Kitamura H, Ploc O. Calibration of modified Liulin detector for cosmic radiation measurements on-board aircraft. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 164:489-492. [PMID: 25979744 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The annual effective doses of aircrew members often exceed the limit of 1 mSv for the public due to the increased level of cosmic radiation at the flight altitudes, and thus, it is recommended to monitor them. Aircrew dosimetry is usually performed using special computer programs mostly based on results of Monte Carlo simulations. Contemporary, detectors are used mostly for validation of these computer codes, verification of effective dose calculations and for research purposes. One of such detectors is active silicon semiconductor deposited energy spectrometer Liulin. Output quantities of measurement with the Liulin detector are the absorbed dose in silicon D and the ambient dose equivalent H*(10); to determine it, two calibrations are necessary. The purpose of this work was to develop a calibration methodology that can be used to convert signal from the detector to D independently on calibration performed at Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator facility in Chiba, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kyselová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - I Ambrožová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - P Krist
- Department of Accelerators, Nuclear Physics Institute ASCR, Husinec 130, Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - Y Uchihori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - H Kitamura
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - O Ploc
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Prague 180 00, Czech Republic
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Kubančák J, Ambrožová I, Ploc O, Pachnerová Brabcová K, Štěpán V, Uchihori Y. Measurement of dose equivalent distribution on-board commercial jet aircraft. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 162:215-219. [PMID: 24344348 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The annual effective doses of aircrew members often exceed the limit of 1 mSv for the public due to the increased level of cosmic radiation at the flight altitudes, and thus, it is recommended to monitor them [International Commission on Radiation Protection. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann. ICRP 21: (1-3), (1991)]. According to the Monte Carlo simulations [Battistoni, G., Ferrari, A., Pelliccioni, M. and Villari, R. Evaluation of the doses to aircrew members taking into consideration the aircraft structures. Adv. Space Res. 36: , 1645-1652 (2005) and Ferrari, A., Pelliccioni, M. and Villari, R. Evaluation of the influence of aircraft shielding on the aircrew exposure through an aircraft mathematical model. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 108: (2), 91-105 (2004)], the ambient dose equivalent rate Ḣ*(10) depends on the location in the aircraft. The aim of this article is to experimentally evaluate Ḣ*(10) on-board selected types of aircraft. The authors found that Ḣ*(10) values are higher in the front and the back of the cabin and lesser in the middle of the cabin. Moreover, total dosimetry characteristics obtained in this way are in a reasonable agreement with other data, in particular with the above-mentioned simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kubančák
- Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - I Ambrožová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - O Ploc
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - K Pachnerová Brabcová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Štěpán
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Y Uchihori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Pachnerová Brabcová K, Ambrožová I, Kubančák J, Puchalska M, Vondráček V, Molokanov AG, Sihver L, Davídková M. Dose distribution outside the target volume for 170-MeV proton beam. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 161:410-416. [PMID: 24759915 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dose delivered outside the proton field during radiotherapy can potentially lead to secondary cancer development. Measurements with a 170-MeV proton beam were performed with passive detectors (track etched detectors and thermoluminescence dosemeters) in three different depths along the Bragg curve. The measurement showed an uneven decrease of the dose outside of the beam field with local enhancements. The major contribution to the delivered dose is due to high-energy protons with linear energy transfer (LET) up to 10 keV µm(-1). However, both measurement and preliminary Monte Carlo calculation also confirmed the presence of particles with higher LET.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pachnerová Brabcová
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - I Ambrožová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubančák
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Puchalska
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - V Vondráček
- Proton Therapy Center Czech, Budínova 2437/1a, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A G Molokanov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - L Sihver
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgården 4, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - M Davídková
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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