1
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Oneda E, Astore S, Gandolfi L, Melocchi L, Zaniboni A. Which therapy in biliary tract cancer? Review of main concerns in diagnosis and choice of therapy in advanced setting, current standard, and new options. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39298328 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2406287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of biliary tract cancer is increasing in developed countries and is generating renewed interest in the scientific community due to the evidence of a high percentage (approximately 40%) of potentially targetable molecular alterations. However, to date, patient selection and the development of therapeutic approaches remain challenging due to the need for accurate diagnosis, adequate sampling, a specialized team for molecular analysis, centralization of patients in high-volume centers capable of supporting the high cost of these methods, and the feasibility of clinical studies on diseases with aggressive onset and poor prognosis. In this article, we would like to provide a detailed overview of the necessary tools for diagnostic framing and the various therapeutic scenarios being investigated concerning the most frequently detected molecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Oneda
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Astore
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Gandolfi
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Italy
| | - Alberto Zaniboni
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
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2
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Tella SH, Foster N, Qian S, Nguyen T, Borad MJ, McWilliams RR, Alberts SR, Wee Ma W, Chakrabarti S, Fruth B, Wessling J, Hartgers M, Washburn L, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Hogenson TL, Pitot H, Jin Z, Mahipal A. Phase II Trial of Trifluridine/Tipiracil Plus Irinotecan in Patients with Advanced, Refractory Biliary Tract Carcinoma. Oncologist 2023; 28:917-e966. [PMID: 37339254 PMCID: PMC10546810 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine the safety and efficacy of trifluridine/tipiracil in combination with irinotecan in a phase II trial setting for refractory, advanced unresectable biliary tract carcinoma (BTC). METHODS A total of 28 patients (27 were evaluable) with advanced BTCs who progressed on at least one prior systemic therapy were enrolled and were treated with trifluridine/tipiracil 25 mg/m2 (days 1-5 of 14-day cycle) and irinotecan 180 mg/m2 (day 1 of the 14-day cycle). The primary endpoint for the study was 16-week progression-free survival (PFS16) rate. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety were pre-specified secondary endpoints. RESULTS Of 27 patients, PFS16 rate was 37% (10/27; 95% CI: 19%-58%), thereby meeting the criteria for success for the primary endpoint. The median PFS and OS of the entire cohort were 3.9 months (95% CI: 2.5-7.4) and 9.1 months (95% CI: 8.0-14.3), respectively. In the patients evaluable for tumor response (n = 20), the ORR and DCR were 10% and 50%, respectively. Twenty patients (74.1%) had at least one grade 3 or worse adverse event (AE), and 4 patients (14.8%) had grade 4 AEs. A total of 37% (n = 10/27) and 51.9% (n = 14/27) experienced dose reductions in trifluridine/tipiracil and irinotecan, respectively. Delay in therapy was noted in 56% of the patients while 1 patient discontinued the therapy, primarily due to hematologic AEs. CONCLUSION The combination of trifluridine/tipiracil plus irinotecan is a potential treatment option for patients with advanced, refractory BTCs with good functional status and no targetable mutations. A larger randomized trial is needed to confirm these results. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04072445).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Foster
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shi Qian
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tran Nguyen
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Wen Wee Ma
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sakti Chakrabarti
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Briant Fruth
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Henry Pitot
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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A prognostic systemic inflammation score (SIS) in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04424-0. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Systemic-inflammatory response parameters (SIR) are known prognostic markers in different tumour entities, but have not been evaluated in patients with iCCA treated with systemic chemotherapy. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of different SIR markers on the clinical course of patients with advanced iCCA treated at our center.
Methods
SIR markers were retrospectively evaluated in 219 patients with iCCA at the West-German-Cancer-Center Essen from 2014 to 2019. Markers included neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), CRP, and the modified Glasgow-Prognostic-Score (mGPS), which were correlated with clinico-pathological findings, response to chemotherapy (ORR), progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) using Kaplan–Meier analyses, and Cox proportional models.
Results
Median overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort was 14.8 months (95% CI 11.2–24.4). Median disease-free survival (DFS) in 81 patients undergoing resection was 12.3 months (95% CI 9.7–23.1). The median OS from start of palliative CTX (OSpall) was 10.9 months (95% 9.4–14.6). A combined Systemic Inflammatory Score (SIS) comprising all evaluated SIR markers correlated significantly with ORR, PFS, and OSpall. Patients with a high SIS (≥ 2) vs. SIS 0 had a significantly inferior OSpall (HR 8.7 95% CI 3.71–20.38, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis including known prognostic markers (ECOG, CA19-9, LDH, and N- and M-status) identified the SIS as an independent prognostic factor.
Conclusions
Inflammatory markers associate with inferior survival outcomes in patients with iCCA. A simple SIS may guide treatment decisions in patients treated with systemic chemotherapy.
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Awasthi N, Schwarz MA, Zhang C, Klinz SG, Meyer-Losic F, Beaufils B, Thiagalingam A, Schwarz RE. Augmenting Experimental Gastric Cancer Activity of Irinotecan through Liposomal Formulation and Antiangiogenic Combination Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1149-1159. [PMID: 35500018 PMCID: PMC9377761 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Combination chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for advanced GAC. Liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) has improved pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug biodistribution compared with irinotecan (IRI, CPT-11). Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the progression and metastasis of GAC. We evaluated the antitumor efficacy of nal-IRI in combination with novel antiangiogenic agents in GAC mouse models. Animal survival studies were performed in peritoneal dissemination xenografts. Tumor growth and PK studies were performed in subcutaneous xenografts. Compared with controls, extension in animal survival by nal-IRI and IRI was >156% and >94%, respectively. The addition of nintedanib or DC101 extended nal-IRI response by 13% and 15%, and IRI response by 37% and 31% (MKN-45 xenografts); nal-IRI response by 11% and 3%, and IRI response by 16% and 40% (KATO-III xenografts). Retardation of tumor growth was greater with nal-IRI (92%) than IRI (71%). Nintedanib and DC101 addition tend to augment nal-IRI or IRI response in this model. The addition of antiangiogenic agents enhanced tumor cell proliferation inhibition effects of nal-IRI or IRI. The tumor vasculature was decreased by nintedanib (65%) and DC101 (58%), while nal-IRI and IRI alone showed no effect. PK characterization in GAC xenografts demonstrated that compared with IRI, nal-IRI treatment groups had higher retention, circulation time, and tumor levels of CPT-11 and its active metabolite SN-38. These findings indicate that nal-IRI, alone and in combination with antiangiogenic agents, has the potential for improving clinical GAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Awasthi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Margaret A. Schwarz
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Roderich E. Schwarz
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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5
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Milano G, Innocenti F, Minami H. Liposomal irinotecan (Onivyde): Exemplifying the benefits of nanotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2224-2231. [PMID: 35445479 PMCID: PMC9277406 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan is a topoisomerase inhibitor, widely used in treatment of malignancies including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) as part of the FOLFIRINOX regimen prescribed as a first-line treatment in several countries. However, irinotecan has not been successfully introduced as a second-line treatment for pancreatic cancer and few randomized clinical studies have evaluated its added value. Efficacy of liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) combined with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (5-FU/LV) was reported in the phase III NAPOLI-1 trial in metastatic PDAC following failure of gemcitabine-based therapy. Several features of nal-IRI pharmacokinetics (PK) could result in better outcomes versus nonliposomal irinotecan. Irinotecan is a prodrug that is converted to active SN-38 by carboxylesterase enzymes and inactivated by cytochrome P450 3A4/3A5. SN-38 is inactivated by UGT1A1 enzymes. Individual variations in their expression and activity could influence enhanced localized irinotecan activity and toxicity. Liposomal irinotecan exploits the enhanced permeability and retention effect in cancer, accumulating in tumor tissues. Liposomal irinotecan also has a longer half-life and higher area under the concentration-time curve (0-∞) than nonliposomal irinotecan, as the liposomal formulation protects cargo from premature metabolism in the plasma. This results in irinotecan activation in tumor tissue, leading to enhanced cytotoxicity. Importantly, despite the longer exposure, overall toxicity for nal-IRI is no worse than nonliposomal irinotecan. Liposomal irinotecan exemplifies how liposomal encapsulation of a chemotherapeutic agent can alter its PK properties, improving clinical outcomes for patients. Liposomal irinotecan is currently under investigation in other malignancies including biliary tract cancer (amongst other gastrointestinal cancers), brain tumors, and small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Milano
- UPR 7497Scientific Valorisation UnitCentre Antoine Lacassagne and Côte d’Azur UniversityNiceFrance
| | | | - Hironobu Minami
- Medical Oncology and HematologyKobe University Graduate School of Medicine and HospitalKobeJapan
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Niger M, Nichetti F, Casadei-Gardini A, Rizzato MD, Pircher C, Bini M, Franza A, Rimini M, Burgio V, Sposetti C, Fornaro L, Rapposelli IG, D'Amico FE, Aprile G, Vivaldi C, Frassineti GL, Milione M, Leoncini G, Cappetta A, Vasile E, Fassan M, Morano F, Perrone F, Tamborini E, Pruneri G, Lonardi S, Mazzaferro V, Pietrantonio F, Di Bartolomeo M, de Braud F. Platinum sensitivity in patients with IDH1/2 mutated versus wild-type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a propensity score-based study. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1310-1320. [PMID: 35723131 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 mutations are the most frequent druggable alterations in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), reported in ~20% of cases. Preclinical evidence indicates that these mutations are associated with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), which could be exploited as a target for platinum chemotherapy (ChT) and PARP inhibitors. However, the role of IDH1/2 mutations as surrogate biomarkers for platinum efficacy is unknown. We conducted a multicenter, propensity score-matched analysis to investigate the impact of IDH1/2 mutations on progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) in patients with iCCA treated with platinum-based ChT. An exploratory comparison of complex HRD estimates between IDH1/2 mutated and wild-type tumors from TCGA was also performed. A total of 120 cases were matched in a 1:1 ratio (60 IDH1/2 mutant and 60 wild-type). No differences were observed for platinum-based PFS (7.7 vs 7.3 months, p = 0.970), DCR (66.1% vs 74.1%, p = 0.361), ORR (27.8% vs 25.0%, p = 0.741). IDH1/2 mutations showed mutual exclusivity with genomic alterations in ATM, BRCA2, MST1R, NF1, FGFR2 and CDKN2A/B losses, respectively, with no clear survival and response differences. Among TCGA tumors, IDH1/2 mutated CCA did not show higher HRD compared to wild-type cases. IDH1/2 mutations are not associated with increased sensitivity to platinum-based ChT in iCCA patients. Deeper genomic sequencing is needed to elucidate the HRD phenotype in IDH1/2 mutant iCCA and exploit its therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Niger
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Nichetti
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Computational Oncology, Molecular Diagnostics Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Casadei-Gardini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Pircher
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Bini
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Franza
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Rimini
- Department of Medical Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Burgio
- Department of Medical Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Sposetti
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fornaro
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilario Giovanni Rapposelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo Per lo Studio dei Tumori "Dino Amadori"-IRST, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Aprile
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Caterina Vivaldi
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Frassineti
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo Per lo Studio dei Tumori "Dino Amadori"-IRST, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leoncini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cappetta
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Enrico Vasile
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Morano
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tamborini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Medical Oncology 3, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaferro
- Department of Surgery, Division of HPB, General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Di Bartolomeo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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Modified FOLFIRINOX as a Second-Line Treatment for Patients with Gemcitabine-Failed Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: A Prospective Multicenter Phase II Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081950. [PMID: 35454857 PMCID: PMC9029419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Biliary tract cancer is a malignant tumor of the biliary tract and gallbladder. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and the basis of treatment is combination chemotherapy. However, the survival outcomes for biliary tract cancer, especially for patients who have failed frontline treatment, are poor. Accordingly, there have been various studies on effective subsequent treatments, and this study is one of those efforts. Through this study, we attempted to demonstrate the efficacy of enhanced chemotherapy in relapsed or refractory biliary tract cancer. Abstract Background: After the publication of the ABC-02 trial, gemcitabine and cisplatin combination therapy (GP) became the standard first-line treatment for advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). Despite GP therapy, most patients suffer from disease progression. The ABC-06 trial recommended FOLFOX as a second-line treatment, but its efficacy was modest. In this phase II study, we looked at the efficacy and safety of a second-line modified dose of FOLFIRINOX (mFOLFIRINOX) for patients who had failed first-line gemcitabine-based treatment. Methods: From January 2020 to January 2021, 34 patients with advanced BTC who failed first-line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy were enrolled. We evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety outcomes of mFOLFIRINOX. Results: With a median follow-up duration of 13.4 months, the median progression-free survival and overall survival was 2.8 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6–4.0 months) and 6.2 months (95% CI: 5.0–7.4 months), respectively. The objective response rate was 14.7% with no complete response. The disease control rate was 61.7%, with a disease control duration of 4.2 months. Due to the rapid progression of the disease, approximately half of all patients received less than three cycles of treatment. The most common type of adverse event (AEs) was hematopoietic AEs. The incidence of non-hematopoietic AEs was relatively low. Conclusions: The efficacy of mFOLFIRINOX as a second-line treatment in advanced BTC patients after the failure of gemcitabine-based first-line treatment was replicated, albeit with slightly shorter survival results compared to previous studies. Long-term administration of mFOLFIRINOX with toxicity management might offer a survival benefit.
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8
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Zugman M, Botrus G, Pestana RC, Uson Junior PLS. Precision Medicine Targeting FGFR2 Genomic Alterations in Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: Current State and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860453. [PMID: 35444941 PMCID: PMC9013963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a relatively uncommon tumor, cholangiocarcinoma is on the rise globally. Of note, most patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease, and the prognosis is poor with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Strategies targeting specific genomic alterations have demonstrated promising activity in recent years and could represent a new therapeutic avenue for these patients. In this review, we will address the biology and clinical results of FGFR inhibition in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, highlighting limitations associated with treatment and discussing the use of circulating tumor DNA to detect mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Zugman
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gehan Botrus
- Medical Oncology Phase I Clinical Trials, HonorHealth Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | - Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Koessler T, Alsina M, Arnold D, Ben-Aharon I, Collienne M, Lutz MP, Neuzillet C, Obermannova R, Peeters M, Sclafani F, Smyth E, Valle JW, Wagner AD, Wyrwicz L, Fontana E, Moehler M. ESMO Congress 2021: highlights from the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer group's perspective. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100392. [PMID: 35180656 PMCID: PMC8857487 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been no major change of practice in gastrointestinal oncology at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) symposium 2021, but confirmation that immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy has become standard of care in several indications. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Gastrointestinal Track Cancer Group has selected important phase II and III trials presented during the symposium across all gastrointestinal cancers as well as early reports on new drugs or new combinations that may change practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koessler
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), University of Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Alsina
- Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Medical Oncology Department, Pamplona, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Arnold
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Palliative Care, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Ben-Aharon
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Collienne
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Palliative Care, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M P Lutz
- Caritasklinikum, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - C Neuzillet
- GI Oncology, Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie Saint-Cloud, Versailles Saint Quentin University, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - R Obermannova
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Peeters
- Department of Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F Sclafani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet-Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Smyth
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - J W Valle
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - A D Wagner
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Wyrwicz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Fontana
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, London, UK
| | - M Moehler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Lamarca A, Edeline J, Goyal L. How I treat biliary tract cancer. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100378. [PMID: 35032765 PMCID: PMC8762076 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of biliary tract cancers (BTCs) is rapidly evolving. Curative management relies on surgical resection followed by adjuvant capecitabine for cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancers. Unfortunately relapse rate remains high, and better adjuvant strategies are urgently required. A majority of patients are diagnosed with advanced disease, when chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine followed by second-line 5-FU and oxaliplatin /irinotecan is the cornerstone of treatment for most patients in the absence of targetable alterations. Targeted therapies, including therapies for tumours with fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) fusions, isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH-1) mutations, B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E mutations, neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) fusions, Human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER-2) amplifications, and/or microsatellite instability are rapidly changing the treatment paradigm for many patients with advanced BTC, especially for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Because of this, molecular profiling should be considered early on patients pathway to allow adequate planning of therapy. Ongoing research is likely to clarify the role of immunotherapy, liver-directed therapy, and liver transplant for BTCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - J Edeline
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - L Goyal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Cho MT, Gholami S, Gui D, Tejaswi SL, Fananapazir G, Abi-Jaoudeh N, Jutric Z, Samarasena JB, Li X, Valerin JB, Mercer J, Dayyani F. Optimizing the Diagnosis and Biomarker Testing for Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:392. [PMID: 35053557 PMCID: PMC8773504 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogenous group of malignancies originating in the biliary tree, and associated with poor prognosis. Until recently, treatment options have been limited to surgical resection, liver-directed therapies, and chemotherapy. Identification of actionable genomic alterations with biomarker testing has revolutionized the treatment paradigm for these patients. However, several challenges exist to the seamless adoption of precision medicine in patients with CCA, relating to a lack of awareness of the importance of biomarker testing, hurdles in tissue acquisition, and ineffective collaboration among the multidisciplinary team (MDT). To identify gaps in standard practices and define best practices, multidisciplinary hepatobiliary teams from the University of California (UC) Davis and UC Irvine were convened; discussions of the meeting, including optimal approaches to tissue acquisition for diagnosis and biomarker testing, communication among academic and community healthcare teams, and physician education regarding biomarker testing, are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T. Cho
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (N.A.-J.); (Z.J.); (J.B.S.); (X.L.); (J.B.V.); (F.D.)
| | - Sepideh Gholami
- University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (S.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Dorina Gui
- University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (S.G.); (D.G.)
| | | | | | - Nadine Abi-Jaoudeh
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (N.A.-J.); (Z.J.); (J.B.S.); (X.L.); (J.B.V.); (F.D.)
| | - Zeljka Jutric
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (N.A.-J.); (Z.J.); (J.B.S.); (X.L.); (J.B.V.); (F.D.)
| | - Jason B. Samarasena
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (N.A.-J.); (Z.J.); (J.B.S.); (X.L.); (J.B.V.); (F.D.)
| | - Xiaodong Li
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (N.A.-J.); (Z.J.); (J.B.S.); (X.L.); (J.B.V.); (F.D.)
| | - Jennifer B. Valerin
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (N.A.-J.); (Z.J.); (J.B.S.); (X.L.); (J.B.V.); (F.D.)
| | - Jacob Mercer
- Helsinn Therapeutics (U.S.), Inc., Iselin, NJ 08830, USA;
| | - Farshid Dayyani
- University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (N.A.-J.); (Z.J.); (J.B.S.); (X.L.); (J.B.V.); (F.D.)
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12
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Yarchoan M, Cope L, Ruggieri AN, Anders RA, Noonan AM, Goff LW, Goyal L, Lacy J, Li D, Patel AK, He AR, Abou-Alfa GK, Spencer K, Kim EJ, Davis SL, McRee AJ, Kunk PR, Goyal S, Liu Y, Dennison L, Xavier S, Mohan AA, Zhu Q, Wang-Gillam A, Poklepovic A, Chen HX, Sharon E, Lesinski GB, Azad NS. Multicenter randomized phase II trial of atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib in biliary tract cancers. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:152670. [PMID: 34907910 DOI: 10.1172/jci152670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMEK inhibitors have limited activity in biliary tract cancers (BTCs) as monotherapy but are hypothesized to enhance responses to programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibition.METHODSThis open-label phase II study randomized patients with BTC to atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) as monotherapy or in combination with cobimetinib (MEK inhibitor). Eligible patients had unresectable BTC with 1 to 2 lines of prior therapy in the metastatic setting, measurable disease, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status less than or equal to 1. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS).RESULTSSeventy-seven patients were randomized and received study therapy. The trial met its primary endpoint, with a median PFS of 3.65 months in the combination arm versus 1.87 months in the monotherapy arm (HR 0.58, 90% CI 0.35-0.93, 1-tail P = 0.027). One patient in the combination arm (3.3%) and 1 patient in the monotherapy arm (2.8%) had a partial response. Combination therapy was associated with more rash, gastrointestinal events, CPK elevations, and thrombocytopenia. Exploratory analysis of tumor biopsies revealed enhanced expression of antigen processing and presentation genes and an increase in CD8/FoxP3 ratios with combination treatment. Patients with higher baseline or lower fold changes in expression of certain inhibitory ligands (LAG3, BTLA, VISTA) on circulating T cells had evidence of greater clinical benefit from the combination.CONCLUSIONThe combination of atezolizumab plus cobimetinib prolonged PFS as compared with atezolizumab monotherapy, but the low response rate in both arms highlights the immune-resistant nature of BTCs.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT03201458.FUNDINGNational Cancer Institute (NCI) Experimental Therapeutics Clinical Trials Network (ETCTN); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd.; NCI, NIH (R01 CA228414-01 and UM1CA186691); NCI's Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Gastrointestinal Cancers (P50 CA062924); NIH Center Core Grant (P30 CA006973); and the Passano Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie Cope
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laura W Goff
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lipika Goyal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jill Lacy
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daneng Li
- City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Anuj K Patel
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aiwu R He
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA.,Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Autumn J McRee
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul R Kunk
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Subir Goyal
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Washington University in St. Louis, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Helen X Chen
- NCI Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elad Sharon
- NCI Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Lee TY, Bates SE, Abou-Alfa GK. Equipoise, drug development, and biliary cancer. Cancer 2021; 128:944-949. [PMID: 34817855 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Y Lee
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Susan E Bates
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
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14
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Manne A, Woods E, Tsung A, Mittra A. Biliary Tract Cancers: Treatment Updates and Future Directions in the Era of Precision Medicine and Immuno-Oncology. Front Oncol 2021; 11:768009. [PMID: 34868996 PMCID: PMC8634105 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.768009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective management of biliary tract cancers (BTCs) has been hampered by limited options for systemic therapy. In recent years, the focus on precision medicine has made technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) accessible to clinicians to identify targetable mutations in BTCs in tumor tissue (primarily) as well as blood, and to treat them with targeted therapies when possible. It has also expanded our understanding of functional pathways associated with genetic alterations and opened doors for identifying novel targets for treatment. Recent advances in the precision medicine approach allowed us to identify new molecular markers in BTCs, such as epigenetic changes (methylation and histone modification) and non-DNA markers such as messenger RNA, microRNA, and long non-coding RNA. It also made detecting these markers from non-traditional sources such as blood, urine, bile, and cytology (from fine-needle aspiration and biliary brushings) possible. As these tests become more accessible, we can see the integration of different molecular markers from all available sources to aid physicians in diagnosing, assessing prognosis, predicting tumor response, and screening BTCs. Currently, there are a handful of approved targeted therapies and only one class of immunotherapy agents (immune checkpoint inhibitors or ICIs) to treat BTCs. Early success with new targets, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), HER2, protein kinase receptor, and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1); new drugs for known targets, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) such as futabatinib, derazantinib, and erdafitinib; and ICIs such as durvalumab and tremelimumab is encouraging. Novel immunotherapy agents such as bispecific antibodies (bintrafusp alfa), arginase inhibitors, vaccines, and cellular therapy (chimeric antigen receptor-T cell or CAR-T, natural killer cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) have the potential to improve outcomes of BTCs in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Manne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology at the Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Edward Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Arjun Mittra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology at the Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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15
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Ioffe D, Phull P, Dotan E. Optimal Management of Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma: An Evidence-Based Review. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:8085-8098. [PMID: 34737637 PMCID: PMC8558827 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s276104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are rare tumors originating at any point along the biliary tree. These tumors often pose significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment, and often carry a poor prognosis. However, in recent years, studies have identified significant molecular heterogeneity with up to 50% of tumors having detectable mutations, leading to the guideline recommendations for molecular testing as part of the diagnostic workup for these tumors. In addition, better classification of these tumors and understanding of their biology has led to new drugs being approved for treatment of this resistant tumor. This manuscript will provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic approach, molecular classification, and treatment options for patients with advanced cholangiocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ioffe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Phull
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Efrat Dotan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Sasaki T, Takeda T, Okamoto T, Ozaka M, Sasahira N. Chemotherapy for Biliary Tract Cancer in 2021. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3108. [PMID: 34300274 PMCID: PMC8305063 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer refers to a group of malignancies including cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, and ampullary cancer. While surgical resection is considered the only curative treatment, postoperative recurrence can sometimes occur. Adjuvant chemotherapy is used to prolong prognosis in some cases. Many unresectable cases are also treated with chemotherapy. Therefore, systemic chemotherapy is widely introduced for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. Evidence on chemotherapy for biliary tract cancer is recently on the increase. Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is currently the standard of care for first-line chemotherapy in advanced cases. Recently, FOLFOX also demonstrated efficacy as a second-line treatment. In addition, efficacies of isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors and fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors have been shown. In the adjuvant setting, capecitabine monotherapy has become the standard of care in Western countries. In addition to conventional cytotoxic agents, molecular-targeted agents and immunotherapy have been evaluated in multiple clinical trials. Genetic testing is used to check for genetic alterations and molecular-targeted agents and immunotherapy are introduced based on tumor characteristics. In this article, we review the latest evidence of chemotherapy for biliary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.T.); (T.O.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
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