17
|
Morar B, Gresham D, Angelicheva D, Tournev I, Gooding R, Guergueltcheva V, Schmidt C, Abicht A, Lochmüller H, Tordai A, Kalmár L, Nagy M, Karcagi V, Jeanpierre M, Herczegfalvi A, Beeson D, Venkataraman V, Warwick Carter K, Reeve J, de Pablo R, Kučinskas V, Kalaydjieva L. Mutation history of the roma/gypsies. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:596-609. [PMID: 15322984 PMCID: PMC1182047 DOI: 10.1086/424759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The 8-10 million European Roma/Gypsies are a founder population of common origins that has subsequently split into multiple socially divergent and geographically dispersed Gypsy groups. Unlike other founder populations, whose genealogy has been extensively documented, the demographic history of the Gypsies is not fully understood and, given the lack of written records, has to be inferred from current genetic data. In this study, we have used five disease loci harboring private Gypsy mutations to examine some missing historical parameters and current structure. We analyzed the frequency distribution of the five mutations in 832-1,363 unrelated controls, representing 14 Gypsy populations, and the diversification of chromosomal haplotypes in 501 members of affected families. Sharing of mutations and high carrier rates supported a strong founder effect, and the identity of the congenital myasthenia 1267delG mutation in Gypsy and Indian/Pakistani chromosomes provided the best evidence yet of the Indian origins of the Gypsies. However, dramatic differences in mutation frequencies and haplotype divergence and very limited haplotype sharing pointed to strong internal differentiation and characterized the Gypsies as a founder population comprising multiple subisolates. Using disease haplotype coalescence times at the different loci, we estimated that the entire Gypsy population was founded approximately 32-40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16-25 generations ago. The existence of multiple subisolates, with endogamy maintained to the present day, suggests a general approach to complex disorders in which initial gene mapping could be performed in large families from a single Gypsy group, whereas fine mapping would rely on the informed sampling of the divergent subisolates and searching for the shared genomic region that displays the strongest linkage disequilibrium with the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Morar
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - David Gresham
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dora Angelicheva
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rebecca Gooding
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Velina Guergueltcheva
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carolin Schmidt
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Angela Abicht
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Attila Tordai
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lajos Kalmár
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Melinda Nagy
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Veronika Karcagi
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marc Jeanpierre
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnes Herczegfalvi
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - David Beeson
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viswanathan Venkataraman
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kim Warwick Carter
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jeff Reeve
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rosario de Pablo
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidutis Kučinskas
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- Laboratories of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton; Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia; Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Center for Public Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, Budapest; Second Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, Paris; Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Unidad de Immunologia, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid; and Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|