1
|
Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haque T, Talukder MMU. Chemical Enhancer: A Simplistic Way to Modulate Barrier Function of the Stratum Corneum. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:169-179. [PMID: 30023318 PMCID: PMC6046426 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin could be a prime target to deliver drugs into the human body as it is the largest organ of human body. However, the main challenge of delivering drug into the skin is the stratum corneum (SC), the outer layer of epidermis, which performs the main barrier function of the skin. Scientists have developed several techniques to overcome the barrier properties of the skin, which include other physical and chemical techniques. The most common and convenient technique is to use special formulation additives (chemical enhancers, CEs) which either drags the drug molecule along with it or make changes in the SC structure, thereby allowing the drug molecule to penetrate in to the SC. The main focus is to deliver drugs in the certain layers of the skin (for topical delivery) or ensuring proper percutaneous absorption (for transdermal delivery). However, skin drug delivery is still very challenging as different CEs act in different ways on the skin and they have different types of interaction with different drugs. Therefore, proper understanding on the mechanism of action of CE is mandatory. In this article, the effect of several CEs on skin has been reviewed based on the published articles. The main aim is to compile the recent knowledge on skin-CE interaction in order to design a topical and transdermal formulation efficiently. A properly designed formulation would help the drug either to deposit into the target layer or to cross the barrier membrane to reach the systemic circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, A/2, Jahurul Islam City Gate, Aftab Nagar Main Rd, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szunerits S, Boukherroub R. Heat: A Highly Efficient Skin Enhancer for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:15. [PMID: 29497609 PMCID: PMC5818408 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in materials science and bionanotechnology have allowed the refinements of current drug delivery systems, expected to facilitate the development of personalized medicine. While dermatological topical pharmaceutical formulations such as foams, creams, lotions, gels, etc., have been proposed for decades, these systems target mainly skin-based diseases. To treat systemic medical conditions as well as localized problems such as joint or muscle concerns, transdermal delivery systems (TDDSs), which use the skin as the main route of drug delivery, are very appealing. Over the years, these systems have shown to offer important advantages over oral as well as intravenous drug delivery routes. Besides being non-invasive and painless, TDDSs are able to deliver drugs with a short-half-life time more easily and are well adapted to eliminate frequent administrations to maintain constant drug delivery. The possibility of self-administration of a predetermined drug dose at defined time intervals makes it also the most convenient personalized point-of-care approach. The transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. While small and lipophilic drugs have been successfully delivered using TDDSs, this approach fails to deliver therapeutic macromolecules due to size-limited transport across the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. The low permeability of the stratum corneum to water-soluble drugs as well as macromolecules poses important challenges to transdermal administration. To widen the scope of drugs for transdermal delivery, new procedures to enhance skin permeation to hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules are under development. Next to iontophoresis and microneedle-based concepts, thermal-based approaches have shown great promise to enhance transdermal drug delivery of different therapeutics. In this inaugural article for the section "Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology," the advances in this field and the handful of examples of thermal technologies for local and systemic transdermal drug delivery will be discussed and put into perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Potential enhancement and targeting strategies of polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers in dermal drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:967-985. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers used for alternative drug-delivery strategies have gained interest due to improved penetration and delivery of drugs into specific regions of the skin in recent years. Dermal drug delivery via polymeric-based nanocarriers (polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers) and lipid-based nanocarriers (solid–lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, vesicular nanocarriers including liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes and ethosomes) has been widely investigated. Although penetration of nanocarriers through the intact skin could be restricted, these carriers are particularly considered as feasible for the treatment of dermatological diseases in which the skin barrier is disrupted and also for follicular delivery of drugs for management of skin disorders such as acne. This review mainly highlights the recent approaches on potential penetration enhancement and targeting mechanisms of these nanocarriers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Muhammad F, Jaberi-Douraki M, de Sousa DP, Riviere JE. Modulation of chemical dermal absorption by 14 natural products: a quantitative structure permeation analysis of components often found in topical preparations. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2016; 36:237-252. [DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2016.1258709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faqir Muhammad
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA, and
| | | | - Jim E. Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chandrasekaran NC, Weir C, Alfraji S, Grice J, Roberts MS, Barnard RT. Effects of magnesium deficiency--more than skin deep. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1280-91. [PMID: 24928863 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dead Sea and magnesium salt therapy are two of the oldest forms of treatment for skin disease and several other disorders, supported by a body of largely anecdotal evidence. In this paper we review possible pathways for penetration of magnesium ions through the epidermis to reach the circulation, in turn replenishing cellular magnesium levels. We also discuss mechanisms for intercellular movement of magnesium ions and possible mechanisms for the interaction between magnesium ions and inflammatory mediators. Upon addition of magnesium ions in vitro, the expression of inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and nuclear factor κβ (NFκβ) is down regulated. Dysregulation of these and other inflammatory mediators has been linked to several inflammatory disorders, including asthma, arthritis, atherosclerosis and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Chandrakanth Chandrasekaran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Christopher Weir
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sumaya Alfraji
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jeff Grice
- School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ross T Barnard
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guth K, Riviere JE, Brooks JD, Dammann M, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Schäfer-Korting M, Landsiedel R. In silico models to predict dermal absorption from complex agrochemical formulations. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 25:565-588. [PMID: 24905588 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.919358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dermal absorption is a critical part in the risk assessment of complex mixtures such as agrochemical formulations. To reduce the number of in vivo or in vitro absorption experiments, the present study aimed to develop an in silico prediction model that considers mixture-related effects. Therefore, an experimental 'real-world' dataset derived from regulatory in vitro studies with human and rat skin was processed. Overall, 56 test substances applied in more than 150 mixtures were used. Descriptors for the substances as well as the mixtures were generated and used for multiple linear regression analysis. Considering the heterogeneity of the underlying data set, the final model provides a good fit (r² = 0.75) and is able to estimate the influence of a newly composed formulation on dermal absorption of a well-known substance (predictivity Q²Ext = 0.73). Application of this model would reduce animal and non-animal testings when used for the optimization of formulations in early developmental stages, or would simplify the registration process, if accepted for read-across.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Guth
- a Experimental Toxicology and Ecology , BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Concentration dependency in nicotine skin penetration flux from aqueous solutions reflects vehicle induced changes in nicotine stratum corneum retention. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1501-11. [PMID: 24452807 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to understand the mechanism by which the steady state flux of nicotine across the human skin from aqueous solutions is markedly decreased at higher nicotine concentrations. METHODS Nicotine's steady state flux through human epidermis and its amount in the stratum corneum for a range of aqueous nicotine solutions was determined using Franz diffusion cells, with the nicotine analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nicotine's thermodynamic activity in the various solutions was estimated from its partial vapour pressure and stratum corneum hydration was determined using a corneometer. The amount of nicotine retained in the stratum corneum was estimated from the nicotine amount found in individual stratum corneum tape strips and a D-Squame determined weight for each strip. RESULTS The observed steady state flux of nicotine across human epidermis was found to show a parabolic dependence on nicotine concentration, with the flux proportional to its thermodynamic activity up to a concentration of 48% w/w. The nicotine retention in the stratum corneum showed a similar dependency on concentration whereas the diffusivity of nicotine in the stratum corneum appeared to be concentration independent. This retention, in turn, could be estimated from the extent of stratum corneum hydration and the nicotine concentration in the applied solution and volume of water in the skin. CONCLUSIONS Nonlinear dependency of nicotine skin flux on its concentration results from a dehydration induced decrease in its stratum corneum retention at higher concentration and not dehydration induced changes nicotine diffusivity in the stratum corneum.
Collapse
|
9
|
Senzui M, Tamura T, Miura K, Ikarashi Y, Watanabe Y, Fujii M. Study on penetration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles into intact and damaged skin in vitro. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:107-13. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
10
|
Magnusson BM, Cross SE, Winckle G, Roberts MS. Percutaneous Absorption of Steroids: Determination of in vitro Permeability and Tissue Reservoir Characteristics in Human Skin Layers. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 19:336-42. [PMID: 16931901 DOI: 10.1159/000095254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin localization of steroids following topical application is largely unknown. We determined the distribution of five steroids in human skin using excised epidermal, dermal, and full-thickness membranes in vitro. There was no significant difference in steroid maximum flux through epidermal and full-thickness membranes, other than significantly lower fluxes for the most polar steroid, aldosterone. Hydrocortisone had the highest dermal diffusivity and dermal penetration, and the accumulation of hydrocortisone and corticosterone was higher than that of the other steroids. Slower penetration and higher accumulation in the viable epidermis of progesterone in full-thickness skin were consistent with dermal penetration limitation effects associated with high lipophilicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Magnusson
- Therapeutics Research Unit, Southern Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fujii M, Takeda Y, Yoshida M, Matsumoto M, Watanabe Y. Enhancement Effect ofp‐Menthane‐3,8‐diol on In Vitro Permeation of Antipyrine and Indomethacin Through Yucatan Micropig Skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:673-7. [PMID: 15285341 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120039185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The enhancing effect of p-Menthane-3,8-diol (MDO) on skin permeation of antipyrine (ANP) and indomethacin (IM) through Yucatan micropig skin in vitro was compared with 1-menthol. p-Menthane-3,8-diol is a metabolite of 1-menthol and has little odor. It is easy to combine the vehicle because of lower lipophilicity than 1-menthol. All formulations contained 40% (v/v) ethanol. The permeation of ANP increased with MDO about three times that without enhancer by increasing ANP concentration in the skin. However, the MDO effect was about a quarter that of 1-menthol. The permeation of IM with MDO was about 15 times that with no enhancer and it was almost the same as that with 1-menthol. The lag time of permeation was not significantly changed by MDO, which was not so in the case of 1-menthol. Skin concentration of IM increased about 11 times and six times with MDO and 1-menthol, respectively. MDO and 1-menthol partitioned to the skin relatively high concentrations, 5.9 and 2.5 mg/ cm3, respectively. The solubility of IM in the skin was improved by MDO, and consequently, the permeation of IM was enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacertics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiménez MM, Pelletier J, Bobin MF, Martini MC. Influence of encapsulation on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of octyl methoxycinnamate. Int J Pharm 2004; 272:45-55. [PMID: 15019068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro transdermal permeation and skin accumulation of one ultraviolet (UV) absorber-octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC)-through pig skin and to determine the quantity of OMC in the skin surface and different pig skin layers (stratum corneum, viable epidermis, dermis, and receptor fluid). Four cases have been considered: the application of oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing the same filter free and encapsulated in nanocapsules (NC). The influence of the carrier on the percutaneous penetration was studied. Data showed that UV absorber exhibited increases in skin accumulation when is formulated in emulsions in free form. Skin accumulation of OMC-free in the emulsions was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of OMC-encapsulated for all formulations investigated. OMC-free skin accumulation ranged from 127.8 +/- 22.8 microg/cm(2) (O/W emulsion) to 172.1 +/- 12.9 microg/cm(2) (W/O emulsion). OMC-encapsulated skin accumulation ranged from 50.3 +/- 13.1 microg/cm(2) to 43.0 +/- 6.5 microg/cm(2) at NC-O/W and NC-W/O, respectively. No significant differences were found in the transdermal permeation of cinnamate for any of the formulations tested. The results of this study demonstrate that the inclusion of OMC-encapsulated in sunscreen formulations decreases the skin accumulation of the cinnamate since the in vitro release mechanism of OMC-nanocapsules is governed by hydrophobicity and crystallinity of the polymer and by the high lipophilicity of the drug. The crystallinity of the polymer have the ability of reflecting and scattering UV radiation on their own thus leading to photoprotection without the need for molecular sunscreens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Jiménez
- Laboratory of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetology, School of Pharmacy, Claude-Bernard-Lyon I University, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|